jmhb/PaperSearchRL_v5_gv3_n20000_test5000_parav1pcnt50

question stringlengths 34 314	answer stringlengths 1 183	cat_num stringclasses 11 values	cat stringclasses 11 values	pmid stringlengths 4 8	paper_title stringlengths 9 523	golden_answers listlengths 1 73	question_original stringlengths 32 314	is_paraphrased bool 2 classes
Which chromatography technique is used to establish chemical fingerprints of Polygonum orientale extracts?	Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)	4	Methods & resources	23236756	[Study on fingerprint-pharmacology correlation of protective effect of Polygonum orientale on myocardial cell oxidative injury induced by H202].	[ "Ultra-performance liquid chromatography", "UPLC", "ultra performance liquid chromatography", "ultra-performance liquid chromatographies", "UPLCs" ]	Which chromatography technique is used to establish chemical fingerprints of Polygonum orientale extracts?	false
What assay is commonly used to assess cell viability in studies of oxidative injury in myocardial cells?	MTT assay	4	Methods & resources	23236756	[Study on fingerprint-pharmacology correlation of protective effect of Polygonum orientale on myocardial cell oxidative injury induced by H202].	[ "MTT assay", "MTT test", "MTT reduction assay", "MTT colorimetric assay", "3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay", "MTT assays", "MTT tests", "MTT reduction assays", "MTT colorimetric assays" ]	What assay is commonly used to assess cell viability in studies of oxidative injury in myocardial cells?	false
Which protein typically produced by humans is introduced into liver-derived cell cultures to study clotting disorders like hemophilia B?	Factor IX	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	20559684	Enhancement of the human factor IX expression, mediated by an intron derived fragment from the rat aldolase B gene in cultured hepatoma cells.	[ "Factor IX", "FIX", "coagulation factor IX", "Christmas factor", "plasma thromboplastin component", "PTC", "factor IXs", "FIXs", "coagulation factor IXs", "Christmas factors", "plasma thromboplastin components", "PTCs" ]	What human protein is commonly expressed in hepatocyte cell lines to model blood coagulation disorders such as hemophilia B?	true
What commonly utilized human liver cancer cell line serves as a standard model for analyzing gene expression unique to hepatic tissue?	HepG2	4	Methods & resources	20559684	Enhancement of the human factor IX expression, mediated by an intron derived fragment from the rat aldolase B gene in cultured hepatoma cells.	[ "HepG2", "Hep G2", "Hep-G2", "HepG2 cell", "HepG2 cells", "Hep G2 cell", "Hep G2 cells", "Hep-G2 cell", "Hep-G2 cells", "Hepatocellular carcinoma, human, G2", "Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line G2" ]	Which cell line derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma is frequently used to evaluate liver-specific gene expression?	true
What commonly used promoter is derived from a human gene and provides hepatocyte-specific transcriptional activity?	Alpha-1-antitrypsin promoter	4	Methods & resources	20559684	Enhancement of the human factor IX expression, mediated by an intron derived fragment from the rat aldolase B gene in cultured hepatoma cells.	[ "Alpha-1-antitrypsin promoter", "A1AT promoter", "alpha 1 antitrypsin promoter", "alpha1-antitrypsin promoter", "alpha1 antitrypsin promoter", "SERPINA1 promoter", "alpha-1 protease inhibitor promoter", "AAT promoter", "alpha-1-antitrypsin promoters", "A1AT promoters", "alpha 1 antitrypsin promoters", "alpha1-antitrypsin promoters", "alpha1 antitrypsin promoters", "SERPINA1 promoters", "alpha-1 protease inhibitor promoters", "AAT promoters" ]	What commonly used promoter is derived from a human gene and provides hepatocyte-specific transcriptional activity?	false
What gene is repressed by the transcription factor triple-helix-binding zinc-finger protein-1 (THZif-1)?	c-myc	3	Protein function & signalling	8853793	Specific regulation of gene expression by antisense nucleic acids: a summary of methodologies and associated problems.	[ "c-myc", "MYC", "cMYC", "MYCC", "v-myc", "c-myc proto-oncogene", "myc proto-oncogene protein", "avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog", "cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene", "c-myc proto-oncogene protein", "c-myc oncogene", "c-myc gene", "c-myc genes", "c-myc proto-oncogenes", "MYCs" ]	What gene is repressed by the transcription factor triple-helix-binding zinc-finger protein-1 (THZif-1)?	false
What class of nucleic acid molecules is used to inhibit gene expression by forming sense-antisense duplexes?	Antisense oligomers	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	8853793	Specific regulation of gene expression by antisense nucleic acids: a summary of methodologies and associated problems.	[ "Antisense oligomers", "antisense oligonucleotides", "ASOs", "antisense oligodeoxynucleotides", "AONs", "antisense oligos", "antisense oligomer", "antisense oligonucleotide", "antisense oligodeoxynucleotide", "antisense oligos", "antisense oligomers" ]	What class of nucleic acid molecules is used to inhibit gene expression by forming sense-antisense duplexes?	false
Which human cell line is commonly used to study the effects of antisense c-myc RNA and THZif-1 on gene expression?	HL60	4	Methods & resources	8853793	Specific regulation of gene expression by antisense nucleic acids: a summary of methodologies and associated problems.	[ "HL60", "HL-60", "HL 60", "HL60 cells", "HL-60 cells", "HL 60 cells", "HL60 cell line", "HL-60 cell line", "HL 60 cell line", "HL60s", "HL-60s", "HL 60s", "Human promyelocytic leukemia cell line", "Human promyelocytic leukemia cells", "Human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line", "Human promyelocytic leukaemia cells" ]	Which human cell line is commonly used to study the effects of antisense c-myc RNA and THZif-1 on gene expression?	false
What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice (EBP) continuing education courses commonly taught in collaboration between librarians and nurses?	Evidence-based practice	4	Methods & resources	29962909	Librarians collaborating to teach evidence-based practice: exploring partnerships with professional organizations.	[ "Evidence-based practice", "EBP", "evidence based practice", "evidence-based practices", "evidence based practices", "evidence-informed practice", "evidence informed practice", "evidence-informed practices", "evidence informed practices" ]	What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice (EBP) continuing education courses commonly taught in collaboration between librarians and nurses?	false
Which professional group do librarians collaborate with to teach evidence-based practice continuing education courses, according to survey data?	Professional nursing organizations	4	Methods & resources	29962909	Librarians collaborating to teach evidence-based practice: exploring partnerships with professional organizations.	[ "Professional nursing organizations", "nursing organizations", "nursing associations", "professional nursing associations", "nurses associations", "professional nurses associations", "nursing societies", "professional nursing societies", "nursing groups", "nursing bodies", "professional nursing groups" ]	Which professional group do librarians collaborate with to teach evidence-based practice continuing education courses, according to survey data?	false
What organization’s members were surveyed to assess librarian involvement in teaching evidence-based practice courses?	Medical Library Association	7	Bioinformatics databases	29962909	Librarians collaborating to teach evidence-based practice: exploring partnerships with professional organizations.	[ "Medical Library Association", "MLA", "Medical Libraries Association", "Medical Library Associations" ]	What organization’s members were surveyed to assess librarian involvement in teaching evidence-based practice courses?	false
What demographic trend is contributing to rapid changes in the global language system?	Population migration	0	Other	14988552	The future of language.	[ "population migration", "human migration", "migration of populations", "migrations of populations", "migratory movements", "population movements", "population migrations", "migratory population", "population mobility", "demographic migration", "demographic mobility" ]	What demographic trend is contributing to rapid changes in the global language system?	false
Which language, though presently prevalent in global discourse, might lose its leading position in the years ahead?	English	0	Other	14988552	The future of language.	[ "English", "English language", "Modern English", "Anglophone", "English languages" ]	Which language is currently widely used in international communication but may not remain dominant in the future?	true
What societal development is leading to the emergence of new languages in urban areas?	Formation of extended social groups	0	Other	14988552	The future of language.	[ "Formation of extended social groups", "formation of extended social group", "extended social group formation", "extended social groups formation", "formation of large social groups", "emergence of extended social groups", "growth of extended social groups", "development of extended social groups", "extended social groups" ]	What societal development is leading to the emergence of new languages in urban areas?	false
Which cytokine is commonly administered to promote alternative polarization of microglia and macrophages in experimental studies involving central nervous system diseases?	Interleukin 13	3	Protein function & signalling	27829467	Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model.	[ "Interleukin 13", "IL-13", "IL13", "IL 13", "interleukin-13", "interleukin13", "interleukin 13s", "IL-13s" ]	What cytokine is used to induce alternative activation of microglia and macrophages in experimental models of central nervous system disorders?	true
What diet is commonly used to induce demyelination in mouse models of central nervous system disease?	Cuprizone-supplemented diet	4	Methods & resources	27829467	Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model.	[ "Cuprizone-supplemented diet", "cuprizone diet", "bis-cyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone diet", "cuprizone feeding", "cuprizone administration", "cuprizone-induced demyelination diet", "cuprizone diets", "cuprizone-supplemented diets" ]	What diet is commonly used to induce demyelination in mouse models of central nervous system disease?	false
Which imaging technique is employed to non-invasively monitor neuropathological changes such as demyelination in mouse models?	Magnetic resonance imaging	4	Methods & resources	27829467	Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model.	[ "Magnetic resonance imaging", "MRI", "magnetic resonance imagings", "MR imaging", "magnetic resonance scan", "magnetic resonance scans", "nuclear magnetic resonance imaging", "NMRI", "MRIs", "MR imagings", "magnetic resonance image", "magnetic resonance images", "magnetic resonance tomography", "MRT" ]	Which imaging technique is employed to non-invasively monitor neuropathological changes such as demyelination in mouse models?	false
Which viral pathogen is a typical late-stage complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?	Cytomegalovirus	5	Disease causation & pathogens	11737335	CMV sinusitis as the initial manifestation of AIDS.	[ "Cytomegalovirus", "CMV", "Human cytomegalovirus", "HCMV", "Human herpesvirus 5", "HHV-5", "Cytomegaloviruses", "CMVs", "Human cytomegaloviruses", "HCMVs", "Human herpesvirus type 5", "HHV5" ]	Which viral pathogen is a typical late-stage complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?	false
Which opportunistic eye infection is frequently observed in individuals with advanced stages of HIV infection?	Cytomegalovirus retinitis	5	Disease causation & pathogens	11737335	CMV sinusitis as the initial manifestation of AIDS.	[ "Cytomegalovirus retinitis", "CMV retinitis", "cytomegalic inclusion disease of the retina", "cytomegalovirus retinitides", "CMV retinitides" ]	What is a common opportunistic ocular infection associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?	true
Infection with HIV may initially present with illness in which part of the body?	Sinonasal tract	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	11737335	CMV sinusitis as the initial manifestation of AIDS.	[ "Sinonasal tract", "sinonasal region", "nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses", "nasal and paranasal sinuses", "nasal sinuses", "paranasal sinuses", "nasal cavity", "sinonasal area", "sinonasal tracts", "sinonasal regions", "nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses", "nasal cavities", "paranasal sinus", "paranasal sinuses" ]	Diseases of which anatomical region can represent an initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?	true

Which chromatography technique is used to establish chemical fingerprints of Polygonum orientale extracts?

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)

4

Methods & resources

23236756

[Study on fingerprint-pharmacology correlation of protective effect of Polygonum orientale on myocardial cell oxidative injury induced by H202].

[ "Ultra-performance liquid chromatography", "UPLC", "ultra performance liquid chromatography", "ultra-performance liquid chromatographies", "UPLCs" ]

Which chromatography technique is used to establish chemical fingerprints of Polygonum orientale extracts?

false

What assay is commonly used to assess cell viability in studies of oxidative injury in myocardial cells?

MTT assay

4

Methods & resources

23236756

[Study on fingerprint-pharmacology correlation of protective effect of Polygonum orientale on myocardial cell oxidative injury induced by H202].

[ "MTT assay", "MTT test", "MTT reduction assay", "MTT colorimetric assay", "3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay", "MTT assays", "MTT tests", "MTT reduction assays", "MTT colorimetric assays" ]

What assay is commonly used to assess cell viability in studies of oxidative injury in myocardial cells?

false

Which protein typically produced by humans is introduced into liver-derived cell cultures to study clotting disorders like hemophilia B?

Factor IX

2

Therapeutics & clinical evidence

20559684

Enhancement of the human factor IX expression, mediated by an intron derived fragment from the rat aldolase B gene in cultured hepatoma cells.

[ "Factor IX", "FIX", "coagulation factor IX", "Christmas factor", "plasma thromboplastin component", "PTC", "factor IXs", "FIXs", "coagulation factor IXs", "Christmas factors", "plasma thromboplastin components", "PTCs" ]

What human protein is commonly expressed in hepatocyte cell lines to model blood coagulation disorders such as hemophilia B?

true

What commonly utilized human liver cancer cell line serves as a standard model for analyzing gene expression unique to hepatic tissue?

HepG2

4

Methods & resources

20559684

Enhancement of the human factor IX expression, mediated by an intron derived fragment from the rat aldolase B gene in cultured hepatoma cells.

[ "HepG2", "Hep G2", "Hep-G2", "HepG2 cell", "HepG2 cells", "Hep G2 cell", "Hep G2 cells", "Hep-G2 cell", "Hep-G2 cells", "Hepatocellular carcinoma, human, G2", "Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line G2" ]

Which cell line derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma is frequently used to evaluate liver-specific gene expression?

true

What commonly used promoter is derived from a human gene and provides hepatocyte-specific transcriptional activity?

Alpha-1-antitrypsin promoter

4

Methods & resources

20559684

Enhancement of the human factor IX expression, mediated by an intron derived fragment from the rat aldolase B gene in cultured hepatoma cells.

[ "Alpha-1-antitrypsin promoter", "A1AT promoter", "alpha 1 antitrypsin promoter", "alpha1-antitrypsin promoter", "alpha1 antitrypsin promoter", "SERPINA1 promoter", "alpha-1 protease inhibitor promoter", "AAT promoter", "alpha-1-antitrypsin promoters", "A1AT promoters", "alpha 1 antitrypsin promoters", "alpha1-antitrypsin promoters", "alpha1 antitrypsin promoters", "SERPINA1 promoters", "alpha-1 protease inhibitor promoters", "AAT promoters" ]

What commonly used promoter is derived from a human gene and provides hepatocyte-specific transcriptional activity?

false

What gene is repressed by the transcription factor triple-helix-binding zinc-finger protein-1 (THZif-1)?

c-myc

3

Protein function & signalling

8853793

Specific regulation of gene expression by antisense nucleic acids: a summary of methodologies and associated problems.

[ "c-myc", "MYC", "cMYC", "MYCC", "v-myc", "c-myc proto-oncogene", "myc proto-oncogene protein", "avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog", "cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene", "c-myc proto-oncogene protein", "c-myc oncogene", "c-myc gene", "c-myc genes", "c-myc proto-oncogenes", "MYCs" ]

What gene is repressed by the transcription factor triple-helix-binding zinc-finger protein-1 (THZif-1)?

false

What class of nucleic acid molecules is used to inhibit gene expression by forming sense-antisense duplexes?

Antisense oligomers

2

Therapeutics & clinical evidence

8853793

Specific regulation of gene expression by antisense nucleic acids: a summary of methodologies and associated problems.

[ "Antisense oligomers", "antisense oligonucleotides", "ASOs", "antisense oligodeoxynucleotides", "AONs", "antisense oligos", "antisense oligomer", "antisense oligonucleotide", "antisense oligodeoxynucleotide", "antisense oligos", "antisense oligomers" ]

What class of nucleic acid molecules is used to inhibit gene expression by forming sense-antisense duplexes?

false

Which human cell line is commonly used to study the effects of antisense c-myc RNA and THZif-1 on gene expression?

HL60

4

Methods & resources

8853793

Specific regulation of gene expression by antisense nucleic acids: a summary of methodologies and associated problems.

[ "HL60", "HL-60", "HL 60", "HL60 cells", "HL-60 cells", "HL 60 cells", "HL60 cell line", "HL-60 cell line", "HL 60 cell line", "HL60s", "HL-60s", "HL 60s", "Human promyelocytic leukemia cell line", "Human promyelocytic leukemia cells", "Human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line", "Human promyelocytic leukaemia cells" ]

Which human cell line is commonly used to study the effects of antisense c-myc RNA and THZif-1 on gene expression?

false

What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice (EBP) continuing education courses commonly taught in collaboration between librarians and nurses?

Evidence-based practice

4

Methods & resources

29962909

Librarians collaborating to teach evidence-based practice: exploring partnerships with professional organizations.

[ "Evidence-based practice", "EBP", "evidence based practice", "evidence-based practices", "evidence based practices", "evidence-informed practice", "evidence informed practice", "evidence-informed practices", "evidence informed practices" ]

What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice (EBP) continuing education courses commonly taught in collaboration between librarians and nurses?

false

Which professional group do librarians collaborate with to teach evidence-based practice continuing education courses, according to survey data?

Professional nursing organizations

4

Methods & resources

29962909

Librarians collaborating to teach evidence-based practice: exploring partnerships with professional organizations.

[ "Professional nursing organizations", "nursing organizations", "nursing associations", "professional nursing associations", "nurses associations", "professional nurses associations", "nursing societies", "professional nursing societies", "nursing groups", "nursing bodies", "professional nursing groups" ]

Which professional group do librarians collaborate with to teach evidence-based practice continuing education courses, according to survey data?

false

What organization’s members were surveyed to assess librarian involvement in teaching evidence-based practice courses?

Medical Library Association

7

Bioinformatics databases

29962909

Librarians collaborating to teach evidence-based practice: exploring partnerships with professional organizations.

[ "Medical Library Association", "MLA", "Medical Libraries Association", "Medical Library Associations" ]

What organization’s members were surveyed to assess librarian involvement in teaching evidence-based practice courses?

false

What demographic trend is contributing to rapid changes in the global language system?

Population migration

0

Other

14988552

The future of language.

[ "population migration", "human migration", "migration of populations", "migrations of populations", "migratory movements", "population movements", "population migrations", "migratory population", "population mobility", "demographic migration", "demographic mobility" ]

What demographic trend is contributing to rapid changes in the global language system?

false

Which language, though presently prevalent in global discourse, might lose its leading position in the years ahead?

English

0

Other

14988552

The future of language.

[ "English", "English language", "Modern English", "Anglophone", "English languages" ]

Which language is currently widely used in international communication but may not remain dominant in the future?

true

What societal development is leading to the emergence of new languages in urban areas?

Formation of extended social groups

0

Other

14988552

The future of language.

[ "Formation of extended social groups", "formation of extended social group", "extended social group formation", "extended social groups formation", "formation of large social groups", "emergence of extended social groups", "growth of extended social groups", "development of extended social groups", "extended social groups" ]

What societal development is leading to the emergence of new languages in urban areas?

false

Which cytokine is commonly administered to promote alternative polarization of microglia and macrophages in experimental studies involving central nervous system diseases?

Interleukin 13

3

Protein function & signalling

27829467

Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model.

[ "Interleukin 13", "IL-13", "IL13", "IL 13", "interleukin-13", "interleukin13", "interleukin 13s", "IL-13s" ]

What cytokine is used to induce alternative activation of microglia and macrophages in experimental models of central nervous system disorders?

true

What diet is commonly used to induce demyelination in mouse models of central nervous system disease?

Cuprizone-supplemented diet

4

Methods & resources

27829467

Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model.

[ "Cuprizone-supplemented diet", "cuprizone diet", "bis-cyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone diet", "cuprizone feeding", "cuprizone administration", "cuprizone-induced demyelination diet", "cuprizone diets", "cuprizone-supplemented diets" ]

What diet is commonly used to induce demyelination in mouse models of central nervous system disease?

false

Which imaging technique is employed to non-invasively monitor neuropathological changes such as demyelination in mouse models?

Magnetic resonance imaging

4

Methods & resources

27829467

Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model.

[ "Magnetic resonance imaging", "MRI", "magnetic resonance imagings", "MR imaging", "magnetic resonance scan", "magnetic resonance scans", "nuclear magnetic resonance imaging", "NMRI", "MRIs", "MR imagings", "magnetic resonance image", "magnetic resonance images", "magnetic resonance tomography", "MRT" ]

Which imaging technique is employed to non-invasively monitor neuropathological changes such as demyelination in mouse models?

false

Which viral pathogen is a typical late-stage complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Cytomegalovirus

5

Disease causation & pathogens

11737335

CMV sinusitis as the initial manifestation of AIDS.

[ "Cytomegalovirus", "CMV", "Human cytomegalovirus", "HCMV", "Human herpesvirus 5", "HHV-5", "Cytomegaloviruses", "CMVs", "Human cytomegaloviruses", "HCMVs", "Human herpesvirus type 5", "HHV5" ]

Which viral pathogen is a typical late-stage complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

false

Which opportunistic eye infection is frequently observed in individuals with advanced stages of HIV infection?

Cytomegalovirus retinitis

5

Disease causation & pathogens

11737335

CMV sinusitis as the initial manifestation of AIDS.

[ "Cytomegalovirus retinitis", "CMV retinitis", "cytomegalic inclusion disease of the retina", "cytomegalovirus retinitides", "CMV retinitides" ]

What is a common opportunistic ocular infection associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?

true

Infection with HIV may initially present with illness in which part of the body?

Sinonasal tract

9

Anatomy & cellular localisation

11737335

CMV sinusitis as the initial manifestation of AIDS.

[ "Sinonasal tract", "sinonasal region", "nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses", "nasal and paranasal sinuses", "nasal sinuses", "paranasal sinuses", "nasal cavity", "sinonasal area", "sinonasal tracts", "sinonasal regions", "nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses", "nasal cavities", "paranasal sinus", "paranasal sinuses" ]

Diseases of which anatomical region can represent an initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?

true