transcribe.py

import itertools
import json
import logging
import os
import zlib

from inspect import signature
from typing import BinaryIO, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple, Union

import ctranslate2
import numpy as np
import tokenizers

from faster_whisper.audio import decode_audio, pad_or_trim
from faster_whisper.feature_extractor import FeatureExtractor
from faster_whisper.tokenizer import _LANGUAGE_CODES, Tokenizer
from faster_whisper.utils import download_model, format_timestamp, get_end, get_logger
from faster_whisper.vad import (
    SpeechTimestampsMap,
    VadOptions,
    collect_chunks,
    get_speech_timestamps,
)


class Word(NamedTuple):
    start: float
    end: float
    word: str
    probability: float


class Segment(NamedTuple):
    id: int
    seek: int
    start: float
    end: float
    text: str
    tokens: List[int]
    temperature: float
    avg_logprob: float
    compression_ratio: float
    no_speech_prob: float
    words: Optional[List[Word]]


class TranscriptionOptions(NamedTuple):
    beam_size: int
    best_of: int
    patience: float
    length_penalty: float
    repetition_penalty: float
    no_repeat_ngram_size: int
    log_prob_threshold: Optional[float]
    no_speech_threshold: Optional[float]
    compression_ratio_threshold: Optional[float]
    condition_on_previous_text: bool
    prompt_reset_on_temperature: float
    temperatures: List[float]
    initial_prompt: Optional[Union[str, Iterable[int]]]
    prefix: Optional[str]
    suppress_blank: bool
    suppress_tokens: Optional[List[int]]
    without_timestamps: bool
    max_initial_timestamp: float
    word_timestamps: bool
    prepend_punctuations: str
    append_punctuations: str
    max_new_tokens: Optional[int]
    clip_timestamps: Union[str, List[float]]
    hallucination_silence_threshold: Optional[float]
    hotwords: Optional[str]


class TranscriptionInfo(NamedTuple):
    language: str
    language_probability: float
    duration: float
    duration_after_vad: float
    all_language_probs: Optional[List[Tuple[str, float]]]
    transcription_options: TranscriptionOptions
    vad_options: VadOptions


class WhisperModel:
    def __init__(
        self,
        model_size_or_path: str,
        device: str = "auto",
        device_index: Union[int, List[int]] = 0,
        compute_type: str = "default",
        cpu_threads: int = 0,
        num_workers: int = 1,
        download_root: Optional[str] = None,
        local_files_only: bool = False,
        files: dict = None,
        **model_kwargs,
    ):
        """Initializes the Whisper model.

        Args:
          model_size_or_path: Size of the model to use (tiny, tiny.en, base, base.en,
            small, small.en, distil-small.en, medium, medium.en, distil-medium.en, large-v1,
            large-v2, large-v3, large, distil-large-v2 or distil-large-v3), a path to a
            converted model directory, or a CTranslate2-converted Whisper model ID from the HF Hub.
            When a size or a model ID is configured, the converted model is downloaded
            from the Hugging Face Hub.
          device: Device to use for computation ("cpu", "cuda", "auto").
          device_index: Device ID to use.
            The model can also be loaded on multiple GPUs by passing a list of IDs
            (e.g. [0, 1, 2, 3]). In that case, multiple transcriptions can run in parallel
            when transcribe() is called from multiple Python threads (see also num_workers).
          compute_type: Type to use for computation.
            See https://opennmt.net/CTranslate2/quantization.html.
          cpu_threads: Number of threads to use when running on CPU (4 by default).
            A non zero value overrides the OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable.
          num_workers: When transcribe() is called from multiple Python threads,
            having multiple workers enables true parallelism when running the model
            (concurrent calls to self.model.generate() will run in parallel).
            This can improve the global throughput at the cost of increased memory usage.
          download_root: Directory where the models should be saved. If not set, the models
            are saved in the standard Hugging Face cache directory.
          local_files_only:  If True, avoid downloading the file and return the path to the
            local cached file if it exists.
          files: Load model files from the memory. This argument is a dictionary mapping file names
            to file contents as file-like or bytes objects. If this is set, model_path acts as an
            identifier for this model.
        """
        self.logger = get_logger()

        tokenizer_bytes, preprocessor_bytes = None, None
        if files:
            model_path = model_size_or_path
            tokenizer_bytes = files.pop("tokenizer.json", None)
            preprocessor_bytes = files.pop("preprocessor_config.json", None)
        elif os.path.isdir(model_size_or_path):
            model_path = model_size_or_path
        else:
            model_path = download_model(
                model_size_or_path,
                local_files_only=local_files_only,
                cache_dir=download_root,
            )

        self.model = ctranslate2.models.Whisper(
            model_path,
            device=device,
            device_index=device_index,
            compute_type=compute_type,
            intra_threads=cpu_threads,
            inter_threads=num_workers,
            files=files,
            **model_kwargs,
        )

        tokenizer_file = os.path.join(model_path, "tokenizer.json")
        if tokenizer_bytes:
            self.hf_tokenizer = tokenizers.Tokenizer.from_buffer(tokenizer_bytes)
        elif os.path.isfile(tokenizer_file):
            self.hf_tokenizer = tokenizers.Tokenizer.from_file(tokenizer_file)
        else:
            self.hf_tokenizer = tokenizers.Tokenizer.from_pretrained(
                "openai/whisper-tiny" + ("" if self.model.is_multilingual else ".en")
            )
        self.feat_kwargs = self._get_feature_kwargs(model_path, preprocessor_bytes)
        self.feature_extractor = FeatureExtractor(**self.feat_kwargs)
        self.num_samples_per_token = self.feature_extractor.hop_length * 2
        self.frames_per_second = (
            self.feature_extractor.sampling_rate // self.feature_extractor.hop_length
        )
        self.tokens_per_second = (
            self.feature_extractor.sampling_rate // self.num_samples_per_token
        )
        self.input_stride = 2
        self.time_precision = 0.02
        self.max_length = 448

    @property
    def supported_languages(self) -> List[str]:
        """The languages supported by the model."""
        return list(_LANGUAGE_CODES) if self.model.is_multilingual else ["en"]

    def _get_feature_kwargs(self, model_path, preprocessor_bytes=None) -> dict:
        config = {}
        try:
            config_path = os.path.join(model_path, "preprocessor_config.json")
            if preprocessor_bytes:
                config = json.loads(preprocessor_bytes)
            elif os.path.isfile(config_path):
                with open(config_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
                    config = json.load(file)
            else:
                return config
            valid_keys = signature(FeatureExtractor.__init__).parameters.keys()
            return {k: v for k, v in config.items() if k in valid_keys}
        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
            self.logger.warning("Could not load preprocessor config: %s", e)

        return config

    def transcribe(
        self,
        audio: Union[str, BinaryIO, np.ndarray],
        language: Optional[str] = None,
        task: str = "transcribe",
        beam_size: int = 5,
        best_of: int = 5,
        patience: float = 1,
        length_penalty: float = 1,
        repetition_penalty: float = 1,
        no_repeat_ngram_size: int = 0,
        temperature: Union[float, List[float], Tuple[float, ...]] = [
            0.0,
            0.2,
            0.4,
            0.6,
            0.8,
            1.0,
        ],
        compression_ratio_threshold: Optional[float] = 2.4,
        log_prob_threshold: Optional[float] = -1.0,
        no_speech_threshold: Optional[float] = 0.6,
        condition_on_previous_text: bool = True,
        prompt_reset_on_temperature: float = 0.5,
        initial_prompt: Optional[Union[str, Iterable[int]]] = None,
        prefix: Optional[str] = None,
        suppress_blank: bool = True,
        suppress_tokens: Optional[List[int]] = [-1],
        without_timestamps: bool = False,
        max_initial_timestamp: float = 1.0,
        word_timestamps: bool = False,
        prepend_punctuations: str = "\"'“¿([{-",
        append_punctuations: str = "\"'.。,，!！?？:：”)]}、",
        vad_filter: bool = False,
        vad_parameters: Optional[Union[dict, VadOptions]] = None,
        max_new_tokens: Optional[int] = None,
        chunk_length: Optional[int] = None,
        clip_timestamps: Union[str, List[float]] = "0",
        hallucination_silence_threshold: Optional[float] = None,
        hotwords: Optional[str] = None,
        language_detection_threshold: Optional[float] = None,
        language_detection_segments: int = 1,
    ) -> Tuple[Iterable[Segment], TranscriptionInfo]:
        """Transcribes an input file.

        Arguments:
          audio: Path to the input file (or a file-like object), or the audio waveform.
          language: The language spoken in the audio. It should be a language code such
            as "en" or "fr". If not set, the language will be detected in the first 30 seconds
            of audio.
          task: Task to execute (transcribe or translate).
          beam_size: Beam size to use for decoding.
          best_of: Number of candidates when sampling with non-zero temperature.
          patience: Beam search patience factor.
          length_penalty: Exponential length penalty constant.
          repetition_penalty: Penalty applied to the score of previously generated tokens
            (set > 1 to penalize).
          no_repeat_ngram_size: Prevent repetitions of ngrams with this size (set 0 to disable).
          temperature: Temperature for sampling. It can be a tuple of temperatures,
            which will be successively used upon failures according to either
            `compression_ratio_threshold` or `log_prob_threshold`.
          compression_ratio_threshold: If the gzip compression ratio is above this value,
            treat as failed.
          log_prob_threshold: If the average log probability over sampled tokens is
            below this value, treat as failed.
          no_speech_threshold: If the no_speech probability is higher than this value AND
            the average log probability over sampled tokens is below `log_prob_threshold`,
            consider the segment as silent.
          condition_on_previous_text: If True, the previous output of the model is provided
            as a prompt for the next window; disabling may make the text inconsistent across
            windows, but the model becomes less prone to getting stuck in a failure loop,
            such as repetition looping or timestamps going out of sync.
          prompt_reset_on_temperature: Resets prompt if temperature is above this value.
            Arg has effect only if condition_on_previous_text is True.
          initial_prompt: Optional text string or iterable of token ids to provide as a
            prompt for the first window.
          prefix: Optional text to provide as a prefix for the first window.
          suppress_blank: Suppress blank outputs at the beginning of the sampling.
          suppress_tokens: List of token IDs to suppress. -1 will suppress a default set
            of symbols as defined in the model config.json file.
          without_timestamps: Only sample text tokens.
          max_initial_timestamp: The initial timestamp cannot be later than this.
          word_timestamps: Extract word-level timestamps using the cross-attention pattern
            and dynamic time warping, and include the timestamps for each word in each segment.
          prepend_punctuations: If word_timestamps is True, merge these punctuation symbols
            with the next word
          append_punctuations: If word_timestamps is True, merge these punctuation symbols
            with the previous word
          vad_filter: Enable the voice activity detection (VAD) to filter out parts of the audio
            without speech. This step is using the Silero VAD model
            https://github.com/snakers4/silero-vad.
          vad_parameters: Dictionary of Silero VAD parameters or VadOptions class (see available
            parameters and default values in the class `VadOptions`).
          max_new_tokens: Maximum number of new tokens to generate per-chunk. If not set,
            the maximum will be set by the default max_length.
          chunk_length: The length of audio segments. If it is not None, it will overwrite the
            default chunk_length of the FeatureExtractor.
          clip_timestamps:
            Comma-separated list start,end,start,end,... timestamps (in seconds) of clips to
             process. The last end timestamp defaults to the end of the file.
             vad_filter will be ignored if clip_timestamps is used.
          hallucination_silence_threshold:
            When word_timestamps is True, skip silent periods longer than this threshold
             (in seconds) when a possible hallucination is detected
          hotwords:
            Hotwords/hint phrases to provide the model with. Has no effect if prefix is not None.
          language_detection_threshold: If the maximum probability of the language tokens is higher
           than this value, the language is detected.
          language_detection_segments: Number of segments to consider for the language detection.
        Returns:
          A tuple with:

            - a generator over transcribed segments
            - an instance of TranscriptionInfo
        """
        sampling_rate = self.feature_extractor.sampling_rate

        if not isinstance(audio, np.ndarray):
            audio = decode_audio(audio, sampling_rate=sampling_rate)

        duration = audio.shape[0] / sampling_rate
        duration_after_vad = duration

        self.logger.info(
            "Processing audio with duration %s", format_timestamp(duration)
        )

        if vad_filter and clip_timestamps == "0":
            if vad_parameters is None:
                vad_parameters = VadOptions()
            elif isinstance(vad_parameters, dict):
                vad_parameters = VadOptions(**vad_parameters)
            speech_chunks = get_speech_timestamps(audio, vad_parameters)
            audio = collect_chunks(audio, speech_chunks)
            duration_after_vad = audio.shape[0] / sampling_rate

            self.logger.info(
                "VAD filter removed %s of audio",
                format_timestamp(duration - duration_after_vad),
            )

            if self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                self.logger.debug(
                    "VAD filter kept the following audio segments: %s",
                    ", ".join(
                        "[%s -> %s]"
                        % (
                            format_timestamp(chunk["start"] / sampling_rate),
                            format_timestamp(chunk["end"] / sampling_rate),
                        )
                        for chunk in speech_chunks
                    ),
                )

        else:
            speech_chunks = None

        features = self.feature_extractor(audio, chunk_length=chunk_length)

        encoder_output = None
        all_language_probs = None

        if language is None:
            if not self.model.is_multilingual:
                language = "en"
                language_probability = 1
            else:
                if (
                    language_detection_segments is None
                    or language_detection_segments < 1
                ):
                    language_detection_segments = 1
                seek = 0
                detected_language_info = {}
                content_frames = (
                    features.shape[-1] - self.feature_extractor.nb_max_frames
                )
                while (
                    seek <= content_frames
                    and seek
                    < self.feature_extractor.nb_max_frames * language_detection_segments
                ):
                    segment = features[
                        :, seek : seek + self.feature_extractor.nb_max_frames
                    ]
                    encoder_output = self.encode(segment)
                    # results is a list of tuple[str, float] with language names and
                    # probabilities.
                    results = self.model.detect_language(encoder_output)[0]
                    # Parse language names to strip out markers
                    all_language_probs = [
                        (token[2:-2], prob) for (token, prob) in results
                    ]
                    # Get top language token and probability
                    language, language_probability = all_language_probs[0]
                    if (
                        language_detection_threshold is None
                        or language_probability > language_detection_threshold
                    ):
                        break
                    detected_language_info.setdefault(language, []).append(
                        language_probability
                    )
                    seek += segment.shape[-1]
                else:
                    # If no language detected for all segments, the majority vote of the highest
                    # projected languages for all segments is used to determine the language.
                    language = max(
                        detected_language_info,
                        key=lambda lang: len(detected_language_info[lang]),
                    )
                    language_probability = max(detected_language_info[language])

                self.logger.info(
                    "Detected language '%s' with probability %.2f",
                    language,
                    language_probability,
                )
        else:
            if not self.model.is_multilingual and language != "en":
                self.logger.warning(
                    "The current model is English-only but the language parameter is set to '%s'; "
                    "using 'en' instead." % language
                )
                language = "en"

            language_probability = 1

        tokenizer = Tokenizer(
            self.hf_tokenizer,
            self.model.is_multilingual,
            task=task,
            language=language,
        )

        options = TranscriptionOptions(
            beam_size=beam_size,
            best_of=best_of,
            patience=patience,
            length_penalty=length_penalty,
            repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty,
            no_repeat_ngram_size=no_repeat_ngram_size,
            log_prob_threshold=log_prob_threshold,
            no_speech_threshold=no_speech_threshold,
            compression_ratio_threshold=compression_ratio_threshold,
            condition_on_previous_text=condition_on_previous_text,
            prompt_reset_on_temperature=prompt_reset_on_temperature,
            temperatures=(
                temperature if isinstance(temperature, (list, tuple)) else [temperature]
            ),
            initial_prompt=initial_prompt,
            prefix=prefix,
            suppress_blank=suppress_blank,
            suppress_tokens=get_suppressed_tokens(tokenizer, suppress_tokens),
            without_timestamps=without_timestamps,
            max_initial_timestamp=max_initial_timestamp,
            word_timestamps=word_timestamps,
            prepend_punctuations=prepend_punctuations,
            append_punctuations=append_punctuations,
            max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens,
            clip_timestamps=clip_timestamps,
            hallucination_silence_threshold=hallucination_silence_threshold,
            hotwords=hotwords,
        )

        segments = self.generate_segments(features, tokenizer, options, encoder_output)

        if speech_chunks:
            segments = restore_speech_timestamps(segments, speech_chunks, sampling_rate)

        info = TranscriptionInfo(
            language=language,
            language_probability=language_probability,
            duration=duration,
            duration_after_vad=duration_after_vad,
            transcription_options=options,
            vad_options=vad_parameters,
            all_language_probs=all_language_probs,
        )

        return segments, info

    def generate_segments(
        self,
        features: np.ndarray,
        tokenizer: Tokenizer,
        options: TranscriptionOptions,
        encoder_output: Optional[ctranslate2.StorageView] = None,
    ) -> Iterable[Segment]:
        content_frames = features.shape[-1] - self.feature_extractor.nb_max_frames
        content_duration = float(content_frames * self.feature_extractor.time_per_frame)

        if isinstance(options.clip_timestamps, str):
            options = options._replace(
                clip_timestamps=[
                    float(ts)
                    for ts in (
                        options.clip_timestamps.split(",")
                        if options.clip_timestamps
                        else []
                    )
                ]
            )
        seek_points: List[int] = [
            round(ts * self.frames_per_second) for ts in options.clip_timestamps
        ]
        if len(seek_points) == 0:
            seek_points.append(0)
        if len(seek_points) % 2 == 1:
            seek_points.append(content_frames)
        seek_clips: List[Tuple[int, int]] = list(
            zip(seek_points[::2], seek_points[1::2])
        )

        punctuation = "\"'“¿([{-\"'.。,，!！?？:：”)]}、"

        idx = 0
        clip_idx = 0
        seek = seek_clips[clip_idx][0]
        all_tokens = []
        prompt_reset_since = 0

        if options.initial_prompt is not None:
            if isinstance(options.initial_prompt, str):
                initial_prompt = " " + options.initial_prompt.strip()
                initial_prompt_tokens = tokenizer.encode(initial_prompt)
                all_tokens.extend(initial_prompt_tokens)
            else:
                all_tokens.extend(options.initial_prompt)

        last_speech_timestamp = 0.0
        # NOTE: This loop is obscurely flattened to make the diff readable.
        # A later commit should turn this into a simpler nested loop.
        # for seek_clip_start, seek_clip_end in seek_clips:
        #     while seek < seek_clip_end
        while clip_idx < len(seek_clips):
            seek_clip_start, seek_clip_end = seek_clips[clip_idx]
            if seek_clip_end > content_frames:
                seek_clip_end = content_frames
            if seek < seek_clip_start:
                seek = seek_clip_start
            if seek >= seek_clip_end:
                clip_idx += 1
                if clip_idx < len(seek_clips):
                    seek = seek_clips[clip_idx][0]
                continue
            time_offset = seek * self.feature_extractor.time_per_frame
            window_end_time = float(
                (seek + self.feature_extractor.nb_max_frames)
                * self.feature_extractor.time_per_frame
            )
            segment_size = min(
                self.feature_extractor.nb_max_frames,
                content_frames - seek,
                seek_clip_end - seek,
            )
            segment = features[:, seek : seek + segment_size]
            segment_duration = segment_size * self.feature_extractor.time_per_frame
            segment = pad_or_trim(segment, self.feature_extractor.nb_max_frames)

            if self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                self.logger.debug(
                    "Processing segment at %s", format_timestamp(time_offset)
                )

            previous_tokens = all_tokens[prompt_reset_since:]
            prompt = self.get_prompt(
                tokenizer,
                previous_tokens,
                without_timestamps=options.without_timestamps,
                prefix=options.prefix if seek == 0 else None,
                hotwords=options.hotwords,
            )

            if seek > 0 or encoder_output is None:
                encoder_output = self.encode(segment)

            (
                result,
                avg_logprob,
                temperature,
                compression_ratio,
            ) = self.generate_with_fallback(encoder_output, prompt, tokenizer, options)

            if options.no_speech_threshold is not None:
                # no voice activity check
                should_skip = result.no_speech_prob > options.no_speech_threshold

                if (
                    options.log_prob_threshold is not None
                    and avg_logprob > options.log_prob_threshold
                ):
                    # don't skip if the logprob is high enough, despite the no_speech_prob
                    should_skip = False

                if should_skip:
                    self.logger.debug(
                        "No speech threshold is met (%f > %f)",
                        result.no_speech_prob,
                        options.no_speech_threshold,
                    )

                    # fast-forward to the next segment boundary
                    seek += segment_size
                    continue

            tokens = result.sequences_ids[0]

            previous_seek = seek
            current_segments = []

            # anomalous words are very long/short/improbable
            def word_anomaly_score(word: dict) -> float:
                probability = word.get("probability", 0.0)
                duration = word["end"] - word["start"]
                score = 0.0
                if probability < 0.15:
                    score += 1.0
                if duration < 0.133:
                    score += (0.133 - duration) * 15
                if duration > 2.0:
                    score += duration - 2.0
                return score

            def is_segment_anomaly(segment: Optional[dict]) -> bool:
                if segment is None or not segment["words"]:
                    return False
                words = [w for w in segment["words"] if w["word"] not in punctuation]
                words = words[:8]
                score = sum(word_anomaly_score(w) for w in words)
                return score >= 3 or score + 0.01 >= len(words)

            def next_words_segment(segments: List[dict]) -> Optional[dict]:
                return next((s for s in segments if s["words"]), None)

            single_timestamp_ending = (
                len(tokens) >= 2
                and tokens[-2] < tokenizer.timestamp_begin <= tokens[-1]
            )

            consecutive_timestamps = [
                i
                for i in range(len(tokens))
                if i > 0
                and tokens[i] >= tokenizer.timestamp_begin
                and tokens[i - 1] >= tokenizer.timestamp_begin
            ]

            if len(consecutive_timestamps) > 0:
                slices = list(consecutive_timestamps)
                if single_timestamp_ending:
                    slices.append(len(tokens))

                last_slice = 0
                for current_slice in slices:
                    sliced_tokens = tokens[last_slice:current_slice]
                    start_timestamp_position = (
                        sliced_tokens[0] - tokenizer.timestamp_begin
                    )
                    end_timestamp_position = (
                        sliced_tokens[-1] - tokenizer.timestamp_begin
                    )
                    start_time = (
                        time_offset + start_timestamp_position * self.time_precision
                    )
                    end_time = (
                        time_offset + end_timestamp_position * self.time_precision
                    )

                    current_segments.append(
                        dict(
                            seek=seek,
                            start=start_time,
                            end=end_time,
                            tokens=sliced_tokens,
                        )
                    )
                    last_slice = current_slice

                if single_timestamp_ending:
                    # single timestamp at the end means no speech after the last timestamp.
                    seek += segment_size
                else:
                    # otherwise, ignore the unfinished segment and seek to the last timestamp
                    last_timestamp_position = (
                        tokens[last_slice - 1] - tokenizer.timestamp_begin
                    )
                    seek += last_timestamp_position * self.input_stride

            else:
                duration = segment_duration
                timestamps = [
                    token for token in tokens if token >= tokenizer.timestamp_begin
                ]
                if len(timestamps) > 0 and timestamps[-1] != tokenizer.timestamp_begin:
                    last_timestamp_position = timestamps[-1] - tokenizer.timestamp_begin
                    duration = last_timestamp_position * self.time_precision

                current_segments.append(
                    dict(
                        seek=seek,
                        start=time_offset,
                        end=time_offset + duration,
                        tokens=tokens,
                    )
                )

                seek += segment_size

            if options.word_timestamps:
                self.add_word_timestamps(
                    current_segments,
                    tokenizer,
                    encoder_output,
                    segment_size,
                    options.prepend_punctuations,
                    options.append_punctuations,
                    last_speech_timestamp=last_speech_timestamp,
                )

                if not single_timestamp_ending:
                    last_word_end = get_end(current_segments)
                    if last_word_end is not None and last_word_end > time_offset:
                        seek = round(last_word_end * self.frames_per_second)

                # skip silence before possible hallucinations
                if options.hallucination_silence_threshold is not None:
                    threshold = options.hallucination_silence_threshold

                    # if first segment might be a hallucination, skip leading silence
                    first_segment = next_words_segment(current_segments)
                    if first_segment is not None and is_segment_anomaly(first_segment):
                        gap = first_segment["start"] - time_offset
                        if gap > threshold:
                            seek = previous_seek + round(gap * self.frames_per_second)
                            continue

                    # skip silence before any possible hallucination that is surrounded
                    # by silence or more hallucinations
                    hal_last_end = last_speech_timestamp
                    for si in range(len(current_segments)):
                        segment = current_segments[si]
                        if not segment["words"]:
                            continue
                        if is_segment_anomaly(segment):
                            next_segment = next_words_segment(
                                current_segments[si + 1 :]
                            )
                            if next_segment is not None:
                                hal_next_start = next_segment["words"][0]["start"]
                            else:
                                hal_next_start = time_offset + segment_duration
                            silence_before = (
                                segment["start"] - hal_last_end > threshold
                                or segment["start"] < threshold
                                or segment["start"] - time_offset < 2.0
                            )
                            silence_after = (
                                hal_next_start - segment["end"] > threshold
                                or is_segment_anomaly(next_segment)
                                or window_end_time - segment["end"] < 2.0
                            )
                            if silence_before and silence_after:
                                seek = round(
                                    max(time_offset + 1, segment["start"])
                                    * self.frames_per_second
                                )
                                if content_duration - segment["end"] < threshold:
                                    seek = content_frames
                                current_segments[si:] = []
                                break
                        hal_last_end = segment["end"]

                last_word_end = get_end(current_segments)
                if last_word_end is not None:
                    last_speech_timestamp = last_word_end

            for segment in current_segments:
                tokens = segment["tokens"]
                text = tokenizer.decode(tokens)

                if segment["start"] == segment["end"] or not text.strip():
                    continue

                all_tokens.extend(tokens)
                idx += 1

                yield Segment(
                    id=idx,
                    seek=seek,
                    start=segment["start"],
                    end=segment["end"],
                    text=text,
                    tokens=tokens,
                    temperature=temperature,
                    avg_logprob=avg_logprob,
                    compression_ratio=compression_ratio,
                    no_speech_prob=result.no_speech_prob,
                    words=(
                        [Word(**word) for word in segment["words"]]
                        if options.word_timestamps
                        else None
                    ),
                )

            if (
                not options.condition_on_previous_text
                or temperature > options.prompt_reset_on_temperature
            ):
                if options.condition_on_previous_text:
                    self.logger.debug(
                        "Reset prompt. prompt_reset_on_temperature threshold is met %f > %f",
                        temperature,
                        options.prompt_reset_on_temperature,
                    )

                prompt_reset_since = len(all_tokens)

    def encode(self, features: np.ndarray) -> ctranslate2.StorageView:
        # When the model is running on multiple GPUs, the encoder output should be moved
        # to the CPU since we don't know which GPU will handle the next job.
        to_cpu = self.model.device == "cuda" and len(self.model.device_index) > 1

        features = np.expand_dims(features, 0)
        features = get_ctranslate2_storage(features)

        return self.model.encode(features, to_cpu=to_cpu)

    def generate_with_fallback(
        self,
        encoder_output: ctranslate2.StorageView,
        prompt: List[int],
        tokenizer: Tokenizer,
        options: TranscriptionOptions,
    ) -> Tuple[ctranslate2.models.WhisperGenerationResult, float, float, float]:
        decode_result = None
        all_results = []
        below_cr_threshold_results = []

        max_initial_timestamp_index = int(
            round(options.max_initial_timestamp / self.time_precision)
        )
        if options.max_new_tokens is not None:
            max_length = len(prompt) + options.max_new_tokens
        else:
            max_length = self.max_length

        if max_length > self.max_length:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The length of the prompt is {len(prompt)}, and the `max_new_tokens` "
                f"{max_length - len(prompt)}. Thus, the combined length of the prompt "
                f"and `max_new_tokens` is: {max_length}. This exceeds the "
                f"`max_length` of the Whisper model: {self.max_length}. "
                "You should either reduce the length of your prompt, or "
                "reduce the value of `max_new_tokens`, "
                f"so that their combined length is less that {self.max_length}."
            )

        for temperature in options.temperatures:
            if temperature > 0:
                kwargs = {
                    "beam_size": 1,
                    "num_hypotheses": options.best_of,
                    "sampling_topk": 0,
                    "sampling_temperature": temperature,
                }
            else:
                kwargs = {
                    "beam_size": options.beam_size,
                    "patience": options.patience,
                }

            result = self.model.generate(
                encoder_output,
                [prompt],
                length_penalty=options.length_penalty,
                repetition_penalty=options.repetition_penalty,
                no_repeat_ngram_size=options.no_repeat_ngram_size,
                max_length=max_length,
                return_scores=True,
                return_no_speech_prob=True,
                suppress_blank=options.suppress_blank,
                suppress_tokens=options.suppress_tokens,
                max_initial_timestamp_index=max_initial_timestamp_index,
                **kwargs,
            )[0]

            tokens = result.sequences_ids[0]

            # Recover the average log prob from the returned score.
            seq_len = len(tokens)
            cum_logprob = result.scores[0] * (seq_len**options.length_penalty)
            avg_logprob = cum_logprob / (seq_len + 1)

            text = tokenizer.decode(tokens).strip()
            compression_ratio = get_compression_ratio(text)

            decode_result = (
                result,
                avg_logprob,
                temperature,
                compression_ratio,
            )
            all_results.append(decode_result)

            needs_fallback = False

            if options.compression_ratio_threshold is not None:
                if compression_ratio > options.compression_ratio_threshold:
                    needs_fallback = True  # too repetitive

                    self.logger.debug(
                        "Compression ratio threshold is not met with temperature %.1f (%f > %f)",
                        temperature,
                        compression_ratio,
                        options.compression_ratio_threshold,
                    )
                else:
                    below_cr_threshold_results.append(decode_result)

            if (
                options.log_prob_threshold is not None
                and avg_logprob < options.log_prob_threshold
            ):
                needs_fallback = True  # average log probability is too low

                self.logger.debug(
                    "Log probability threshold is not met with temperature %.1f (%f < %f)",
                    temperature,
                    avg_logprob,
                    options.log_prob_threshold,
                )

            if (
                options.no_speech_threshold is not None
                and result.no_speech_prob > options.no_speech_threshold
                and options.log_prob_threshold is not None
                and avg_logprob < options.log_prob_threshold
            ):
                needs_fallback = False  # silence

            if not needs_fallback:
                break
        else:
            # all failed, select the result with the highest average log probability
            decode_result = max(
                below_cr_threshold_results or all_results, key=lambda x: x[1]
            )
            # to pass final temperature for prompt_reset_on_temperature
            decode_result = (
                decode_result[0],
                decode_result[1],
                temperature,
                decode_result[3],
            )

        return decode_result

    def get_prompt(
        self,
        tokenizer: Tokenizer,
        previous_tokens: List[int],
        without_timestamps: bool = False,
        prefix: Optional[str] = None,
        hotwords: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[int]:
        prompt = []

        if previous_tokens or (hotwords and not prefix):
            prompt.append(tokenizer.sot_prev)
            if hotwords and not prefix:
                hotwords_tokens = tokenizer.encode(" " + hotwords.strip())
                if len(hotwords_tokens) >= self.max_length // 2:
                    hotwords_tokens = hotwords_tokens[: self.max_length // 2 - 1]
                prompt.extend(hotwords_tokens)
            if previous_tokens:
                prompt.extend(previous_tokens[-(self.max_length // 2 - 1) :])

        prompt.extend(tokenizer.sot_sequence)

        if without_timestamps:
            prompt.append(tokenizer.no_timestamps)

        if prefix:
            prefix_tokens = tokenizer.encode(" " + prefix.strip())
            if len(prefix_tokens) >= self.max_length // 2:
                prefix_tokens = prefix_tokens[: self.max_length // 2 - 1]
            if not without_timestamps:
                prompt.append(tokenizer.timestamp_begin)
            prompt.extend(prefix_tokens)

        return prompt

    def add_word_timestamps(
        self,
        segments: List[dict],
        tokenizer: Tokenizer,
        encoder_output: ctranslate2.StorageView,
        num_frames: int,
        prepend_punctuations: str,
        append_punctuations: str,
        last_speech_timestamp: float,
    ) -> None:
        if len(segments) == 0:
            return

        text_tokens_per_segment = [
            [token for token in segment["tokens"] if token < tokenizer.eot]
            for segment in segments
        ]

        text_tokens = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(text_tokens_per_segment))
        alignment = self.find_alignment(
            tokenizer, text_tokens, encoder_output, num_frames
        )
        word_durations = np.array([word["end"] - word["start"] for word in alignment])
        word_durations = word_durations[word_durations.nonzero()]
        median_duration = np.median(word_durations) if len(word_durations) > 0 else 0.0
        median_duration = min(0.7, float(median_duration))
        max_duration = median_duration * 2

        # hack: truncate long words at sentence boundaries.
        # a better segmentation algorithm based on VAD should be able to replace this.
        if len(word_durations) > 0:
            sentence_end_marks = ".。!！?？"
            # ensure words at sentence boundaries
            # are not longer than twice the median word duration.
            for i in range(1, len(alignment)):
                if alignment[i]["end"] - alignment[i]["start"] > max_duration:
                    if alignment[i]["word"] in sentence_end_marks:
                        alignment[i]["end"] = alignment[i]["start"] + max_duration
                    elif alignment[i - 1]["word"] in sentence_end_marks:
                        alignment[i]["start"] = alignment[i]["end"] - max_duration

        merge_punctuations(alignment, prepend_punctuations, append_punctuations)

        time_offset = (
            segments[0]["seek"]
            * self.feature_extractor.hop_length
            / self.feature_extractor.sampling_rate
        )

        word_index = 0

        for segment, text_tokens in zip(segments, text_tokens_per_segment):
            saved_tokens = 0
            words = []

            while word_index < len(alignment) and saved_tokens < len(text_tokens):
                timing = alignment[word_index]

                if timing["word"]:
                    words.append(
                        dict(
                            word=timing["word"],
                            start=round(time_offset + timing["start"], 2),
                            end=round(time_offset + timing["end"], 2),
                            probability=timing["probability"],
                        )
                    )

                saved_tokens += len(timing["tokens"])
                word_index += 1

            # hack: truncate long words at segment boundaries.
            # a better segmentation algorithm based on VAD should be able to replace this.
            if len(words) > 0:
                # ensure the first and second word after a pause is not longer than
                # twice the median word duration.
                if words[0]["end"] - last_speech_timestamp > median_duration * 4 and (
                    words[0]["end"] - words[0]["start"] > max_duration
                    or (
                        len(words) > 1
                        and words[1]["end"] - words[0]["start"] > max_duration * 2
                    )
                ):
                    if (
                        len(words) > 1
                        and words[1]["end"] - words[1]["start"] > max_duration
                    ):
                        boundary = max(
                            words[1]["end"] / 2, words[1]["end"] - max_duration
                        )
                        words[0]["end"] = words[1]["start"] = boundary
                    words[0]["start"] = max(0, words[0]["end"] - max_duration)

                # prefer the segment-level start timestamp if the first word is too long.
                if (
                    segment["start"] < words[0]["end"]
                    and segment["start"] - 0.5 > words[0]["start"]
                ):
                    words[0]["start"] = max(
                        0, min(words[0]["end"] - median_duration, segment["start"])
                    )
                else:
                    segment["start"] = words[0]["start"]

                # prefer the segment-level end timestamp if the last word is too long.
                if (
                    segment["end"] > words[-1]["start"]
                    and segment["end"] + 0.5 < words[-1]["end"]
                ):
                    words[-1]["end"] = max(
                        words[-1]["start"] + median_duration, segment["end"]
                    )
                else:
                    segment["end"] = words[-1]["end"]

                last_speech_timestamp = segment["end"]

            segment["words"] = words

    def find_alignment(
        self,
        tokenizer: Tokenizer,
        text_tokens: List[int],
        encoder_output: ctranslate2.StorageView,
        num_frames: int,
        median_filter_width: int = 7,
    ) -> List[dict]:
        if len(text_tokens) == 0:
            return []

        result = self.model.align(
            encoder_output,
            tokenizer.sot_sequence,
            [text_tokens],
            num_frames,
            median_filter_width=median_filter_width,
        )[0]

        text_token_probs = result.text_token_probs

        alignments = result.alignments
        text_indices = np.array([pair[0] for pair in alignments])
        time_indices = np.array([pair[1] for pair in alignments])

        words, word_tokens = tokenizer.split_to_word_tokens(
            text_tokens + [tokenizer.eot]
        )
        if len(word_tokens) <= 1:
            # return on eot only
            # >>> np.pad([], (1, 0))
            # array([0.])
            # This results in crashes when we lookup jump_times with float, like
            # IndexError: arrays used as indices must be of integer (or boolean) type
            return []
        word_boundaries = np.pad(np.cumsum([len(t) for t in word_tokens[:-1]]), (1, 0))
        if len(word_boundaries) <= 1:
            return []

        jumps = np.pad(np.diff(text_indices), (1, 0), constant_values=1).astype(bool)
        jump_times = time_indices[jumps] / self.tokens_per_second
        start_times = jump_times[word_boundaries[:-1]]
        end_times = jump_times[word_boundaries[1:]]
        word_probabilities = [
            np.mean(text_token_probs[i:j])
            for i, j in zip(word_boundaries[:-1], word_boundaries[1:])
        ]

        return [
            dict(
                word=word, tokens=tokens, start=start, end=end, probability=probability
            )
            for word, tokens, start, end, probability in zip(
                words, word_tokens, start_times, end_times, word_probabilities
            )
        ]


def restore_speech_timestamps(
    segments: Iterable[Segment],
    speech_chunks: List[dict],
    sampling_rate: int,
) -> Iterable[Segment]:
    ts_map = SpeechTimestampsMap(speech_chunks, sampling_rate)

    for segment in segments:
        if segment.words:
            words = []
            for word in segment.words:
                # Ensure the word start and end times are resolved to the same chunk.
                middle = (word.start + word.end) / 2
                chunk_index = ts_map.get_chunk_index(middle)
                word = word._replace(
                    start=ts_map.get_original_time(word.start, chunk_index),
                    end=ts_map.get_original_time(word.end, chunk_index),
                )
                words.append(word)

            segment = segment._replace(
                start=words[0].start,
                end=words[-1].end,
                words=words,
            )

        else:
            segment = segment._replace(
                start=ts_map.get_original_time(segment.start),
                end=ts_map.get_original_time(segment.end),
            )

        yield segment


def get_ctranslate2_storage(segment: np.ndarray) -> ctranslate2.StorageView:
    segment = np.ascontiguousarray(segment)
    segment = ctranslate2.StorageView.from_array(segment)
    return segment


def get_compression_ratio(text: str) -> float:
    text_bytes = text.encode("utf-8")
    return len(text_bytes) / len(zlib.compress(text_bytes))


def get_suppressed_tokens(
    tokenizer: Tokenizer,
    suppress_tokens: Optional[List[int]],
) -> Optional[List[int]]:
    if not suppress_tokens or -1 in suppress_tokens:
        return suppress_tokens

    suppress_tokens = list(suppress_tokens)

    # Ensure the following special tokens are suppressed when the user does
    # not use the default set (-1).
    suppress_tokens.extend(
        [
            tokenizer.transcribe,
            tokenizer.translate,
            tokenizer.sot,
            tokenizer.sot_prev,
            tokenizer.sot_lm,
        ]
    )

    return sorted(set(suppress_tokens))


def merge_punctuations(alignment: List[dict], prepended: str, appended: str) -> None:
    # merge prepended punctuations
    i = len(alignment) - 2
    j = len(alignment) - 1
    while i >= 0:
        previous = alignment[i]
        following = alignment[j]
        if previous["word"].startswith(" ") and previous["word"].strip() in prepended:
            # prepend it to the following word
            following["word"] = previous["word"] + following["word"]
            following["tokens"] = previous["tokens"] + following["tokens"]
            previous["word"] = ""
            previous["tokens"] = []
        else:
            j = i
        i -= 1

    # merge appended punctuations
    i = 0
    j = 1
    while j < len(alignment):
        previous = alignment[i]
        following = alignment[j]
        if not previous["word"].endswith(" ") and following["word"] in appended:
            # append it to the previous word
            previous["word"] = previous["word"] + following["word"]
            previous["tokens"] = previous["tokens"] + following["tokens"]
            following["word"] = ""
            following["tokens"] = []
        else:
            i = j
        j += 1