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56ddde6b9a695914005b9628 | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
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"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"Normandy is located in France. The Normans, who gave their name to the region, were descended from Norse raiders and pirates who agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia in the 10th and 11th centuries. Through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Roman-Gaulish popul... |
56ddde6b9a695914005b9629 | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [
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"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"The Normans in Normandy emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century. Their distinct cultural and ethnic identity continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries. This indicates that the Normans were in Normandy during the 10th century and beyond. The exact dates of their settlement in Normandy are no... |
56ddde6b9a695914005b962a | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [
"Denmark, Iceland and Norway",
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"Denmark, Iceland and Norway",
"Denmark, Iceland and Norway"
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"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"The Norse originated from Denmark, Iceland, and Norway."
] |
56ddde6b9a695914005b962b | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [
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"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"The Norse leader who gave his name to Normandy was Rollo."
] |
56ddde6b9a695914005b962c | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [
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"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century."
] |
5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d1 | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [],
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"The Normans gave their name to Normandy in the 1000's and 1100's. They were a people descended from Norse raiders and pirates who agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia, and their distinct cultural and ethnic identity emerged in the first half of the 10th century. Through generations of assimil... |
5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d2 | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"France is not a region of Normandy, as Normandy is a region in France. France as a whole is a sovereign country in Western Europe."
] |
5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d3 | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [],
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"King Charles III did not swear fealty to anyone in the given background information. Instead, it was the Normans, led by Rollo, who swore fealty to King Charles III of West Francia."
] |
5ad39d53604f3c001a3fe8d4 | Normans | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark,... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, und... | [
"The question seems to be asking about the emergence of the Frankish identity, not the Normans. If that's the case, the answer would be that the Frankish identity emerged during the Carolingian Empire (8th to 9th centuries). The Carolingians were a Frankish dynasty that ruled over much of Western Europe during this... |
56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [
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"William the Conqueror",
"William the Conqueror"
],
"answer_start": [
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"William the Conqueror was the duke in the Battle of Hastings. He was a Norman adventurer who led a Norman expedition to England and defeated the English king, Harold Godwinson, in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. This victory resulted in William's conquest of England and the establishment of the Norman dynasty."
] |
56dddf4066d3e219004dad60 | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [
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"answer_start": [
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"The question asks who ruled the duchy of Normandy. The text mentions several Norman rulers, but the one specifically referred to as ruling the duchy is Richard I of Normandy, who is noted for having forged the Duchy of Normandy into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure."
] |
56dddf4066d3e219004dad61 | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [
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"Catholic orthodoxy",
"Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"The Normans adopted the Christian orthodoxy and became known for their Christian piety. While there were Viking and pagan influences in their early history, the Normans converted to Christianity during their time in France. Therefore, the answer to the question is that the Normans were Christian."
] |
5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea27 | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [],
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural, and military impact on medieval Europe, which continued into modern times. Politically, the Normans founded the Duchy of Normandy, which became a powerful feudal principality in medieval France. This feudal relationship between the Duke of Normandy and the French... |
5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea28 | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [],
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"The Normans were famed for their Christian piety."
] |
5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea29 | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [],
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"The Normans adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, which became known as Norman, Normaund, or Norman French, an important literary language."
] |
5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea2a | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [],
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"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"The Duke of Normandy ruled the country of Normandy during the medieval period. The Norman dynasty, known for their military, political, cultural, and religious impact on medieval Europe and the Near East, formed the Duchy of Normandy by treaty with the French crown. Famous Norman rulers include Richard I of Norman... |
5ad3a266604f3c001a3fea2b | Normans | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | {
"text": [],
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they ass... | Title: Normans
Background: The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted t... | [
"William the Conqueror did not found a principality. He conquered the English throne at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the Norman Duke of Normandy as well as the first Norman king of England. He did not establish a new principality or territory, but rather inherited and expanded upon existing English and... |
56dde0379a695914005b9636 | Normans | The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | {
"text": [
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"Norseman, Viking",
"Norseman, Viking"
],
"answer_start": [
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The English name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \"Northman\" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | [
"The original meaning of the word Norman is \"Norseman\" or \"Viking\" from Old Norse Norðmaðr, which was borrowed by Old Low Franconian as Nortmann and then adopted into French as Normant, modern French normand. The English name \"Normans\" derives from the French plural of Normant."
] |
56dde0379a695914005b9637 | Normans | The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | {
"text": [
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"answer_start": [
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{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The English name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \"Northman\" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | [
"The Latin version of the word Norman (Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus) was first recorded in Medieval Latin during the 9th century."
] |
5ad3ab70604f3c001a3feb89 | Normans | The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The English name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \"Northman\" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | [
"The name that comes from the English words Normans/Normanz is \"Norman\", which is the singular form of \"Normans\" and is used to refer to an individual of Norman descent or someone from the historical region of Normandy in France. However, the name \"Norman\" is also sometimes used more broadly to refer to peopl... |
5ad3ab70604f3c001a3feb8a | Normans | The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The English name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \"Northman\" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus... | Title: Normans
Background: The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in... | [
"The French version of the word Norman (Normans/Normanz) was first recorded in the Middle Ages, specifically in the 9th century when it was Latinized as either Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus in Old Low Franconian and Old Norse. The modern French form, normand, is a borrowing from these Old Low Franconian and ... |
56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75 | Normans | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | {
"text": [
"911",
"911",
"911"
],
"answer_start": [
244,
244,
244
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was es... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | [
"The Duchy of Normandy was founded in 911 by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking ruler Rollo."
] |
56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76 | Normans | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | {
"text": [
"King Charles III",
"King Charles III",
"King Charles III"
],
"answer_start": [
324,
324,
324
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was es... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | [
"King Charles III of West Francia, also known as Charles the Simple, is the person that Rollo signed the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte with."
] |
56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77 | Normans | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | {
"text": [
"Seine",
"Epte",
"Seine"
],
"answer_start": [
711,
524,
711
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was es... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | [
"The river Epte originally bounded the Duchy of Normandy, as stated in the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Viking ruler Rollo in 911."
] |
5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec0d | Normans | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was es... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | [
"The background provided mentions that in the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. Therefore, it can be inferred that in the 10th century, Nors encampment... |
5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec0e | Normans | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was es... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | [
"The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte was established in the 9th century.\n\nExplanation:\n\nThe text states that the Duchy of Normandy was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking ruler Rollo in the 10th century. However, the question asks about a trea... |
5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec0f | Normans | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was es... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | [
"Rollo, the famed Viking ruler, established a treaty with King Charles the third of France, leading to the establishment of the Duchy of Normandy in 911."
] |
5ad3ad61604f3c001a3fec10 | Normans | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was es... | Title: Normans
Background: In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty ... | [
"The French promises to protect Rollo and his men from were further Viking incursions, as outlined in the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Rollo. This treaty established the Duchy of Normandy in 911, which began as a fiefdom for Rollo and his men after their initial destru... |
56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d | Normans | Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west in the Cotentin Peninsu... | Title: Normans
Background: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the ... | {
"text": [
"Rollo",
"Rollo",
"Rollo"
],
"answer_start": [
7,
7,
7
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered \"Frankish\". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the lo... | Title: Normans
Background: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the ... | [
"Rollo, also known as Rollo the Walker, gave the original Viking settlers in Normandy a common identity upon his arrival. Before Rollo's arrival, the Viking populations in Normandy were divided into colonies in the east and west with little interaction. However, Rollo's contingents, which included Danes, Norwegians... |
5ad3ae14604f3c001a3fec39 | Normans | Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west in the Cotentin Peninsu... | Title: Normans
Background: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered \"Frankish\". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the lo... | Title: Normans
Background: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the ... | [
"The background provided mentions that earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in Normandy in the 880s. However, the specific focus of the text is on Rollo's arrival, and it doesn't provide a specific date for his arrival. It only mentions that Rollo's contingents raided and ultimately settled Normandy and parts... |
5ad3ae14604f3c001a3fec3a | Normans | Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west in the Cotentin Peninsu... | Title: Normans
Background: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered \"Frankish\". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the lo... | Title: Normans
Background: Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the ... | [
"There is no mention of any Viking groups being conquered by Rollo in the provided background information. The text describes earlier Viking settlements in Normandy, which were divided into separate colonies, and notes that they did not significantly alter the population of the region. Rollo's contingents, comprisi... |
56dde27d9a695914005b9651 | Normans | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | {
"text": [
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
121,
121,
121
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | [
"The Norman religion was Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism. After the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, the Normans brought their Catholic beliefs with them and played a significant role in the spread of the faith in England. Many Norman churches and monasteries were built, and the Normans brought with... |
56dde27d9a695914005b9652 | Normans | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | {
"text": [
"north",
"the north",
"north"
],
"answer_start": [
327,
323,
327
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | [
"The Normans were located in the north of France."
] |
5ad3af11604f3c001a3fec63 | Normans | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | [
"The Norse religion was replaced with Catholicism (Christianity) in Normandy. The Vikings who settled in Normandy, led by Rollo, originally followed their traditional Norse religion. However, as they assimilated into the Frankish culture and society, they adopted Catholicism, likely due to its dominance in the regi... |
5ad3af11604f3c001a3fec64 | Normans | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | [
"The maternal Old Norse traditions merged with the local Frankish customs and heritage to synthesize a unique \"Norman\" culture in the north of France. This blending occurred as the descendants of Rollo's Vikings, who spoke Old Norse, married into the Frankish population, adopting their maternal language and custo... |
5ad3af11604f3c001a3fec65 | Normans | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions ... | Title: Normans
Background: The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz... | [
"The Gallo-Romance language was not replaced by another language in the Normans' territory. Instead, the Normans adopted and adapted the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance to create a new Norman language, which became the regional language that survives today."
] |
56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b | Normans | The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Caro... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | {
"text": [
"fighting horsemen",
"fighting horsemen",
"fighting horsemen"
],
"answer_start": [
428,
428,
428
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, mos... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | [
"Fighting horsemen, as mentioned in the background information provided."
] |
5ad3c626604f3c001a3ff011 | Normans | The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Caro... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, mos... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | [
"The growing feudal doctrines adopted by the Normans were adopted by the rest of France as well. The Normans, who were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, integrated these doctrines into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. So, the rest of France adopted ... |
5ad3c626604f3c001a3ff012 | Normans | The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Caro... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, mos... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | [
"The major import of the Normans was fighting horsemen, as mentioned in the background information provided. They were exporting these horsemen for more than a generation before 1066."
] |
5ad3c626604f3c001a3ff013 | Normans | The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Caro... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, mos... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their l... | [
"The answer provided in the background information is the Anglo-Norman king Richard the Lion-Heart and the Italo-Norman prince Bohemund I, whose aristocracies eventually served as avid Crusaders."
] |
56de0f6a4396321400ee257f | Normans | Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine se... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | {
"text": [
"Seljuk Turks",
"the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks",
"the Seljuk Turks"
],
"answer_start": [
161,
114,
157
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against ... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | [
"The Normans fought against various enemies in Italy, the Byzantine Empire, and Armenia. In Italy, their main enemy was likely the Lombards, who had initially encouraged them to come to the south to fight against the Byzantines. However, the Normans soon expanded their territory and became a power in their own righ... |
5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3e9 | Normans | Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine se... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against ... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | [
"The Normans entered Italy soon after they began to do so. \n\nThe background provided explains that after entering Italy, the Normans also entered the Byzantine Empire and Armenia, where they fought against various enemies such as the Pechenegs, Bulgars, and Seljuk Turks. They initially entered Italy at the encour... |
5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3ea | Normans | Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine se... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against ... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | [
"The given text does not mention who the Normans fought in Italy. It only states that the Normans began to enter Italy after fighting against other groups in Italy and beyond. Without further context or information, it is unclear who the Normans' opponents were in Italy."
] |
5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3eb | Normans | Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine se... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against ... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | [
"The text states that the Normans were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines. Therefore, the Lombards encouraged the Normans to come to the south."
] |
5ad3dbc6604f3c001a3ff3ec | Normans | Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine se... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against ... | Title: Normans
Background: Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they... | [
"The Vargian and Lombard fought in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces in 1038-40, alongside Norman mercenaries. It is unclear how many of the \"Franks\" in Byzantine service during this campaign were Normans specifically, as it is debated whether all Normans in Greek service at this time were from Norman Ital... |
56de0ffd4396321400ee258d | Normans | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | {
"text": [
"1050s",
"in the 1050s",
"in the 1050s"
],
"answer_start": [
85,
78,
78
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch,... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | [
"The passage states that Hervé served as a Byzantine general in the 1050s."
] |
56de0ffd4396321400ee258e | Normans | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | {
"text": [
"1060s",
"In the 1060s",
"In the 1060s"
],
"answer_start": [
292,
285,
285
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch,... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | [
"Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks in the 1060s, according to the background information provided."
] |
56de0ffd4396321400ee258f | Normans | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | {
"text": [
"Alexius Komnenos",
"Alexius Komnenos",
"Alexius Komnenos"
],
"answer_start": [
522,
522,
522
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch,... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | [
"Alexius Komnenos, the Byzantine general, ruined Roussel de Bailleul's plans for an independent state in Asia Minor."
] |
5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff467 | Normans | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch,... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | [
"The question asks about the first Byzantine mercenary to serve with the Normans, but the text provides information about the first Norman mercenaries to serve as Byzantine generals, specifically Hervé in the 1050s. Therefore, Hervé can be considered the first Byzantine mercenary to serve with the Normans. However,... |
5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff468 | Normans | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch,... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | [
"The question asks for the time period when Hervé served as a Norman general, specifically in the context of Byzantine service. From the provided information, it is clear that Hervé was one of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general in the 1050s. Therefore, the answer to the question is: Hervé ... |
5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff469 | Normans | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch,... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | [
"Roussel de Bailleul attempted to establish an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population, but his plans were ruined by Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos. Therefore, the question posed is self-contradictory and does not accurately represent the historical context provided.\n\nCorrected ... |
5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff46a | Normans | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch,... | Title: Normans
Background: One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the ... | [
"The question provided mentions Hervé as one of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general and asks when he went up against the Turks. However, the information given in the background only provides details about other Norman mercenaries serving in different locations and time periods, without spec... |
56de10b44396321400ee2593 | Normans | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | {
"text": [
"Afranji",
"Afranji",
"Afranji"
],
"answer_start": [
539,
539,
539
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | [
"The Norman castle in the region was called Afranji, meaning \"Franks\" in reference to the ethnicity of many of its defenders, who were Normans previously serving under Oursel and later under the Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius."
] |
56de10b44396321400ee2594 | Normans | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | {
"text": [
"Oursel",
"Oursel",
"Oursel"
],
"answer_start": [
256,
256,
256
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | [
"The text mentions that Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria. Therefore, Oursel was the leader when the Franks entered the Euphrates valley."
] |
56de10b44396321400ee2595 | Normans | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | {
"text": [
"Turkish forces",
"Turkish forces",
"Turkish forces"
],
"answer_start": [
20,
20,
20
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | [
"The Normans teamed up with the Turkish forces in Anatolia to aid in the destruction of the Armenian vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia."
] |
5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff689 | Normans | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | [
"Some Normans joined Turkish forces in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia."
] |
5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff68a | Normans | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | [
"The question is ambiguous as it asks who the Turks took up service with, but the passage only mentions Normans joining Turkish forces and later serving in Armenian states. There is no information provided about the Turks specifically. Without further context or information, it is unclear who the Turks took up serv... |
5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff68b | Normans | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | [
"Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria from 1073 to 1074. Many of these \"Franks\" were Normans."
] |
5ad3e96b604f3c001a3ff68c | Normans | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a... | Title: Normans
Background: Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into ... | [
"Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria."
] |
56de11154396321400ee25aa | Normans | Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Al... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | {
"text": [
"Norman mercenary",
"an Italo-Norman named Raoul",
"descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul"
],
"answer_start": [
45,
217,
202
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were d... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | [
"The Raouliii family had Norman mercenary origins during the Comnenian Restoration in Byzantine Greece. Their ancestor, Raoul, was an Italo-Norman."
] |
5ad3ea79604f3c001a3ff6e9 | Normans | Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Al... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were d... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | [
"The answer is: Several Norman mercenary families, including the Raoulii, Petraliphae, and Maniakates, originated from Italo-Norman and French Norman soldiers who served in the Byzantine Empire during the Comnenian Restoration period in Byzantine Greece. The names of these Normans, such as Raoul and Pierre d'Aulps,... |
5ad3ea79604f3c001a3ff6ea | Normans | Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Al... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were d... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | [
"The Normans did not serve under anyone in the 10th century as the Norman conquest of Italy and Sicily, which led to their migration to the Byzantine Empire as mercenaries, occurred in the 11th century. Prior to this, they were a largely unknown people inhabiting the region between the Seine and the Rhine rivers in... |
5ad3ea79604f3c001a3ff6eb | Normans | Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Al... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were d... | Title: Normans
Background: Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d... | [
"The question incorrectly states that George Maniaces led an expedition in the 10th century. This is not correct, as George Maniaces was a Byzantine general who served during the 11th century. Specifically, he led a successful naval expedition against the Muslim fleet off the coast of Sicily in 1038. The Albanian c... |
56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc | Normans | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | {
"text": [
"Robert Guiscard",
"Robert Guiscard",
"Robert Guiscard"
],
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | [
"The answer to the question is Robert Guiscard. He was a Norman adventurer who was elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia due to his military successes and ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. He continued his campaign conquering the Balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and ... |
56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd | Normans | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | {
"text": [
"1082",
"February 1082",
"February 1082"
],
"answer_start": [
1315,
1306,
1306
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | [
"Dyrrachium fell to the Normans in February 1082, immediately before the battle mentioned in the background. However, the Normans were not able to secure control of the city until it was betrayed by Venetian and Amalfitan merchants who had settled there."
] |
56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be | Normans | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | {
"text": [
"30,000",
"30,000",
"30,000"
],
"answer_start": [
492,
492,
492
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | [
"Robert's army consisted of around 30,000 men and they traveled in 300 ships."
] |
5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff799 | Normans | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | [
"Robert Guiscard, a Norman adventurer and count of Apulia, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy, paving the way for their conquest of the Balkan peninsula and Europe beyond. While acting as a vassal of Pope Gregory VII, Robert continued his campaign, allied with Croatia and Catholic cities in Dalma... |
5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff79a | Normans | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | [
"The text does not mention any pope opposing Robert's campaign. In fact, Pope Gregory VII consented to Robert's campaign and acted as his vassal."
] |
5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff79b | Normans | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | [
"The question seems to be in error as the text mentions that Robert Guiscard and his Normans conquered southern Italy in the 11th century, not the 10th century. The text also mentions their subsequent conquests in the Balkan peninsula and Albania in the 11th century, specifically in 1081-1082. Therefore, the answer... |
5ad3ed26604f3c001a3ff79c | Normans | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, ... | Title: Normans
Background: Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his cam... | [
"The text mentions that Robert's army faced the forces of emperor Alexius I Comnenus, but it does not give a specific number. However, it does mention that the locals in Albania accepted the call of Emperor Alexius to join forces against the Normans, and it also mentions that the Albanian forces were unable to take... |
56de15104396321400ee25b7 | Normans | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | {
"text": [
"Deabolis",
"Deabolis",
"Deabolis"
],
"answer_start": [
302,
718,
718
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel ... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | [
"The Normans and Byzantines signed the peace treaty in the city of Deabolis."
] |
56de15104396321400ee25b8 | Normans | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | {
"text": [
"Bohemond",
"Bohemond",
"Bohemond"
],
"answer_start": [
79,
79,
79
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel ... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | [
"Bohemond is Robert's son, as mentioned in the background provided."
] |
56de15104396321400ee25b9 | Normans | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | {
"text": [
"Deabolis",
"the river Deabolis",
"Deabolis"
],
"answer_start": [
302,
292,
302
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel ... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | [
"The answer provided is: Deabolis. \n\nHowever, based on the information given, Petrela was located by the banks of the river Deabolis. Therefore, it would be more accurate to say that Petrela was located near or adjacent to the river Deabolis. \n\nTherefore, the correct answer would be: The river near which Petrel... |
5ad3ee2d604f3c001a3ff7e1 | Normans | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel ... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | [
"The Normans besieged Dyrrachium (also known as Durrës) in the 11th century. This event occurred in 1107, a few years after the First Crusade, and was led by Bohemond, the son of Robert, a Norman commander. Despite using sophisticated military equipment, the Normans were unsuccessful in their siege of Dyrrachium."
... |
5ad3ee2d604f3c001a3ff7e2 | Normans | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel ... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | [
"Robert did not lead anyone against Dyrrachium in 1107. It was his son Bohemond who led the Normans against Dyrrachium in 1107. Robert may have been involved in other campaigns or events during this time, but this specific instance was led by Bohemond."
] |
5ad3ee2d604f3c001a3ff7e3 | Normans | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel ... | Title: Normans
Background: A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of ... | [
"Bohemond's son who led the Norman invasion in 1107 was also named Bohemond. This information can be inferred from the text provided."
] |
56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2 | Normans | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | {
"text": [
"1185",
"in 1185",
"1185"
],
"answer_start": [
86,
83,
86
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriati... | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | [
"The Normans attacked Dyrrachium in 1185."
] |
56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3 | Normans | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | {
"text": [
"Dyrrachium",
"Dyrrachium",
"Dyrrachium"
],
"answer_start": [
125,
205,
205
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriati... | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | [
"Dyrrachium (modern-day Durrës in Albania) was one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic, as mentioned in the background. Therefore, the answer to the question is Dyrrachium."
] |
56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4 | Normans | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | {
"text": [
"the Adriatic",
"the Adriatic",
"Adriatic"
],
"answer_start": [
257,
257,
261
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriati... | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | [
"Dyrrachium was located in the Adriatic region, specifically in present-day Albania. The city's modern name is Durrës. During the time period mentioned in the title, it served as a significant naval base for both the Normans and the Byzantine Empire. The city's strategic location made it a coveted prize for both si... |
5ad3f028604f3c001a3ff823 | Normans | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriati... | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | [
"The Norman army attacked Dyrrachium in the 11th century, but this is not mentioned in the given background. The background only refers to a third attack in 1185 by the Normans. Without further context, it is unclear if there were previous Norman attacks on Dyrrachium in the 11th century. \n\nQuestion: What was the... |
5ad3f028604f3c001a3ff824 | Normans | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriati... | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | [
"The high Byzantine officials who betrayed the Normans during their third invasion in 1185, resulting in the fall of Dyrrachium to the Byzantines once again."
] |
5ad3f028604f3c001a3ff825 | Normans | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriati... | Title: Normans
Background: The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantin... | [
"The question asks about a naval base that fell to the Normans, and the background information provided mentions that Dyrrachium, which is also known as Durrës or Durazzo, fell to Byzantine hands again at some point after being invaded and occupied by a large Norman army in 1185. This implies that Dyrrachium fell t... |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8 | Normans | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | {
"text": [
"King Ethelred II",
"Ethelred II",
"King Ethelred II"
],
"answer_start": [
360,
365,
360
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced cl... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | [
"Emma married King Ethelred II of England. She also had closer ties with the Normans through her brother, Duke Richard II of Normandy."
] |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9 | Normans | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | {
"text": [
"Duke Richard II",
"Duke Richard II",
"Duke Richard II"
],
"answer_start": [
327,
327,
327
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced cl... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | [
"Duke Richard II of Normandy was Emma's brother."
] |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca | Normans | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | {
"text": [
"Normandy",
"Normandy",
"Normandy"
],
"answer_start": [
423,
423,
423
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced cl... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | [
"Ethelred fled to Normandy."
] |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb | Normans | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | {
"text": [
"Sweyn Forkbeard",
"Sweyn Forkbeard",
"Sweyn Forkbeard"
],
"answer_start": [
480,
480,
480
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced cl... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | [
"Sweyn Forkbeard kicked Ethelred out in 1013."
] |
5ad3f187604f3c001a3ff86f | Normans | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced cl... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | [
"The question asks who married Cnut the Great, not who were the Normans' original Viking brethren or who produced closer ties of blood through marriage. The information provided about Emma and her brother Richard II of Normandy suggests that Emma may have married Cnut the Great, as she was the sister of a Norman du... |
5ad3f187604f3c001a3ff870 | Normans | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced cl... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | [
"Richard II did not flee to Normandy at any point in history. The author may have mistaken Richard II of England with Richard II of Normandy, who was actually Richard the Good and lived in the 10th century. The passage provided seems to be referring to King Ethelred II of England, who did indeed flee to Normandy in... |
5ad3f187604f3c001a3ff871 | Normans | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced cl... | Title: Normans
Background: The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood throu... | [
"The major ports controlled by the English during the time of contact between the Normans and England are not explicitly stated in the provided background information. However, it can be inferred that the English did not have control over most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel, as t... |
56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0 | Normans | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | {
"text": [
"Harthacnut",
"Harthacnut",
"Harthacnut"
],
"answer_start": [
115,
115,
115
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | [
"Harthacnut was Edward the Confessor's half-brother. He was the son of Edward's father, King Æthelred the Unready, by his second wife, Emma of Normandy, who also happened to be Edward's mother. Harthacnut returned to England with Edward in 1041, at the invitation of Emma and her advisors, in order to claim the Engl... |
56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1 | Normans | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | {
"text": [
"1041",
"in 1041",
"1041"
],
"answer_start": [
71,
68,
71
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | [
"Edward the Confessor returned to England in 1041."
] |
56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2 | Normans | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | {
"text": [
"Robert of Jumièges",
"Robert of Jumièges",
"Robert of Jumièges"
],
"answer_start": [
382,
382,
382
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | [
"Edward made Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury."
] |
5ad3f350604f3c001a3ff8ef | Normans | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | [
"Edward the Confessor's son did not return from his father's refuge. Edward did not have any sons during his reign, as he was childless. The succession after his death was a matter of dispute, ultimately resulting in the Norman Conquest led by William the Conqueror."
] |
5ad3f350604f3c001a3ff8f0 | Normans | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | [
"The text mentions that Edward the Confessor brought many Norman counsellors and fighters with him when he returned to England in 1041 at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut. It also mentions that Edward established an English cavalry force with the help of these Normans, but notes that this concept never... |
5ad3f350604f3c001a3ff8f1 | Normans | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry... | Title: Normans
Background: When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept nev... | [
"The text provided does not mention anyone making Robert of Jumieges earl of Hereford. The answer is incorrect.\n\nQuestion: Who invited Eustace II, Count of Boulogne to Edward the Confessor's court in 1051?\n\nAnswer: The text provided states that Edward the Confessor invited Eustace II, Count of Boulogne to his c... |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c5 | Normans | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | {
"text": [
"Battle of Hastings",
"the Battle of Hastings",
"at the Battle of Hastings"
],
"answer_start": [
85,
81,
78
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | [
"Harold II died at the Battle of Hastings, which was fought in 1066 and was won by Duke William II of Normandy, who went on to become King William the Conqueror of England."
] |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c6 | Normans | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | {
"text": [
"William II",
"Duke William II",
"Duke William II"
],
"answer_start": [
14,
9,
9
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | [
"Duke William II of Normandy, also known as William the Conqueror, killed King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, leading to the Norman conquest of England."
] |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c7 | Normans | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | {
"text": [
"1066",
"In 1066",
"1066"
],
"answer_start": [
3,
0,
3
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | [
"The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066. Duke William II of Normandy defeated King Harold II of England in this battle, which marked the beginning of the Norman Conquest of England."
] |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c8 | Normans | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | {
"text": [
"Anglo-Saxons",
"the Anglo-Saxons",
"Anglo-Saxons"
],
"answer_start": [
161,
157,
161
]
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | [
"The ruling class ahead of the Normans in England were the Anglo-Saxons, as they had been ruling England since the end of Roman rule in the 5th century. However, in 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England and replaced the Anglo-Saxon ruling class with the Normans, establishing a new ruling class in Engl... |
5ad3f4b1604f3c001a3ff951 | Normans | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | [
{
"content": "Title: Normans\n\nBackground: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture ... | Title: Normans
Background: In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bo... | [
"King Harold II did not conquer England. The Normans, led by Duke William II of Normandy, conquered England in 1066 by defeating King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. This event marked the beginning of the Norman conquest of England and the end of the Anglo-Saxon period. King Harold II died at the Battle of Has... |
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