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Safety is one of the main concerns regarding mTOR inhibitor administration to young children and infants.
1
37085686
However, how human microglia interacts with human neurons to regulate hyperexcitability mediated by epilepsy-causing genetic mutation found in human patients remains unknown.
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37961213
Albeit the heterogeneity of variant and phenotype has been summarized, a convincible explanation for this genotype-phenotype heterogeneity still lacked.
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36970538
However, ES has been less powerful in detecting structural variations (SVs) that involve intronic, GC-rich or repetitive regions than detecting single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) (Zhao et al, 2021; Marwaha et al, 2022).
0
37286232
This finding could be explained by the fact that laminin-α2 binds with high affinity to the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and to integrins through the LG-domain [23].
0
37182895
Clinical consequences of mTORC1 upregulation may be amenable to tailored treatment with mTOR inhibitors, although data on efficacy are inconclusive so far. 13 A clinical trial on an international scale would be needed to draw conclusions.
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37263295
Functional studies investigating the effect of such missense variants, quantifying mTORC1 activity, would help understand their role in GATORopathies.
1
37491868
Most patients in this study continued the treatment at the end of data collection, so seizure recurrence assessment in a long-term follow-up after mTORi cessation was impossible.
1
37085686
Perhaps given the complexity of SCN2A-related clinical phenotypes and that physiological function of SCN2A is developmentally regulated, complex patterns of variant channel dysfunction are not unexpected.
0
37578743
In addition, considering the retrospective nature of this study, our data are heterogeneous in terms of age, timing/frequency and type of testing.
0
37700749
Although haplotype analysis had not been performed, we speculate that c.1255del might be a founder variant in the Brazilian population.
0
37182895
And the correlation of X inactivation and PCDH19-FE phenotype may also be partly explained by this hypothesis.
0
36970538
Furthermore, contrary to the loss function hypothesis of PCDH19, the cellular interference theory indicated that clinical manifestations may be related to abnormal communication between normal and mutant cells (28).
0
36970538
Various ASMs were trialed in the literature, with different combinations, making it difficult to draw conclusions regarding which ASM is best for ST3GAL3‐related DEE.
1
37067065
Further prospective clinical trials should be conducted to determine the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors on epilepsy in patients with TSC under the age of 2 years.
1
37085686
The patient’s exercise capacity had improved, and improvements in autism symptoms were not obvious.
0
37026922
By extension, the Genic Causality score is more likely to be underestimated for drugs that are less studied, as their modes of action are less analyzed and, hence, knowledge of the proteins changed in function by them is less complete.
0
36196775
As for the mechanism of the existence of asymptomatic carriers, the penetrance rate and X-inactivation are potential influencing factors.
0
36970538
Although most types of CDG show cerebral and/or cerebellar atrophy on neuroimaging, these findings have not been associated with ST3GAL3 pathogenic variants to date.
1
37067065
Due to the limited data available on mTOR inhibitor therapy in non-TSC epileptic patients, 6 7 we present the clinical management of a patient with intractable epilepsy with skin hypopigmentation and a DEPDC5 variant.
1
37263295
Furthermore, we suggest the administration of SCB for patients with a distinct phenotype of PRRT2‐related epilepsy at the initial presentation.
0
36775847
More studies are needed to confirm the pathogenicity of this novel variant to establish the effective care, management, and genetic counselling of affected individuals.
1
37498161
Regarding behavioral disorders, data from the literature may be misleading. Few authors have properly analyzed these features, reported as aggressive or oppositional behaviors with psychiatric traits.
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37700749
However, the factors influencing the up-regulation of Fut8 were still unknown, such as initial patient clinical characteristics and ASMs.
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37053181
Furthermore, our results illustrate a robust behavioral and electrophysiological phenotype that can be used for future in vivo single-unit electrophysiological experiments conducted over periods of weeks to months with the intention of gaining mechanistic insights into behaviors relevant to mood symptoms seen in human ...
1
38123552
The lack of age dependence suggests that the reactive production of GFAP by astrocytes is not specific to a particular age group and supports our hypothesis of a common pathogenesis of FCD-associated temporal lobe DRE in both children and adults.
0
37833937
Additionally, the severity of ID was also seldom detailed in the literature, and when reported, it ranged from mild to moderate in most cases.
0
37700749
In this study, we employed a series of bioinformatics analyses and identified miR-30b-5p as a potential upstream regulator of GRIN2A, interfering with EP progression.
0
37016703
These findings may expand our understanding of the phenotype and genotype of PRRT2‐related epilepsy and enable early patient recognition.
0
36775847
Therefore, GRIN2A-mediated signaling pathways warrant further research.
1
37016703
Despite the different locations of the two missense variants in FGF12, p.(Glu87Lys) in patient 2 and p.(Pro149Gln) likely lead to the loss of binding ability to NaVs.
0
37286232
While potential mechanisms and pathways (e.g., microglia sensing of excessive ATP, UDP, etc) underlying the increase in Ca2+ signal need to be further elucidated in follow-up studies, our current work extends the earlier observations described in rodent models to a human cell context.
1
37961213
We attributed smaller current density to a cell-selection bias inherent with manual patch-clamp recording, and the slower inactivation kinetics may be explained by a greater degree of series resistance compensation feasible with manual patch clamp due to lower access resistance.
0
37578743
In this study, we demonstrate successful use of automated patch-clamp recording to determine the functional properties of several SCN2A variants expressed in two splice isoforms.
0
37578743
Therefore, missense variants located in the β-propeller domain could affect the interaction of PIGT with the active site of PIGK, leading to the observed severe phenotype.
0
36970549
The genotype-phenotype correlation needs more cases to further elucidate in the future.In summary, this study suggested that SZT2 variants were potentially associated with partial epilepsy with favorable outcomes without NDD, expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SZT2.
1
37213690
In the last few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of identified variants, yet no clear genotype–phenotype correlation has been identified.
1
38116105
Luo et al. (3) reported that seven family members carrying heterozygous mutations in the PRRT2 gene had no clinical symptoms associated with PRRT2-related disorders, suggesting incomplete penetrance of the PRRT2 mutations.
0
37228410
Our findings suggest a need to re-evaluate the simple binary classification of SCN2A variants and to engage in efforts to determine how variants with mixed properties promote neuronal dysfunction.
1
37578743
Our findings suggest that these mutations are likely to result in autosomal recessive Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, exhibiting symptoms similar to those reported, with the possibility of minor variations among our patients (Shahzad et al., 2017; Shaimardanova et al., 2020; Amr et al., 2021).
0
37359369
This indicated that the interplay among simultaneous variants at different sites in PCDH19 also probably impacted the intermolecular interaction of PCDH19 protein.
0
36970538
According to a review (6), females usually have a less severe phenotype than males, and the occurrence of facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, hypotonia, growth retardation, and feeding difficulties is less frequent in females than males, but surprisingly, epilepsy is more commonly reported in females
0
37427056
There were some missing data the from literature review, and not all cases had all the reported variables of interest available.
0
37067065
We further explored the possibility of co-expression of VUS in CHRNB2 and the RBFOX1 deletion affecting the phenotype in the proband and her sister.
0
37033539
Because of the poor control of the epilepsy symptoms in the refractory epilepsy group, clinicians are more inclined to increase the dosage and use multiple drugs for treatment.
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37053181
The main limitation is the small size of the sample and the lack of longitudinal data.
0
37700749
The biological significance of the identified mutation, p.Gly1233Glu, in the context of cerebrovascular changes and its association with neurologic symptoms warrants further investigation to shed light on its clinical implications.
1
38074064
Pathogenic variants in genes encoding KV subunits may exert one or more effects on the assembly, trafficking, or the kinetics or the voltage dependence of the opening‐closing‐inactivating transitions of the channel, thereby disturbing membrane excitability or action potentials, leading to neurological diseases.
0
36318112
Additionally, two cases had ongoing seizures after surgery or ASMs but were treated effectively by receiving KD, suggesting that KD may be a potential option for patients of NPRL3-related epilepsy unresponsive to surgery or ASMs. However, given our limited cases, future studies need more patients with NPRL3-related epi...
1
36937533
The current treatment of epilepsy with NPRL3 gene variants is lacking in specificity.
0
36937533
However, studying the mechanisms of neuronal functioning in epilepsy necessitates understanding the mechanisms of glial functioning due to the close interaction between these components [12]
0
37833937
Due to the heterogeneous phenotypic features of epilepsy involved in changes in the sequence and expression of multiple genes (instead of a single gene), as well as the modification and regulation of genes by multiple factors, gene co-expression network analysis may help to reveal the molecular regulatory mechanisms du...
0
37033539
Collectively, miR-30b-5p may attenuate the proliferation of hippocampal neurons in magnesium-free conditions by targeting GRIN2A.
0
37016703
In addition, six atypical cases with neonatal‐onset seizures and unremitting after 3 years of age were included to understand the expanded clinical spectrum of PRRT2‐related epilepsy.
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36775847
Although functional testing was not available for our sibling pair, it is hypothesized that both variants resulted in a lack of ST3GAL3 enzyme activity.
0
37067065
However, the electroclinical phenotype of ST3GAL3‐related DEE has not been fully elucidated.
1
37067065
These data suggest that these two disorders share mechanistic links. However, identifying such mechanisms has remained a challenge [6].
1
38123552
Therefore, in clinical cases of repeated brief afebrile bilateral tonic–clonic seizures at initial onset, PRRT2‐related epilepsy should be considered, and SCBs should be used for seizure control.
0
36775847
Further analysis demonstrated that variants within the proteolysis domain were associated with common and mild partial epilepsy, whereas those in the kelch domain were associated with cobalamin disorder featured by severe and even fatal epileptic encephalopathy, and those in the basic and acidic domains were associated...
0
37264743
Targeted therapies remain scarce.
0
38081835
To date, 13 patients with PIGS variants have been identified with developmental delay, seizures, and hypotonia, and only one canonical splicing variant has been reported.
0
37035392
Hence, many lack effective treatments.
0
36196775
Patient 2 manifested tremors, suggesting that the phenotypic spectrum of biallelic FGF12-related disorder may be potentially related to tremors.
0
37286232
Other studies in yeast also have demonstrated defective protein synthesis and sensitivity to rapamycin caused by the G70S mutation as well as other mutations not explored here
0
37695913
The mechanisms by which PIGS variants and GPI-APs are linked to intellectual deficiency or epilepsy warrant further clarification.
1
37035392
Hence, these drugs merit study in clinical trials for Dravet syndrome.
1
36196775
Besides, the mutual interactions between different mutated amino acids may also exert an influence on the structure and function of PCDH19.
0
36970538
It is unclear why our sibling pair had a milder phenotype, given the predicted loss of enzymatic activity in our sibling pair and at present time, precise genotype–phenotype relationships have not been established for ST3GAL3‐related DEE.
1
37067065
Therefore, these pieces of evidence indicated that epilepsy surgery might be a suitable option for patients of NPRL3-related epilepsy with neuroimaging abnormalities, especially with FCD.
0
36937533
The additional report of a generalized tonic–clonic seizure after a urinary tract infection in our patient may also suggest a role of bacterial pathogens in disease progression.
1
37895210
Here we should highlight that one of the limitations of our study is the brief period of follow-up of our patient, who is only at the age of 2 years at the time of writing.
0
36970549
Numerous DEE genes have been discovered thanks to advances in genomic diagnosis, yet putative molecular links between these disorders are unknown.
1
38081835
This suggests that protein expression may vary with age, implying distinct patterns of expression in children with epilepsy.
0
37833937
Additionally, the severity of ID was also seldom detailed in the literature, and when reported, it ranged from mild to moderate in most cases.
0
37700749
All patients in our cohort had focal-onset seizures with or without impaired awareness, which may be a more difficult type of seizure for the family to identify.
0
37182895
Future investigations of the cell surface expression or localization of SCN2A variants in neurons can test this hypothesis.
1
37578743
Although it is difficult to draw precise conclusions regarding the most effective ASM treatment for ST3GAL3‐related DEE given the small numbers, this may depend on the seizure and epilepsy type.
1
37067065
This study aimed to report a five-generation pedigree of seven female patients of PCDH19-FE and tried to explore whether two variants were correlated with PCDH19 protein structure and function alteration, and PCDH19-FE phenotype.
0
36970538
Since all reported patients thus far have been of Caucasian/Polish origin and most harbor the same variant (p.Val528Met), the ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding the genotype–phenotype correlation remains limited.
1
36970549
This specific gain‐of‐function feature is likely to underlie the neurological phenotype in our patients.
0
36318112
So far, few functional studies have been performed.
1
37275776
Overall, evidence robust enough to guide antiseizure medication (ASM) choices in genetic epilepsies remains limited to the more frequent conditions for which controlled trials and observational studies have been possible.
0
34493617
Our evaluation of a cohort of disease-associated SCN2A variants revealed a spectrum of NaV1.2 dysfunction that was not easily parsed into the binary categories.
0
37578743
We aimed to create a computational method to predict the efficacy of drugs for monogenic epilepsies, and to use the method to predict drugs for Dravet syndrome, as (1) it is the archetypal monogenic catastrophic epilepsy; (2) few antiseizure medications are efficacious in Dravet syndrome; predicting the effect of drugs...
0
36196775
This study suggested that BSN was potentially a candidate gene of epilepsy.
0
36600631
We cannot, however, exclude the possibility of occurrence of the myoclonus during wakefulness and activity, as has been described in mice older than 8 months in mixed background.
0
38179183
A detailed analysis of the relationship between gene variants and clinical phenotypes has not been conducted yet.
1
37099548
Thus, we cannot determine whether the MOF was caused by NEXMIF variant or sodium valproate.
0
37427056
Moreover, there is no apparent pattern of drug efficacy across the cases with recorded drug treatment, where both ethnic and individual differences are present.
1
37470039
To elucidate how GNB1 mutations cause neurodevelopmental disease in a physiological context, we generated a mouse model of the pathogenic missense variant, K78R.
0
37275776
The mutation spectrum of the DHDDS gene in the Chinese population remains unclear.
1
37881805
Considering the available experimental data, a recent study has additionally suggested that the luminal part of PIGT (73-427 aa) consists of a β-propeller domain with a central hole that regulates the access of substrate protein C-termini to the active site of the cysteine protease PIGK (19).
0
36970549
In addition, the heterozygous missense variant, [c.446C>A p.(Pro149Gln)] (rs17852067), which has never been reported in individuals with epilepsy or in gnomAD, was previously identified in individuals with arrhythmia (Li et al, 2017).
0
37286232
Furthermore, previous studies have shown that interictal EEGs in BFIE are usually normal, though some BFIEs may exhibit interictal focal epileptiform discharges, mostly originating in the parieto-occipital lobe and located in the frontotemporal region (12, 30, 31).
0
37228410
We analyzed the clinical data and genetic variants of a PCDH19-FE pedigree, to explore the phenotype heterogeneity of PCDH19-FE and underlying mechanisms.
0
36970538
It also underlies the importance of SETD1A mutation analysis in hypothyroid patients with epilepsy.
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PMID not found
However, there is compelling evidence for a focal origin in specific regions of the somatosensory cortex (Meeren et al., 2002; Polack et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2012; McCafferty et al., 2018).
0
37275776
Previous parts have also discussed that the X-inactivation may involve in the phenotype heterogeneity, and the skewed X-inactivation was probably related to unaffected heterozygous female carriers.
0
36970538
However, the details on whether the new phenotypes and genotypes of the NPRL3 gene do exist and the information on the correlation between genotype and clinical phenotype in patients with NPRL3-related epilepsy have not been clarified.
1
36937533
Several studies have indicated that elevated levels of S100β in the cerebrospinal fluid and temporal lobe of epilepsy patients may be attributed to increased production or release by dysfunctional astrocytes
0
37833937