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https://openalex.org/W1548766080
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Metabolic syndrome is common and persistent in youth-onset type 2 diabetes: Results from the TODAY clinical trial
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Objective To examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in youth-onset type 2 diabetes in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study. Methods Prevalence of MetS (ATP III definition) was compared at baseline (n = 679) and at 6 (n = 625) and 24 months (n = 545) using chi-square tests. Laboratory data were examined between MetS classifications at each time point using ANOVA. Results Baseline prevalence of MetS was 75.8% and did not differ by treatment group or change over time. MetS was more common in females (83.1%) than males (62.3%; P < 0.0001) at baseline; this difference persisted over 24 months. Prevalence of MetS was similar between ethnic groups at baseline but greater in Hispanics (82.7%) vs. non-Hispanic Whites (67.5%; P = 0.0017) and non-Hispanic Blacks (72.7%; P = 0.0164) at 24 months. Although MetS was common in participants with hemoglobin A1c < 7.0% (74.4% at baseline; no significant change over 24 months), it was more common in those who did not maintain glycemic control at 6 months (80.3%; P = 0.0081). Elevated C-reactive protein, ALT, IL-6, and PAI-1 levels were more frequent with MetS. Conclusions Persistent high prevalence of MetS in youth-onset diabetes, even with excellent glycemic control, is of concern given the associated increased cardiovascular risk.
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https://openalex.org/W1548946113
|
Modeling Cognitive Trajectories Within Longitudinal Studies: A Focus on Older Adults
|
The natural history of life span cognitive performance and its late‐life determinants have been studied from an array of perspectives. Significant insights come from psychological disciplines, including cognitive, developmental, and neuropsychology, as well as from medical specialties, such as geriatrics, neurology, psychiatry, neuroradiology, and neuropathology, that contribute to the growing interdisciplinary scientific field: cognitive neuroscience of aging. This survey of longitudinal studies of aging suggests that disease‐oriented investigations commonly do not adequately consider normative cognitive changes, whereas developmental studies do not sufficiently measure and model nonnormative cognitive aging. This article argues for an integrative perspective that considers both of these influences on cognitive trajectories and presents a series of methodological concerns that have not been addressed comprehensively. Interdisciplinary methods from longitudinal observational studies should be leveraged to enable translational interventions to promote brain longevity.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1549058141
|
Quantitative studies of incorporation of exogenous thymidine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine into deoxyribonucleic acid of mammalian cells in vitro.
|
Summary Methods for the synthesis of bromodeoxyuridine-Br 82 and bromodeoxyuridine-H 3 (BUdR) are described. The incorporation of both thymidine and BUdR into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of rat bone marrow cells in vitro was markedly influenced by concentrations of thymidine and BUdR, respectively, in the incubation media. At equivalent concentrations of respective substrate, the amount of thymidine incorporated always exceeded that of BUdR. Limiting concentrations of both thymidine and BUdR were found, above which little or no further incorporation of the respective compounds occurred. Efficiency of incorporation of each compound, as measured by percentage of the available dose which was incorporated, was highest at low respective substrate concentrations. The rates of incorporation of thymidine and BUdR into the DNA of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro were maximal at the beginning of incubation and fell progressively thereafter. Thymidine and BUdR mutually inhibit the incorporation of the other into DNA. Evidence is presented that this inhibition may be due to competition by the compounds for binding sites on the same enzyme, which is rate-limiting for their entry into the cell and subsequent incorporation into DNA. The presence of 5-fluorouracil in the medium exerts an enhancing effect on thymidine and BUdR incorporation.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1549200705
|
Estimation of the pressure with computer simulation
|
Several methods for estimating the entropy and the chemical potential μ with computer simulation have recently been described. The combination of these methods permits one to calculate the pressure P. Such a calculation is demonstrated here for a Monte Carlo simulation of the square lattice gas, in the canonical ensemble, above and below the critical temperature. The results are in excellent agreement with the exact solution when this is available. In the two-phase region, below the critical temperature, no loops in the N/V - P and N/V - μ curves are detected. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the pressure of a lattice gas model in the canonical ensemble is estimated with computer simulation.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1549533732
|
Evidence for a correlation between auxin production and host plant species among strains of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi
|
Auxin production by 131 strains of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi was investigated with the aim of looking for correlations among this characteristic and the origin of the strains, the types of symptoms, and the host plant. Most of the P.syringae subsp. savastanoi strains, except those isolated from ash, produced auxin and harbored iaa genes. Among ash strains, which were pathogenic only on ash, only 2 out of 33 were found to produce auxin and to harbor iaa genes.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1550147636
|
Effects of Osmotic Drought Stress Induced by a Combination of NaCl and Polyethylene Glycol on Leaf Water Status, Photosynthetic Gas Exchange, and Water Use Efficiency of Pistacia khinjuk and P. mutica
|
Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, chlorophyll a and b contents, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and water use efficiency were determined in two pistachio species (Pistacia khinjuk L. and P. mutica L.) grown under osmotic drought stress induced by a combination of NaCl and polyethylene glycol 6000. A decrease in values for all mentioned variables was observed as the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution (Ψs) decreased. The osmotic adjustment (ΔΨπ) of the species increased by decreasing Ψs. Thus P. khinjuk had a higher osmotic drought stress tolerance than P. mutica.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1550291294
|
IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE OF<i>BRUCELLA ABORTUS</i>CELL WALLS
|
Foster, John W. (University of Georgia, Athens) and Edgar Ribi . Immunological role of Brucella abortus cell walls. J. Bacteriol. 84: 258–268. 1962—Cell walls and protoplasm were prepared from organisms disrupted in a refrigerated pressure cell. Cell walls were purified by sedimentation in a linear glycerol gradient. Antigens capable of protecting mice against infection with Brucella abortus and of reacting with antiserum prepared against whole cells were present chiefly in the cell wall; substances lethal to mice and responsible for primary inflammation of rabbit skin were also associated with the cell wall. Limited activity of protoplasm in these biological tests may or may not be due to contamination with cell-wall material. A substance extracted from whole cells with aqueous ether possessed an immunizing potency superior to that of killed whole cells or cell walls.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1550296268
|
The linkage between energy consumption and income in six emerging economies of Asia
|
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the short‐ and long‐run causal relationship between energy consumption and gross domestic product (GDP) of six emerging economies of Asia. The importance of identifying the direction of causality emanates from its relevance in national policy‐making issues regarding energy conservation. Design/methodology/approach This paper employs co‐integration and vector error correction modeling along with generalized impulse response functions and varience decomposition tests to check the robustness of the findings. Findings The empirical results show that there exists unidirectional short‐ and long‐run causality running from energy consumption to GDP for China, uni‐directional short‐run causality from output to energy consumption for India, whilst bi‐directional short‐run causality for Thailand. Neutrality between energy consumption and income is found for Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines. Both the generalized variance decompositions and impulse response functions confirm the direction of causality. Research limitations/implications These findings have important policy implications for the countries concerned. The results suggest that while India may directly initiate energy conservation measures, China and Thailand may opt for a balanced combination of alternative polices. Originality/value Many economists and social scientists are claiming that the increased demand for energy from developing countries like China and India is one of the major reasons for the energy price hikes in recent times. In this backdrop, it is justified to search causal relationship between energy consumption and national output (GDP) of some developing countries from Asia. Since the traditional bivariate approach suffers from omitted variable problems, this paper employs a trivariate demand side approach consisting of energy consumption, income and prices.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1550428322
|
The Role of Government in Corporate Governance
|
Numerous corporate scandals in the past several years have fueled widespread debate over proposals for government action. The central challenge for government is how to restore corporate integrity and market confidence without overreacting and stifling the dynamism that underlies a strong economy. To examine this challenge, the Center for Business and Government's Regulatory Policy Program organized a conference in May 2004 on The Role of Government in Corporate Governance. The conference brought together government officials, business leaders, and academic researchers to discuss three fundamental public policy issues raised by recent corporate abuses. First, who should regulate corporate management - government agencies or self-regulatory organizations? Second, how should regulatory commands be designed, either as detailed rules or broad principles? Finally, how should regulations be enforced? This report synthesizes the conference dialogue organized around these three questions and explores conditions under which different configurations of regulatory institutions, standards, and enforcement practices can further both corporate integrity and productivity.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1550459117
|
Herpetological Monitoring Using a Pitfall Trapping Design in Southern California
|
The steps necessary to conduct a pitfall trapping survey for small terrestrial vertebrates are presented. Descriptions of the materials needed and the methods to build trapping equipment from raw materials are discussed. Recommended data collection techniques are given along with suggested data fields. Animal specimen processing procedures, including toe- and scale-clipping, are described for lizards, snakes, frogs, and salamanders. Methods are presented for conducting vegetation surveys that can be used to classify the environment associated with each pitfall trap array. Techniques for data storage and presentation are given based on commonly use computer applications. As with any study, much consideration should be given to the study design and methods before beginning any data collection effort.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1550476386
|
Carbamate kinase from <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>
|
Carbamate kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible reaction NH 2 COO − + ATP NH 2 COOPO.es2−.rb.ei3.rb + ADP, serving to synthesize ATP from carbamoyl phosphate in those microorganisms that derive energy from anaerobic arginine degradation via the arginine dihydrolase pathway. We report here the cloning and sequencing of the CK gene from Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium and we demonstrate that the amino acid sequence of CK is identical in the two species. The enzyme, expressed and isolated from Escherichia coli using simple purification procedures, was used to generate crystals suitable for X‐ray studies and to investigate the utilization by CK of bicarbonate and other carbamate analogs. CK had a bicarbonate‐dependent ATPase activity and, therefore, is able to synthesize carboxyphosphate, an unstable compound that is an intermediate in the reactions catalyzed by carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase (CPS) and by biotin carboxylase. Other functional similarities with CPS include the utilization of acetate by CK with a similarly high K m and the similar K m values of CK for carbamate and of CPS for bicarbonate. Enterococcal CK was inhibited by adenosine(5′)pentaphospho(5′)adenosine (Ap 5 A) and Ap 6 A and, less powerfully, by Ap 4 A, whereas Ap 3 A is essentially non‐inhibitory. Thus, inhibition by Ap 5 A seems not to be a valid criterion to differentiate between CK and CPS, for the two enzymes can be inhibited by Ap 5 A. All these results support the relatedness of CK and CPS. Finally, we used limited proteolysis : (a) to localize the epitopes for monoclonal antibodies obtained against CK; (b) to demonstrate the importance of the C‐terminus for enzyme activity; and (c) to show that Arg158 is highly exposed and may be essential for activity. Comparison of the sequence of CK with known protein sequences demonstrates considerable similarity of CK with bacterial N ‐acetylglutamate kinases, strongly suggesting that these two enzymes may share a similar structure and the same catalytic mechanism.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1550865302
|
Roots of complex polynomials and Weyl-Heisenberg frame sets
|
A Weyl-Heisenberg frame for $L^{2}(\mathbb R)$ is a frame consisting of modulates $E_{mb}g(t) = e^{2{\pi }imbt}g(t)$ and translates $T_{na}g(t) = g(t-na)$, $m,n\in \mathbb Z$, of a fixed function $g\in L^{2} (\mathbb R)$, for $a,b\in \mathbb R$. A fundamental question is to explicitly represent the families $(g,a,b)$ so that $(E_{mb}T_{na}g)_{m,n\in \mathbb Z}$ is a frame for $L^{2}(\mathbb R)$. We will show an interesting connection between this question and a classical problem of Littlewood in complex function theory. In particular, we show that classifying the characteristic functions ${\chi }_{E}$ for which $(E_{m}T_{n}{\chi }_{E})_{m,n\in \mathbb Z}$ is a frame for $L^{2}(\mathbb R)$ is equivalent to classifying the integer sets $\{n_{1}<n_{2}<\cdots <n_{k}\}$ so that $f(z) = \sum _{j=1}^{k} z^{n_{i}}$ does not have any zeroes on the unit circle in the plane.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1551023212
|
Suppression of NF-κB-mediated β-defensin gene expression in the mammalian airway by the Bordetella type III secretion system
|
Expression of innate immune genes such as beta-defensins is induced in airway epithelium by bacterial components via activation of NF-kappaB. We show here that live Gram-negative bacteria can similarly stimulate this pathway, resulting in upregulation of the beta-defensin tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) in primary cultures of bovine tracheal epithelial cells (TECs), by a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated pathway. The Gram-negative airway pathogen Bordetella bronchiseptica possesses a type III secretion system previously suggested to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in a cell line by immunohistochemistry. We therefore hypothesized that this pathogen might interfere in the innate immune response of the epithelium. Exposure of TECs to wild-type B. bronchiseptica suppressed the activation of NF-kappaB and the subsequent induction of TAP mRNA levels, whereas a type III secretion-defective strain did not. These results suggest a mechanism for bacterial evasion of the innate immune response in the airway, which could allow for the observed persistent colonization of this pathogen.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1551168408
|
Evaluation of cytology and visual triage of human papillomavirus‐positive women in cervical cancer prevention in India
|
Although virtually all cervical cancers and most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, only a small proportion of HPV‐positive women have or will develop CIN. Triaging HPV‐positive women has been suggested to reduce the false‐positive rate and proportion of women referred for CIN confirmation and/or treatment. In two cross‐sectional studies and one randomized trial in India, we evaluated the impact of using cytology or visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to triage HPV‐positive women on the proportion of women who would be referred for CIN confirmation and on the detection rates of high‐grade CIN. We present the numbers of HPV test‐positive women found and the CIN detected among them. We further assess the proportions that would be referred for CIN confirmation with colposcopy/biopsy and CIN that would be detected if cytology triage or VIA triage were used. Using cytology triage at atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance threshold or VIA triage reduced referrals for colposcopy by about 62% and 59%, respectively ( p ‐value = 0.012), but missed around 16% and 18%, respectively, of the high‐grade CIN ( p ‐value = 0.539) indicating similar performance of both triaging approaches. The choice of a triage test in different low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) would depend on the availability and affordability in the particular setting. Cytology triage may be considered in settings where adequate infrastructure exists, whereas VIA triage may be suitable in settings with limited or no cytology infrastructure.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1551315985
|
Commentary: What's Needed to Maintain and Extend Motivation for Literacy in the Middle Grades.
|
highlight summarizes some of the key ideas that emerged from a longitudinal study of intrinsic motivation for literacy learning. ■■Finding: Students' intrinsic motivation for literacy learning may diminish as they move from elementary to middle grades. This problem may be linked to fewer opportunities for self-expression in their learning environments. Diminished motivation for literacy learning may be due to many factors, including differences in school structures, classroom climate, and culture, but one key difference is the dominance of teachercentered approaches in which middle school and junior high school students experience fewer opportunities for self-expression. When a colleague and I did a 4-year longitudinal study of students' intrinsic motivation for literacy learning, we found that when students had opportunities for authentic self-expression as part of their literacy activities, they were more intrinsically engaged in learning. (This study was reported in P. Oldfather and J. McLaughlin in the Fall 1993 issue of Research in
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1551386716
|
Circular dichroic spectroscopy of membrane haemoproteins
|
The circular dichroism (CD) of dihaem cytochrome b from mitochondrial and bacterial ubiquinol:cytochrome‐ c reductase ( bc 1 complex) has been characterized. The dichroic properties of the yeast purified cyt b are very similar to those of the native cyt b within the mitochondrial bc 1 complex. The CD spectra in the Soret region of the native cytochrome b present in all species studied show an intense bisignate Cotton effect having a zero‐crossing wavelength close to the absorbance maximum. In preparations partially or completely depleted of the low‐potential b haem ( b 1 ) the CD spectra exhibit a single positive Cotton effect resembling the corresponding absorption spectrum. This is particularly evident in the purified cytochrome b ‐562 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26, which contains only the high‐potential b haem ( b h ). These spectral features together with the reconstitution of the cytochrome b 1 haem have been used to resolve the CD contribution of each haem to the CD spectra of cytochrome b . The mechanisms which might be responsible for the optical activity have been examined. It appears that the CD spectra of cytochrome b derive from both the mutual interaction of its two haems (giving rise to exciton coupling) and to the interaction of each haem with nearby aromatic residues, other than the pairs of histidines which coordinate the iron. The dipole coupling between haem and aromatic residues appears to be more important than exciton coupling in the CD spectra of oxidized b cytochromes and correlations have been made between the CD features and the proposed structure of cytochrome b .
|
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https://openalex.org/W1551626710
|
Food as a Commons: Reframing the Narrative of the Food System
|
Our body compulsory demands food, water and air to keep its vital functions and yet their economic nature is rather diverse with food mostly considered a private good, water suffering an accelerated privatization process and air so far considered a global common good. Food has evolved from a common good and local resource to a national asset and then to a transnational commodity as the commodification process is rather completed nowadays. Cultivated food is fully privatized and this consideration means that human beings can eat food as long as they have money to but it or means to produce it. With the dominant no money-no food rationality, hunger still prevails in a world of abundance. In order to provide a sound foundation for the transition towards sustainable food systems, the very nature of food as a pure private good is contested and subsequently reversed in this paper, proposing a re-conceptualisation of food as a common good, a necessary narrative for the redesign of the dominating agro-industrial food system that merely sees food as a tradable commodity. This aspirational transition shall lead us to a more sustainable, fairer and farmer-centred food system. The idea of the commons is applied to food, deconstructing food as a pure private good and reconstructing it as an impure commons that can be better produced and distributed by a hybrid tri-centric governance system compounded by market rules, public regulations and collective actions. Several food-related elements are already considered as common goods (i.e. fish stocks, wild fruits, cuisine recipes, agricultural knowledge, food safety regulations and unpatented genetic resources) as well as food's implications (hunger eradication) and benefits (public health and good nutrition). Should food and be consider as a commons, the implications for the governance of the global food system would be enormous, with examples ranging from placing food outside the framework agreements dealing with pure private goods, banning financial speculation on food commodities or preparing international binding agreements to govern the production, distribution and access of food to every human being.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1551737290
|
Disability and perinatal care.
|
The declining infant mortality is carefully documented year by year in the Annual Summary of Vital Statistics in this journal.1 Although socioeconomic factors play an important role in this decline, the falling death rate among neonates weighing
|
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https://openalex.org/W1552031407
|
Behavior of<i>In Situ</i>Human Native Adipose Tissue<scp>CD</scp>34+ Stromal/Progenitor Cells During Different Stages of Repair. Tissue‐Resident<scp>CD</scp>34+ Stromal Cells as a Source of Myofibroblasts
|
ABSTRACT CD34+ adipose stromal cells are scattered in the adipose tissue and found in the CD34+ population of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). This fraction includes adipose‐derived stromal/stem/progenitor cells (ASCs), which have attracted considerable attention and show great promise for the future of regenerative medicine. Studies in this field have been undertaken mainly in vitro . In this work, however, we assessed the characteristics of human adipose tissue‐resident CD34+ stromal cells in normal conditions and when activated in vivo during inflammatory/repair processes at different stages of evolution. In normal adipose tissue, these cells showed a characteristic location (peri/paravascular and between adipocytes), a fusiform or stellate morphology, long and moniliform processes, and scarce organelles. During inflammatory/repair stages, native CD34+ stromal cells increased in size, proliferated, developed numerous organelles of synthesis, lost CD34 expression, and differentiated into myofibroblasts (αSMA expression and typical ultrastructure). In double‐stained sections, cells expressing both CD34 and αSMA were observed. CD34 expression correlated positively with a high proliferative capacity (Ki‐67 expression). Conversely, CD34 expression was lost with successive mitoses and with increased numbers of macrophages in the granulation tissue. CD34+ stromal cell behavior varied depending on proximity to (with myofibroblast differentiation) or remoteness from (with activated plump cells conserving CD34 expression) injury. In conclusion, our observations point to human adipose tissue‐resident CD34+ stromal cells as an important source of myofibroblasts during inflammatory/repair processes. Moreover, stromal cell activation may occur with or without αSMA expression (with or without myofibroblast transformation) and with loss or persistence of CD34 expression, respectively. Anat Rec, 298:917–930, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1552033260
|
Bet‐hedging and the orientation of juvenile passerines in fall migration
|
1. Bet-hedging of innate migratory orientation of juvenile passerines may be a fitness-enhancing strategy for fall migration. Experimental studies support the view that juvenile passerines on their first migration to unknown winter grounds orient on a predetermined vector programme and make little or no adjustment for wind displacement. This trait, coupled with the unpredictable profile of wind speed and direction that the juvenile will encounter during migration, suggests that the fitness of a parent's juvenile offspring will be highly variable from year to year. Under these circumstances, within-clutch phenotypic variation in migratory orientation may be evolutionarily favoured. 2. To explore this hypothesis, a migration model is developed for a small passerine with breeding grounds in New England and winter grounds in the Caribbean. Parameterization is based on life history data of the neotropical migrant Dendroica caerulescens, the black-throated blue warbler. The model is simulated for the offspring of 20 000 adult females under each of a wide range of potential orientation programmes, incorporating stochastic wind profiles along potential migratory routes, based on 7 years of wind data for eastern North America. 3. Under these simulations, bet-hedging in the form of within-clutch variation of migratory orientation strongly dominates within-clutch homogeneity, yielding higher geometric mean fitness in all vector programmes considered. 4. The simulation results provide a potential explanation for the variation observed in the tracks of juvenile passerines. Bet-hedging also explains the extensively-documented 'coastal effect' in which fall banding stations along the Atlantic coast of the United States consistently capture a much higher percentage of juvenile birds than do more inland stations. 5. Bet-hedging is consistent with the published finding that slower flying birds exhibit greater variation in their migratory orientation than faster flying birds. 6. The bet-hedging model of migratory orientation presented in this paper provides a theoretical structure capable of organizing a diverse collection of field and laboratory observations as predictable consequences of an evolutionarily favoured strategy. This theory may constitute a major advance in our understanding of bird migration and thus justifies the design and execution of new laboratory and field experiments to assess its power and predictive reach.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1552124453
|
Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and E/E′ Ratio as the Strongest Echocardiographic Predictors of Reduced Exercise Capacity After Acute Myocardial Infarction
|
Abstract Background The mechanisms that determine reduced exercise capacity after acute myocardial infarction ( AMI ) are not fully understood, especially the relative role of left ventricular diastolic and systolic function. Hypothesis To evaluate the role of different diastolic and systolic function echocardiographic parameters as predictors of reduced functional capacity in patients after AMI . Methods One month after AMI , 225 patients (84% male; mean age, 55.1 ± 10.9 years) were enrolled and underwent detailed echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise test on the same day. Systolic and diastolic function was evaluated by echocardiography according to the latest consensus recommendations, including tissue Doppler evaluation. Exercise capacity was evaluated with peak oxygen consumption ( VO 2 ). Results Peak VO 2 was significantly correlated with early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity (E′) septal ( r = 0.42, P < 0.001), E′ lateral ( r = 0.35, P < 0.001), septal E/E′ ratio ( r = −0.35, P = 0.001), and lateral E/E′ ( r = −0.27, P < 0.001). These diastolic function parameters predicted impaired exercise capacity ( VO 2 <19 mL /kg/min), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.77 (95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 0.68–0.86, P < 0.001) for septal E/E′. On multivariate analysis, for each unit increase in septal E/E′ ratio there was a −0.35 (95% CI : −0.54 to −0.15) mL /kg/min decrease in peak VO 2 independently of age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes. There was a mild correlation between peak VO 2 and systolic function parameters ( r = 0.17, P = 0.01 with ejection fraction; and r = 0.23, P = 0.02 with lateral systolic tissue Doppler velocity) that persisted after multivariate adjustment. Conclusions After AMI , resting diastolic function parameters were the strongest correlates of exercise tolerance. Septal E/E′ ratio was the best echocardiographic predictor of reduced functional capacity.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1552175273
|
Genetic rescue of a <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> conditional cell cycle mutant
|
Summary Growth rate is a major pathogenesis factor in the parasite Toxoplasma gondii ; however, how cell division is controlled in this protozoan is poorly understood. Herein, we show that centrosomal duplication is an indicator of S phase entry while centrosome migration marks mitotic entry. Using the pattern of centrosomal replication, we confirmed that mutant ts 11C9 undergoes a bimodal cell cycle arrest that is characterized by two subpopulations containing either single or duplicated centrosomes which correlate with the bipartite genome distribution observed at the non‐permissive temperature. Genetic rescue of ts 11C9 was performed using a parental RH strain cDNA library, and the cDNA responsible for conferring temperature resistance (growth at 40°C) was recovered by recombination cloning. A single T. gondii gene encoding the protein homologue of XPMC2 was responsible for genetic rescue of the temperature‐sensitive defect in ts 11C9 parasites. This protein is a known suppressor of mitotic defects, and in tachyzoites, TgXPMC2–YFP localized to the parasite nucleus and nucleolus which is consistent with the expected subcellular localization of critical mitotic factors. Altogether, these results demonstrate that ts 11C9 is a conditional mitotic mutant containing a single defect which influences two distinct control points in the T. gondii tachyzoite cell cycle.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W155219621
|
Clinical aspects of fluorosis in horses.
|
Horses grazing in areas where cattle and sheep had developed severe fluorosis were examined clinically. Of those examined, 12 horses of different ages and with various degrees of fluorosis were selected for necropsy. Selected tissues were examined grossly, histologically, and radiographically. Major fluorotic lesions occurred only when the horses ingested excessive amounts of fluorine during the period of tooth formation. 12 references, 6 figures, 1 table.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1552383983
|
A 20‐residue peptide of the inner membrane protein OutC mediates interaction with two distinct sites of the outer membrane secretin OutD and is essential for the functional type II secretion system in <i>Erwinia chrysanthemi</i>
|
The type II secretion system (T2SS) is widely exploited by proteobacteria to secrete enzymes and toxins involved in bacterial survival and pathogenesis. The outer membrane pore formed by the secretin OutD and the inner membrane protein OutC are two key components of the secretion complex, involved in secretion specificity. Here, we show that the periplasmic regions of OutC and OutD interact directly and map the interaction site of OutC to a 20-residue peptide named OutCsip (secretin interacting peptide, residues 139-158). This peptide interacts in vitro with two distinct sites of the periplasmic region of OutD, one located on the N0 subdomain and another overlapping the N2-N3' subdomains. The two interaction sites of OutD have different modes of binding to OutCsip. A single substitution, V143S, located within OutCsip prevents its interaction with one of the two binding sites of OutD and fully inactivates the T2SS. We show that the N0 subdomain of OutD interacts also with a second binding site within OutC located in the region proximal to the transmembrane segment. We suggest that successive interactions between these distinct regions of OutC and OutD may have functional importance in switching the secretion machine.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1552417781
|
An Innovative Ellipsoidal Layout Style to Further Boost the Electrical Performance of MOSFETs
|
This letter describes the impact of using a new gate geometry (ellipsoidal) rather than the standard one (rectangular) to implement planar metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Our experimental results have been carried out using a 350-nm bulk complementary MOS technology node. We show that the proposed layout has been capable of increasing the ON-state and saturation drain currents in 2 and 3.2 times, respectively. In addition, the ellipsoidal MOSFET has been able to reduce the delay time constant by 61%. Therefore, we believe this new layout can be used as an alternative way to implement MOSFETs, boosting their analog electrical performance with an appropriate layout changing.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1552711246
|
Outcomes of cardiac surgery in Indigenous Australians
|
To describe baseline characteristics, operative events and late mortality among Indigenous Australians undergoing cardiac surgery. Prospective study of consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery at Flinders Medical Centre in Adelaide between January 2000 and December 2005. Operative (30-day) mortality and late mortality after cardiac surgery. Of 2635 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, 283 (10.7%) were Indigenous. Indigenous patients were substantially younger than non-Indigenous patients (mean, 47 [SD, 14] years v 65 [SD, 12] years; P = 0.001) and were more likely to have diabetes (39.6% v 27.3%; P = 0.001), renal dysfunction (3.2% v 1.2%; P = 0.009), and valvular surgery (53.0% v 23.1%; P < 0.001). There was a non-significant trend toward excess operative mortality in Indigenous patients (Indigenous 2.5% v non-Indigenous 1.3%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.67 [95% CI, 0.74-3.75]). But in the under-55-years age cohort, the difference between the two groups was highly significant (Indigenous 3.3% v non-Indigenous 0.4%; HR, 7.99 [95% CI, 1.66-38.50]), even after adjustment for euroSCORE (the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation). Survival at 1 and 5 years was 94.0% and 80.6%, respectively, for Indigenous patients compared with 96.7% and 87.7%, respectively, for non-Indigenous patients. There was an excess in euroSCORE-adjusted mortality in the Indigenous cohort overall (HR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.03-2.07]) that strengthened when restricted to the under-55-years cohort (HR, 6.9 [95% CI, 1.42-33.5]). Indigenous Australians present for cardiac surgery nearly 20 years earlier than non-Indigenous Australians and experience excess age-stratified operative and late mortality.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553165501
|
The effect of anastrozole on the single‐dose pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin in healthy volunteers
|
The aims of this study were to determine the effects of the nonsteroidal, selective aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, at steady-state concentrations, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin, and to assess whether or not anastrozole alone has any anticoagulant activity.This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover trial conducted at a single centre. The study comprised two treatment periods of 11 days, separated by a 3 week washout. Healthy male volunteers (n = 16, median age 28.5 years) were randomized to receive either anastrozole (7 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 1 mg daily on days 2-11) in the first treatment period and placebo in the second treatment period, or vice versa. In addition to their randomized treatment, all volunteers received a single dose of 25 mg warfarin on day 3 of each treatment period. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment were taken at frequent intervals during each treatment period. The safety of volunteers was monitored throughout the study.Administration of anastrozole resulted in no clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of either R- or S-warfarin compared with placebo for AUC (ng ml-1 h) (glsmean, R-warfarin; anastrozole 93619.9, placebo 91127.91, 95%CI 0.988-1.068; S-warfarin; anastrozole 57129.21, placebo 55676.34, 95%CI 0.979-1.076), CL/F (ml min-1) (glsmean, R-warfarin; anastrozole 2.23, placebo 2.29, 95%CI 0.937-1.012; S-warfarin; anastrozole 3.65, placebo 3.74, 95%CI 0.929-1.021) and t1/2 (h) (lsmean, R-warfarin; anastrozole 55.40, placebo 55.15, 95%CI-2.083-2.592; S-warfarin; anastrozole 39.38, placebo 40.98, 95%CI-6.189-2.996). In addition, anastrozole had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin, as assessed 240 h after warfarin dosing by measurement of prothrombin time (s) (glsmean, anastrozole 11.56, placebo 11.31, 95%CI 0.987-1.059), thrombin time (s) (glsmean, anastrozole 19.06, placebo 18.75, 95%CI 0.980-1.054) activated partial thromboplastin time (s) (glsmean, anastrozole 29.94, placebo 29.74, 95%CI 0.968-1.047) and factor VII (%) (glsmean, anastrozole 97.81, placebo 107.26, 95%CI 0.821-1.012). Anastrozole alone had no effect on these indicators of the clotting process.Overall, there was no evidence to suggest that anastrozole has any clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Anastrozole had no effect on clotting mechanisms or on the pharmacodynamic activity of warfarin, as assessed by prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and factor VII.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553167743
|
Management pressure drives leafhopper communities in vineyards in Southern Switzerland
|
Abstract. 1. The effects of the current changes in traditional agricultural practices in the Alps on the biodiversity affecting ecosystem functions and services are little known. Vineyards are among the oldest anthropogenic environments of high cultural and natural value that shape the landscape of large areas in Central and Southern Europe. In several mountain regions of the Alps, vineyards are a valid alternative to the landscape homogenisation that has followed post‐cultural land abandonment and agriculture intensification. Key unanswered questions remain regarding the relative contribution of several factors that influence biodiversity, and the level in management pressure with regard to taxonomic and functional diversity enhancement. 2. To answer these questions, we sampled leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) as a model taxon using different standard techniques along 24 vine transects within 8 vineyard complexes in Southern Switzerland. Each transect included one vine row, vine canopy, its interrow and the adjacent slope; the latter two were permanently grass‐covered. Data were analysed using a four‐step approach. 3. Environment (five variables) and Management (four variables) accounted for most of the variance in the leafhopper assemblage. Pesticide use (insecticide and herbicide) and slope mowing are the most important management predictors of leafhopper species composition. 4. With increasing management pressure (i.e. pesticide and mowing), the number of indicator species and particularly the specialists (i.e. stenotopic and oligotopic species) decreases dramatically. 5. To promote taxonomic and functional complexity of communities in vineyard systems, we suggest low management pressure with moderate use of pesticide and a low intensity regime of slope mowing.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553187622
|
A Cubical Approach to Synthetic Homotopy Theory
|
Homotopy theory can be developed synthetically in homotopy type theory, using types to describe spaces, the identity type to describe paths in a space, and iterated identity types to describe higher-dimensional paths.While some aspects of homotopy theory have been developed synthetically and formalized in proof assistants, some seemingly easy examples have proved difficult because the required manipulations of paths becomes complicated.In this paper, we describe a cubical approach to developing homotopy theory within type theory.The identity type is complemented with higher-dimensional cube types, such as a type of squares, dependent on four points and four lines, and a type of three-dimensional cubes, dependent on the boundary of a cube.Path-over-a-path types and higher generalizations are used to describe cubes in a fibration over a cube in the base.These higher-dimensional cube and path-over types can be defined from the usual identity type, but isolating them as independent conceptual abstractions has allowed for the formalization of some previously difficult examples.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553297945
|
Local control rate and prognosis after sequential chemoradiation for small cell carcinoma of the bladder
|
Objectives To assess the long‐term outcome and the risk for local recurrence of patients with small cell carcinoma of the bladder ( SCCB ) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by external beam radiotherapy (sequential chemoradiation). Methods All consecutive patients with primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder ( n = 66), treated in our institution between 1993 and 2011 were retrospectively evaluated from an institutional database. Only patients with limited disease ( Tx‐4N0‐1M0 ) small cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with sequential chemoradiation ( n = 27) were included in this study. Recurrence rates, overall survival and cancer‐specific survival were analyzed using the K aplan– M eier method. Results Median time to recurrence was 20 months, median overall survival 26 months, 5‐year overall survival 22.2%, median cancer‐specific survival 47 months and 5‐year cancer‐specific survival 39.6%. For complete responders after neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( n = 19), median cancer‐specific survival was 52 months with a 5‐year cancer‐specific survival 45.9% versus a median cancer‐specific survival of 22 months and 5‐year cancer‐specific survival 0.0% for incomplete responders ( n = 8; P = 0.034). Eight patients (29.6%) underwent transurethral resections ( TUR‐BT ) for local recurrences in the bladder. At the end of follow up, four patients had undergone cystectomy for recurrence of disease resulting in a bladder‐preservation rate of 85.2%. Median time to local recurrence was 29 months and median time to distant recurrence was 10 months. Conclusions Sequential chemoradiation for limited disease small cell carcinoma of the bladder results in a reasonable outcome with a high bladder preservation rate. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy represents a significant prognostic factor in this patient population.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553339947
|
Isolation and Metabolic Characterization of a Pseudomonas stutzeri Mutant Able To Grow on the Three Isomers of Xylene
|
From an o-xylene-degrading Pseudomonas stutzeri strain (OX1), we previously isolated mutant M1, which had acquired the ability to grow on m-xylene and p-xylene but lost the ability to utilize the ortho isomer. From M1 cultures we have now isolated a revertant strain (R1) which grows on o-xylene and retains the ability to grow with the meta and para isomers regardless of the selective pressure applied. In P. stutzeri R1, o-xylene is degraded through two successive monooxygenations of the aromatic ring, while m-xylene and p-xylene catabolism proceeds through the progressive oxidation of a methyl substituent, although unquantifiable amounts of these two substrates are transformed into the corresponding dimethylphenols, which are not utilized for further growth. The two catabolic pathways are inducible by all three xylene isomers.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553350383
|
A Polarimetric First-Order Model of Soil Moisture Effects on the DInSAR Coherence
|
Changes in soil moisture between two radar acquisitions can impact the observed coherence in differential interferometry: both coherence magnitude |Υ| and phase Φ are affected. The influence on the latter potentially biases the estimation of deformations. These effects have been found to be variable in magnitude and sign, as well as dependent on polarization, as opposed to predictions by existing models. Such diversity can be explained when the soil is modelled as a half-space with spatially varying dielectric properties and a rough interface. The first-order perturbative solution achieves–upon calibration with airborne L band data–median correlations ρ at HH polarization of 0.77 for the phase Φ, of 0.50 for |Υ|, and for the phase triplets ≡ of 0.56. The predictions are sensitive to the choice of dielectric mixing model, in particular the absorptive properties; the differences between the mixing models are found to be partially compensatable by varying the relative importance of surface and volume scattering. However, for half of the agricultural fields the Hallikainen mixing model cannot reproduce the observed sensitivities of the phase to soil moisture. In addition, the first-order expansion does not predict any impact on the HV coherence, which is however empirically found to display similar sensitivities to soil moisture as the co-pol channels HH and VV. These results indicate that the first-order solution, while not able to reproduce all observed phenomena, can capture some of the more salient patterns of the effect of soil moisture changes on the HH and VV DInSAR signals. Hence it may prove useful in separating the deformations from the moisture signals, thus yielding improved displacement estimates or new ways for inferring soil moisture.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553450478
|
Classification of respiratory tract picornavirus isolates as enteroviruses or rhinoviruses by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
|
The classification of picornaviruses isolated from respiratory secretions as human rhinoviruses (HRVs) or enteroviruses (EVs) by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was compared to that derived from acid lability testing. Of the 135 clinical isolates examined, 91 were found to be HRVs and 44 were EVs. There was 100% concordance between the two classification methods. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is an effective alternative to traditional methods for differentiating HRVs from EVs.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553552986
|
Laser drilling in gas turbine blades
|
Abstract Drilling applications represent about 5 % of the industrial laser materials processing applications. Cooling holes in gas turbines for aircrafts as well as for power plants are one of the main applications. The improvement of productivity has led to several drilling strategies with respect to laser sources (thermal drilling and ablation drilling), the beam handling, beam distribution, and handling of the work piece, all of which contribute to the overall efficiency of the process and a high productivity. We present the successful development and implementation of a combination of laser systems with different pulse durations for drilling complex 3D geometries (see Fig. 1).
|
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https://openalex.org/W1553915701
|
The recent breakthroughs in the understanding of host genomics in hepatitis C
|
Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (10): 950–959 Abstract Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is spontaneously resolved in about 30% of acutely infected individuals. In those who progress to chronic hepatitis C, HCV therapy permanently eradicates infection in about 40% of cases. It has long been suspected that host genetic factors are key determinants for the control of HCV infection. Design We will review in this study four genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and two large candidate gene studies that assessed the role of host genetic variation for the natural and treatment‐induced control of HCV infection. Results The studies consistently identified genetic variation in interleukin 28B ( IL28B ) as the strongest predictor for the control of HCV infection. Importantly, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL28B strongly predicted both spontaneous and treatment‐induced HCV recovery. IL28B is located on chromosome 19 and encodes interferon‐λ, a type III interferon with antiviral activity, which is mediated through the JAK‐STAT pathway by inducing interferon‐stimulated genes. The SNPs identified in the GWAS are in high linkage disequilibrium with coding or functional non‐coding SNPs that might modulate function and/or expression of IL28B . The role of the different IL28B alleles on gene expression and cytokine function has not yet been established. Conclusions These findings provide strong genetic evidence for the influence of interferon‐λ for both the natural and treatment‐induced control of HCV infection, and support the further investigation of interferon‐λ for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Furthermore, genetic testing before HCV therapy could provide important information towards an individualized HCV treatment.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1554064108
|
Analysis of the potential and limitations of microwave radiometry for the retrieval of sea surface temperature: Definition of MICROWAT, a new mission concept
|
The sensitivity of passive microwave observations to the sea surface temperature (SST) is carefully analyzed, with the objective of designing an optimized satellite instrument, MICROwave Wind And Temperature (MICROWAT), dedicated to an “all‐weather” estimation of the SST at high spatial resolution (15 km). Our study stresses the importance of low‐frequency observations around 6 GHz for accurate SST retrieval. Compared to the 11 GHz channel, the 6 GHz channel provides more sensitivity to the low SSTs and offers lower instrument noise, thanks to possibly broader channel bandwidths. However, it requires much larger antenna size for a given spatial resolution. Two instrument concepts have been suggested, one using a classic real aperture antenna and the other using synthetic interferometric antennas. This first analysis shows that 2‐D interferometric systems would be very complex and would not satisfy the user requirements in terms of SST accuracy. A 1‐D interferometric system could be proposed, but its development requires additional investigation. A dedicated conical scanner onboard a microsatellite with a 6 m antenna and channels at 6.9 and 18.7 GHz (both with V and H polarizations) can provide an SST accuracy of 0.3 K with a 15 km spatial resolution, with today's technology.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1554144607
|
British HIV Association and Children's HIV Association position statement on infant feeding in the UK 2011
|
To prevent the transmission of HIV infection during the postpartum period, the British HIV Association and Children's HIV Association (BHIVA/CHIVA) continue to recommend the complete avoidance of breast feeding for infants born to HIV-infected mothers, regardless of maternal disease status, viral load or treatment.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1554158402
|
Applying Data Mining Techniques to Intrusion Detection
|
In our current society, the threat of cyber intrusion is increasingly high and harmful. With the rise of usage in computers, criminal activity has also shifted from physical intrusion into cyber intrusion. Intrusion detection systems provide the ability to identify security breaches in a system. A security breach will be any action the owner of the system deems unauthorized. Current methods used for these systems include using anomaly detection or a signature database. In this research we use both anomaly detection and a signature database using data mining techniques. Our solution provides a tool that would run data mining tools against a log file to detect patterns that may be considered an unauthorized activity. The tool gains additional patterns as time goes by and grows more effective. It allowed us to detect brute force password cracking and Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on a system in the Ubuntu platform.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1554248893
|
Protease‐activated receptor 2 in dorsal root ganglion contributes to peripheral sensitization of bone cancer pain
|
Abstract Background Treating bone cancer pain continues to be a major clinical challenge, and the underlying mechanisms of bone cancer pain remain elusive. Protease‐activated receptor 2 ( PAR2 ) has been reported to be involved in neurogenic inflammation, nociceptive pain and hyperalgesia. Here, we investigated the role of PAR2 in bone cancer pain development. Methords Expression of PAR2 , mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and neurochemical alterations induced by bone cancer pain were analysed in male, adult C3H / HeJ mice with tumour cell implantation ( TCI ). To investigate the contribution of PAR2 to bone cancer pain, PAR2 antagonist peptide and PAR2 knockout mice were used. Results TCI produced bone cancer‐related pain behaviours. Production and persistence of these pain behaviours were well correlated with TCI ‐induced up‐regulation of PAR2 in sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia ( DRG ). PAR2 knockout and spinal administration of PAR2 antagonist peptide prevented and/or reversed bone cancer‐related pain behaviours and associated neurochemical changes in DRG and dorsal horn ( DH ). TCI also induced proteases release in tumour‐bearing tibia, sciatic nerve and DRG . Plantar injection of supernatant from sarcoma cells induced PAR2 up‐regulation and intracellular calcium [ Ca 2+ ]i increase in DRG , and calcitonin gene‐related peptide accumulation in DH , as well as significant thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, which were all in PAR2 ‐dependent manners. Conclusion These findings suggest that PAR2 may be a key mediator for peripheral sensitization of bone cancer pain. Inhibiting PAR2 activation, especially during the early phase, may be a new therapy for preventing/suppressing development of bone cancer pain.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1554330806
|
Diabetes Research in Iran: a Scientometric Analysis of Publications Output
|
Introduction:In the developing countries, diabetes mellitus as a chronic diseases, have replaced infectious diseases as the main causes of morbidity and mortality.International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recently estimates 382 million people have diabetes globally and more than 34.6 million people in the Middle East Region and this number will increase to 67.9 million by 2035.The aim of this study was to analyze Iran's research performance on diabetes in national and international context.Methods: This Scientometric analysis is based on the Iranian publication data in diabetes research retrieved from the Scopus citation database till the end of 2014.The string used to retrieve the data was developed using "diabetes" keyword in title, abstract and keywords, and finally Iran in the affiliation field was our main string.Results: Iran's cumulative publication output in diabetes research consisted of 4425 papers from 1968 to 2014, with an average number of 96.2 papers per year and an annual average growth rate of 25.5%.Iran ranked 25th place with 4425 papers among top 25 countries with a global share of 0.72 %.Average of Iran's publication output was 6.19 citations per paper.The average citation per paper for Iranian publications in diabetes research increased from 1.63 during 1968-1999 to 10.42 for 2014.Conclusions: Although diabetic population of Iran is increasing, number of diabetes research is not remarkable.International Diabetes Federation suggested increased funding for research in diabetes in Iran for costeffective diabetes prevention and treatment.In addition to universal and comprehensive services for diabetes care and treatment provided by Iranian health care system, Iranian policy makers should invest more on diabetes research.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1554523932
|
Social networks and social norms are associated with obesity treatment outcomes
|
Objective To examine whether overweight social network members and normative influence for obesity are associated with weight loss outcomes during obesity treatment. Methods Participants ( N = 214) in a behavioral weight loss trial reported (a) the weight status of various members of their social network and (b) the level of obesogenic normative influence within their social network. Weight was objectively assessed before and after treatment. Results At baseline, participants with partners and best friends who were overweight and those with more children and relatives who were overweight had higher BMIs ( P 's < 0.03). However, social norms for obesity were not associated with baseline BMI. During treatment, participants lost an average of 4.4% of initial body weight, and social influence factors were adversely associated with weight loss outcomes. Having more casual friends who were overweight at baseline and being part of a social network with stronger social norms for unhealthy eating predicted poorer weight losses ( P 's < 0.023). Remaining social influence factors and changes in social influence were not associated with treatment outcomes. Conclusions Whereas weight status may “cluster” in social networks, only weight status of casual friends and normative influence for unhealthy eating were associated with obesity treatment outcomes.
|
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1.6796875,
0.58203125,
1.96875,
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1.6953125,
0.03857421875,
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2.125,
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2.171875,
0.1748046875,
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0.57421875,
0.85546875
] |
https://openalex.org/W1554654383
|
Structural polypeptides of adenovirus type 16 incomplete particles
|
The polypeptides of adenovirus type 16 incomplete particles, with average buoyant densities of CsCl of 1.33, 1.318, 1.305, and 1.299 g/cm3 and DNA content of less than 1 U genome size, were compared with the polypeptides of the complete virion (density, 1.344 g/cm3, and 22 x 10(6) daltons of DNA) and late polypeptides in infected cells by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. In agreement with other serotypes studied (types 2 and 3), the light particles lack polypeptides V, VI, and VII. In adenovirus type 16, eight other major polypeptides are found, with apparent molecular weights of 59,000 (59K), 46K, 31K, 30K, 28K, 27K, 26K, and 19K. The 30K to 31K and 27K to 28K polypeptides are phosphorylated. The 27K and 19K polypeptides are precursors, whereas the 31K, 30K, and 26K polypeptides are chase products in the cell, as are polypeptides VI, VII, and VIII. The 26K polypeptide is proposed to be an intermediate in processing since it disappears from the young virions upon chasing. Although chase products, the 31K and 30K polypeptides are only associated with particles having buoyant density lower than 1.318 g/cm3. Polypeptides V and VII are only present in particles containing more than one quarter of the genome. No trace of cell histones could be detected in the purified incomplete particles. A major constituent of the incomplete particles, the 46K polypeptide, was rapidly labeled in the cell, and loss of radioactivity from this band was detectable only after 7 to 18 h of chase.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1554684694
|
Treatment with sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction
|
Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction, as up to half of men with renal failure may be affected and only 60–75% recover potency after transplantation. Patients and methods Fifty patients with erectile dysfunction and a functioning renal transplant were treated using sildenafil (mean age 54 years, mean time on dialysis 35 months, mean time from transplantation 20 months). The hypogastric artery was not used during transplantation in any patient. Sildenafil citrate was prescribed at doses of 25 or 50 mg depending on baseline creatinine values and on the response, and plasma levels of cyclosporin/FK506 were monitored. Results Thirty patients (60%) had a satisfactory response, with a mean time on dialysis of 23 months. Six patients (12%) did not take the sildenafil and in 14 (28%) the drug was ineffective. The mean time on dialysis in this group was 43 months. Six patients (12%) had side‐effects that in no case led to withdrawal of treatment. Plasma levels of cyclosporin/FK506 remained within the safety and efficacy limits in all patients. Conclusions Treatment with sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction is an effective and safe option, with few side‐effects. Plasma levels of immunosuppressants are unchanged. The response was more effective in patients with a shorter time on dialysis, as penile vascular disease is less advanced.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1554720456
|
An Open Book
|
In An Open Book, this veteran of five marriages, innumerable friendships, practical jokes, horses, love affairs, and intellectual obsessions tells his own story in his own way. It is direct, unadorned, complete--and wonderful reading. Here is Huston on stage for the first time at age three, dressed in an Uncle Sam suit; in the ring at eighteen, boxing for small purses; selling his first short story to H.L. Mencken; down and out in London; acting in Greenwich Village; going to Hollywood to work for Jack Warner as a writer; directing his first picture, The Maltese Falcon; filming dangerous combat scenes in the Aleutians and in Italy; and making over forty years worth of movies, from Key Largo to The Man Who Would Be King. And the stories behind those movies are often as exciting as the movies themselves, featuring such notables as Hemingway, Selznick, Sartre, Hepburn, Monroe, Flynn, Welles, Gable, Bogart, Clift, and Brando. An Open Book is alive with John Huston's presence: his boldness and daring, his candor and style, and the spontaneity with which he followed his dreams to their ultimate destination, the well-deserved acclaim of a world enchanted by his work.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1554967976
|
The Probability of War, 1816-1992. Presidential Address to the International Studies Association, March 25, 2002, New Orleans
|
What factors increase the probability that a pair of states might go to war is the focus of this study. Six hypotheses, derived from the steps to war explanation, are tested by comparing pairs of states that go to war with each other at least once in their history (from 1816 to 1992) with those that do not. It is found that as two states take the various steps to war that have been posited, the higher their probability of going to war. States whose relations are dominated by territorial disputes have a higher probability of having had a war if both sides have had outside allies, have had recurring territorial disputes, have been engaged in an enduring rivalry, and have had an arms race. As each of these factors becomes present, the probability of war progressively increases. Pairs of states whose relations are dominated by nonterritorial disputes also have their probability of war increased if these factors are present, but at a lower level. Of the various factors that increase the probability of war, outside politically relevant alliances seem to have the weakest impact.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1554987501
|
<scp><i>S</i></scp><i>almonella</i> acquires ferrous iron from haemophagocytic macrophages
|
Bacteria harbour both ferrous and ferric iron transporters. We now report that infection of macrophages and mice with a Salmonella enterica Typhimurium strain containing an inactivated feoB-encoded ferrous iron transporter results in increased bacterial replication, compared to infection with wild type. Inactivation of other cation transporters, SitABCD or MntH, did not increase bacterial replication. The feoB mutant strain does not have an intrinsically faster growth rate. Instead, increased replication correlated with increased expression in macrophages of the fepB-encoded bacterial ferric iron transporter and also required siderophores, which capture ferric iron. Co-infection of mice with wild type and a feoB mutant strain yielded a different outcome: FeoB is clearly required for tissue colonization. In co-infected primary mouse macrophages, FeoB is required for S. Typhimurium replication if the macrophages were IFNγ treated and contain phagocytosed erythrocytes, a model for haemophagocytosis. Haemophagocytes are macrophages that have engulfed erythrocytes and/or leucocytes and can harbour Salmonella in mice. These observations suggest that Salmonella acquires ferrous iron from haemophagocytic macrophages.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1555186710
|
Topics in Korean syntax : phrase structure, variable binding and movement
|
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1988.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1555375029
|
Cytoplasmic accumulation of long‐chain coenzyme A esters activates K<sub>ATP</sub> and inhibits Kir2.1 channels
|
Long-chain fatty acids acyl coenzyme A esters (LC-CoA) are obligate intermediates of fatty acid metabolism and have been shown to activate K(ATP) channels but to inhibit most other Kir channels (e.g. Kir2.1) by direct channel binding. The activation of K(ATP) channels by elevated levels of LC-CoA may be involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, the hypothalamic sensing of circulating fatty acids and the regulation of cardiac K(ATP) channels. However, LC-CoA are effectively buffered in the cytoplasm and it is currently not clear whether their free concentration can reach levels sufficient to affect Kir channels in vivo. Here, we report that extracellular oleic acid complexed with albumin at an unbound concentration of 81 +/- 1 nm strongly activated K(ATP) channels and inhibited Kir2.1 channels in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as well as endogenous Kir currents in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. These effects were only seen in the presence of a high concentration of glucose (25 mm), a condition known to promote the accumulation of LC-CoA by inhibiting their mitochondrial uptake via carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase-1 (CPT1). Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of CPT1 by etomoxir restored the effects of oleic acid under low glucose conditions. Finally, triacsin C, an inhibitor of the acyl-CoA synthetase, which is necessary for LC-CoA formation, abolished the effects of extracellular oleic acid on the various Kir channels. These results establish the direct regulation of Kir channels by the cytoplasmic accumulation of LC-CoA, which might be of physiological and pathophysiological relevance in a variety of tissues.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1555453277
|
Little impact of hatchery supplementation that uses native broodstock on the genetic structure and diversity of steelhead trout revealed by a large‐scale spatio‐temporal microsatellite survey
|
Artificial breeding programs initiated to enhance the size of animal populations are often motivated by the desire to increase harvest opportunities. The introduction of non-native genotypes, however, can have negative evolutionary impacts. These may be direct, such as introgressive hybridization, or indirect via competition. Less is known about the effects of stocking with native genotypes. We assayed variation at nine microsatellite loci in 902 steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from five rivers in British Columbia, Canada. These samples were collected over 58 years, a time period that spanned the initiation of native steelhead trout broodstock hatchery supplementation in these rivers. We detected no changes in estimates of effective population size, genetic variation or temporal genetic structure within any population, nor of altered genetic structure among them. Genetic interactions with nonmigratory O. mykiss, the use of substantial numbers of primarily native broodstock with an approximate 1:1 male-to-female ratio, and/or poor survival and reproductive success of hatchery fish may have minimized potential genetic changes. Although no genetic changes were detected, ecological effects of hatchery programs still may influence wild population productivity and abundance. Their effects await the design and implementation of a more comprehensive evaluation program.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1555487588
|
Design and manufacturing of ear prosthesis by means of rapid prototyping technology.
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In this paper, the complete procedure to design and construct reusable moulds for implant-based ear prosthesis and manufacture substructures by means of a computer aided design-computer aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) procedure and rapid prototyping (RP) technology is presented. The scan of the healthy ear, the virtual superimposition of its mirrored image on to the defective side, and the rapid manufacturing of the substructure and of the mould eliminate several steps of traditional procedures (wax, stone, try-in). Moreover, the precise design and customization of the substructure is presented, with the original and engineered shape for the retention of the silicone. The time and cost saving results of this protocol are presented together with a discussion of the main design features that make the prosthesis a stable and reproducible system to improve rehabilitation of patients with auricular defects or absence.
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https://openalex.org/W1555711880
|
A Thyroid Tumor-Specific Antigen Formed by the Fusion of Two Self Proteins
|
Abstract Thyroid epithelial cells frequently express one or more members of the rearranged during transfection/papillary thyroid carcinoma (RET/PTC) fusion oncogene family during early stages of cancer, and fusion gene transcripts have been found in inflammatory conditions of the thyroid such as the autoimmune disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Because these oncogenes encode chimeric proteins, novel RET/PTC epitopes may be targets of antitumor immune responses. We have been interested in the RET/PTC3 (RP3) fusion protein because this family member is more frequently expressed in radiation-induced and childhood papillary carcinomas than other members of the fusion oncogene family. We hypothesized that the activated kinase of c-RET, in the form of RP3, when expressed in patients with thyroid disease, presents an unusual altered self target for T cell recognition. Interestingly, we find that immunization with mouse RP3 protein can induce a strongly immunogenic response to RP3, although this response is not directed against the peptide comprising the unique fusion region. Rather, the responses are specific for the carboxyl-terminal portion of RP3 that is derived from the self protein c-RET. Furthermore, transplantation of RP3-expressing thyroid tumors into naive mice resulted in leukocytic infiltration, tumor rejection, and induction of RP3-specific T cells. Thus, the somatic fusion of two unrelated self proteins results in the development of a uniquely immunogenic response directed against self epitopes within RP3. These studies may better define the mechanisms controlling the initiation of thyroid-specific immune responses and provide insight into the design of novel molecules for invoking tumor-specific immunity.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1555739686
|
A comparison of four methods for detecting weak genetic structure from marker data
|
Genetic structure is ubiquitous in wild populations and is the result of the processes of natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. Genetic drift and divergent selection promotes the generation of genetic structure, while gene flow homogenizes the subpopulations. The ability to detect genetic structure from marker data diminishes rapidly with a decreasing level of differentiation among subpopulations. Weak genetic structure may be unimportant over evolutionary time scales but could have important implications in ecology and conservation biology. In this paper we examine methods for detecting and quantifying weak genetic structures using simulated data. We simulated populations consisting of two putative subpopulations evolving for up to 50 generations with varying degrees of gene flow (migration), and varying amounts of information (allelic diversity). There are a number of techniques available to detect and quantify genetic structure but here we concentrate on four methods: F(ST), population assignment, relatedness, and sibship assignment. Under the simple mating system simulated here, the four methods produce qualitatively similar results. However, the assignment method performed relatively poorly when genetic structure was weak and we therefore caution against using this method when the analytical aim is to detect fine-scale patterns. Further work should examine situations with different mating systems, for example where a few individuals dominate reproductive output of the population. This study will help workers to design their experiments (e.g., sample sizes of markers and individuals), and to decide which methods are likely to be most appropriate for their particular data.
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https://openalex.org/W1556056246
|
The C‐terminal domains of the gingipain K polyprotein are necessary for assembly of the active enzyme and expression of associated activities
|
Summary The Porphyromonas gingivalis lysine‐specific cysteine protease (gingipain K, Kgp) is expressed as a large precursor protein consisting of a leader sequence, a pro‐fragment, a catalytic domain with a C‐terminal IgG‐like subdomain (IgSF) and a large haemagglutinin/adhesion (HA) domain. In order to directly study the role of these non‐catalytic domains in pro‐Kgp processing and maturation in P. gingivalis , the wild‐type form of the gene was replaced with deletion variants encoding C‐terminally truncated proteins, including KgpΔHA3/4 (Δ1292–1732 aa), KgpΔHA2‐4 (Δ1157–1732 aa), KgpΔHA1‐4 (Δ738–1732 aa), KgpΔC‐term/HA (Δ681–1732 aa) and KgpΔIg/C‐term/HA (602–1732 aa). Northern blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis revealed that all truncated variants of the kgp gene were transcribed in P. gingivalis . Despite high levels of kgp ΔC‐term/HA and kgp ΔIg/C‐term/HA transcripts, no Kgp‐specific antigen was detected in cultures of these mutants as determined by Western blot analysis with monoclonal antibodies specific for the Kgp catalytic domain. Furthermore, only barely measurable amounts of Kgp‐specific activity were detected in these two mutants. The remaining mutants expressed significant Kgp activity, however, at lower levels when compared with the parental strain. The decreased activity most probably resulted from altered folding and/or hindered secretion of the protein. The kgp gene truncation was also demonstrated to alter the distribution of the gingipain protein between membrane‐associated and ‐secreted forms. While both gingipain K activity and the protein were cell membrane‐associated in the parental strain, the mutants released significant amounts of both protein and activity into the media. Taken together, these results suggest that the C‐terminal HA domains of Kgp are not only essential for full expression of gingipain activity, but also for proper processing of the multiprotein complex assembly on the P. gingivalis outer membrane. Moreover, our results indicate that the immunoglobulin‐like subdomain is indispensable for proper folding and expression of the gingipains.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1556274241
|
YoeB toxin is activated during thermal stress
|
Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are thought to mediate stress-responses by temporarily suppressing protein synthesis while cells redirect transcription to adapt to environmental change. Here, we show that YoeB, a ribosome-dependent mRNase toxin, is activated in Escherichia coli cells grown at elevated temperatures. YoeB activation is dependent on Lon protease, suggesting that thermal stress promotes increased degradation of the YefM antitoxin. Though YefM is efficiently degraded in response to Lon overproduction, we find that Lon antigen levels do not increase during heat shock, indicating that another mechanism accounts for temperature-induced YefM proteolysis. These observations suggest that YefM/YoeB functions in adaptation to temperature stress. However, this response is distinct from previously described models of TA function. First, YoeB mRNase activity is maintained over several hours of culture at 42°C, indicating that thermal activation is not transient. Moreover, heat-activated YoeB does not induce growth arrest nor does it suppress global protein synthesis. In fact, E. coli cells proliferate more rapidly at elevated temperatures and instantaneously accelerate their growth rate in response to acute heat shock. We propose that heat-activated YoeB may serve a quality control function, facilitating the recycling of stalled translation complexes through ribosome rescue pathways.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1556288906
|
Hospital course and discharge criteria for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis
|
BACKGROUND For children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, there is uncertainty about the expected inpatient clinical course and when children are safe for discharge. OBJECTIVES Examine the time to clinical improvement, risk of clinical worsening after improvement, and develop discharge criteria. DESIGN Prospective multiyear cohort study. SETTING Sixteen US hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive hospitalized children age <2 years with bronchiolitis. MEASUREMENT We defined clinical improvement using: (1) retraction severity, (2) respiratory rate, (3) room air oxygen saturation, and (4) hydration status. After meeting improvement criteria, children were considered clinically worse based on the inverse of ≥1 of these criteria or need for intensive care. RESULTS Among 1916 children, the median number of days from onset of difficulty breathing until clinical improvement was 4 (interquartile range, 3–7.5 days). Of the total, 1702 (88%) met clinical improvement criteria, with 4% worsening (3% required intensive care). Children who worsened were age <2 months (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.07‐5.94), gestational age <37 weeks (AOR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.13‐3.32), and presented with severe retractions (AOR: 5.55; 95% CI: 2.12‐14.50), inadequate oral intake (AOR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.39‐4.62), or apnea (AOR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.45‐5.68). Readmissions were similar for children who did and did not worsen. CONCLUSIONS Although children hospitalized with bronchiolitis had wide‐ranging recovery times, only 4% worsened after initial improvement. Children who worsened were more likely to be younger, premature infants presenting in more severe distress. For children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, these data may help establish more evidence‐based discharge criteria, reduce practice variability, and safely shorten hospital length‐of‐stay. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:205–211. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
|
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https://openalex.org/W1556399097
|
Evolutionary allometry of the thoracolumbar centra in felids and bovids
|
ABSTRACT Mammals have evolved a remarkable range of body sizes, yet their overall body plan remains unaltered. One challenge of evolutionary biology is to understand the mechanisms by which this size diversity is achieved, and how the mechanical challenges associated with changing body size are overcome. Despite the importance of the axial skeleton in body support and locomotion, and much interest in the allometry of the appendicular skeleton, little is known about vertebral allometry outside primates. This study compares evolutionary allometry of the thoracolumbar centra in two families of quadrupedal running mammals: Felidae and Bovidae. I test the hypothesis that, as size increases, the thoracolumbar region will resist increasing loads by becoming a) craniocaudally shorter, and b) larger in cross‐sectional area, particularly in the sagittal plane. Length, width, and height of the thoracolumbar centra of 23 felid and 34 bovid species were taken. Thoracic, prediaphragmatic, lumbar, and postdiaphragmatic lengths were calculated, and diameters were compared at three equivalent positions: the midthoracic, the diaphragmatic and the midlumbar vertebra. Allometric slopes were calculated using a reduced major axis regression, on both raw and independent contrasts data. Slopes and elevations were compared using an ANCOVA. As size increases the thoracolumbar centra become more robust, showing preferential reinforcement in the sagittal plane. There was less allometric shortening of the thoracic than the lumbar region, perhaps reflecting constraints due to its connection with the respiratory apparatus. The thoracic region was more robust in bovids than felids, whereas the lumbar region was longer and more robust in felids than bovids. Elongation of lumbar centra increases the outlever of sagittal bending at intervertebral joints, increasing the total pelvic displacement during dorsomobile running. Both locomotor specializations and functional regionalization of the axial skeleton appear to have influenced its response to increasing size. J. Morphol. 276:818–831, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1556437365
|
Absence seizures with intellectual disability as a phenotype of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome
|
15q13.3 microdeletions are the most common genetic findings identified in idiopathic generalized epilepsies to date, and they are present in up to 1% of patients. In addition, 15q13.3 microdeletions have been described in patients with epilepsy as part of a complex neurodevelopmental phenotype. We analyzed a cohort of 570 patients with various pediatric epilepsies for 15q13.3 microdeletions. Screening was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction; deletions were confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). We carried out detailed phenotyping of deletion carriers. In total, we identified four pediatric patients with 15q13.3 microdeletions, including one previously described patient. Two of four deletions were de novo, one deletion was inherited from an unaffected parent, and for one patient the inheritance is unknown. All four patients had absence epilepsy with various degrees of intellectual disability. We suggest that absence epilepsy accompanied by intellectual disability may represent a common phenotype of the 15q13.3 microdeletion in pediatric patients with epilepsy.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1556705733
|
Patterns of Regional Low‐Grade Metamorphism in Metabasites
|
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Regional low-grade metamorphism Subaerial flood basalt sequences Convergent settings Conclusions
|
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https://openalex.org/W1556732793
|
Examining Relationships Between Organic Carbon Flux and Deep-Sea Deposit Feeding
|
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Making Critical Assumptions The Emerging Picture of Detritus Supply The Benthic Boundary Layer, the Sediment-Water Interface and the Sediment Mixed Layer Ecological Partitioning of the BBL-Interface-Sediment Mixed Layer Conflicts Between Geochemical and Ecologically Determined Rates of Carbon Utilization: A Variable Role for a Bacterial Intermediary? The Preliminary View of Larger Scale Patterns of Deposit Feeding Patches, Patterns, and High Diversity Diversity and Long-Time Period Variation of Detritus Influx Concluding Comments Literature Cited
|
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https://openalex.org/W1556841099
|
It Takes Three to Tango: Soft Budget Constraint and Cream Skimming in the Hospital Care Market
|
Cream skimming is an illegal behaviour that consists in choosing to treat patients according to their ability to recover. It arises from the use of prospective payment schemes in an asymmetry of information framework. In this context in fact the provider can observe some relevant information (freely or at a cost) before making his effort which will then be used to its own advantage. The paper studies the scope for these types of behaviour in a mixed market for hospital care where the hospitals do not share the same objectives. We show that in this context cream skimming is made possible by the presence of two important elements: the public hospital prefers to treat high severity patients and the regulator is unable to enforce hard budget constraint rules.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1556899888
|
The TNF receptor super family in immune regulation
|
This article is part of a series of reviews covering TNF Receptor Family Members appearing in Volume 244 of Immunological Reviews. This volume of Immunological Reviews is focused on the cytokines related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Based on structural homology, the TNF-related cytokines form a superfamily (TNFSF) of proteins that engage specific cognate cell surface receptors, the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) (reviewed in 1) (Fig. 1). Special attention to this specific cytokine family is due to the importance of these molecules in immune function and human disease. The successful treatment of some human autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis with TNF inhibitors provides a proven experimental basis for developing antibody and receptor-based biologic therapeutics targeted at TNF (2). No fewer than five approved drugs targeting TNF are in the clinic. Clinical experiences with these inhibitors, each with subtle, but distinct mechanisms, are providing insight into the biology of human disease only hinted at in animal models. However, some patients fail to respond to TNF blockade, revealing a lack of predictive knowledge concerning this cytokine family (3). The aspiration of current research is to place the molecular features of these cytokines into a physiologic context that enhances our understanding of the clinical outcomes. Ligand-receptor interactions in the TNF superfamily. The human chromosomal position of the ligands are shown above the red line, and the arrows are drawn pointing toward their specific cognate receptors. The brown and purple lines represent membranes to which the ligands and receptors attach. The TNF-related cytokines form a superfamily, members are shown as trimers, ligands for NGF and BTLA/CD160 are Ig superfamily members (shown as dimmers), and TNFRSF members are shown as linked ovals each representing a cysteine-rich domain. The individual ligand-receptor systems within these two superfamilies are connected in both the extracellular and intracellular spaces to form networks of signaling pathways. These networks allow lymphocytes to communicate with each other, and with cells in their surrounding microenvironment and at a distance. There is also significant interconnectedness between the individual ligand-receptor systems, with shared ligands and receptors, that add complexity not redundancy to the network [e.g. lymphotoxin-αβ and LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes) systems]. Further, the defining structural motifs in the extracellular domains of TNFSF and TNFRSF can connect with other protein families, for example the immunoglobulin superfamily [e.g. herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA)], a feature significantly expanding the connectivity of the TNFSF communication network. The signaling networks created by the members of TNF-TNFR superfamily reach into nearly all physiologic processes including neuronal, ectodermal, and immune systems. The involvement of TNF members in so many aspects of biology circumvents a review of each ligand-receptor pair. Here, I selected scientists with new results focused on components of signaling pathways in specific cell types or immune disease models that may provide insight into targeting these pathways for drug development. The activation of signaling pathways occurs through a common mechanism of receptor clustering embedded in the TNF ligand's conserved trimeric structure. Receptor clustering in the responding cell provides the conformational alteration that initiates signaling through adapter molecules that themselves assembly unique enzymatically active signaling complexes. Although the receptors have no intrinsic enzymatic activity, they recruit adapters that link to enzymes. These receptor-adapter signaling complexes initiate activation of proteases, ubiquitin ligases, kinases, and phosphatases (not all at once!) that regulate pathways leading to cellular differentiation, survival, or death. Immortalized cancer cells frequently harbor mutations in the pathways regulating nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation (4). Receptor-initiated pathways activate a common set of transcription factors, and the NFκB family is the most intensely studied because of direct regulation of genes controlling cell death and survival. Yet, each ligand-receptor pair displays a unique physiologic phenotype, often challenging the predictive capability of our signaling paradigms. In this series, I selected scientists leading our understanding of the signaling pathways initiated by TNFRSF. Henning Walczak (5) provides a detailed examination of the functional importance of the different modes of ubiquitination that are so critical in controlling the activities of the type 1 TNFR, the primary proinflammatory receptor. The common target of TNFR signaling is activation of NFκB family of transcriptional regulators. The signals emanating from the TNFR impinge on a few key serine kinases that activate different members of the NFκB family. Bärbel Schröfelbauer and Alexander Hoffman (6) address the specificity of target gene activation from a limited number kinases required for NFκB activation. Genhong Cheng and colleagues (7) specifically address the regulation of the NFκB-inducing kinase NIK, the key serine kinase involved in the noncanonical pathway, and its mechanisms of regulating gene expression. Gail Bishop and her laboratory members (8) provide their understanding of the TNF-receptor associated factor (TRAF) family as key adapters linking the ligated TNFR to downstream signaling cascades. The TRAF3 adapter is particularly important in controlling the NIK-NFκB pathway through ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms by all TNFRs. However, the TRAF family is also essential for the function of innate pathogen sensors (e.g. Toll-like receptors and Cardiff) that control type 1 interferons, thus the TRAF family links the innate signaling pathways with the TNFR controlled systems into supra-networks. Lymphoid tissues are the sites where immune reactions initiate. Lymph nodes undergo dynamic changes, where multiple cellular interactions occur between stromal cells forming the microarchitecture of the organ, antigen-presenting dendritic cells, and the antigen-reactive B cells and T cells that initiate immune responses. Lymph nodes undergo dramatic remodeling during and after an immune response with dynamic regulation of lymph and blood flow and altered cellular trafficking. Mingzhao Zhu and Yang-Xin Fu (9) examine how the flow of lymph and blood and cell trafficking through lymph nodes is regulated by the lymphotoxin-αβ signaling system. Jennifer Gommerman and Leslie Summers deLuca (10) reveal that the regulation of key cytokine secretion by dendritic cells is differentially regulated by CD40 and LTβ receptor pathways, thus indirectly modulating the CD8+ T-cell responses. The LTβR has stood as one of the key stromal cell regulating TNFRSF members; however, the TWEAK-Fn14 system, discussed by Linda Burkly et al. (11), initiates a wide range differentiation signals in tissue parenchymal and stromal cells. Strikingly, the duration of signaling by Fn14 is beneficial when transient, but becomes pathogenic under sustained conditions. The biology of B-cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) clearly centers on the differentiation of B cells, yet the complexity of the BAFF-a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) system, perhaps rivaling the LTαβ-LIGHT system, suggests additional complex controls governing B-cell behavior. Robert Rickert and his research fellows (12) clarify the complexities in the BAFF-APRIL system helping to facilitate the understanding of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. The differentiation of T cells into effector and memory cells depends on TCR engagement that coincides with additional cooperating signaling receptors in the immunoglobulin and TNFRSF (13). The genes of several of the TNFRSF cosignaling receptors important in T-cell function reside on Chr 1p36. The cosignaling TNFR include OX40, 41BB, HVEM, TNFR2, glucocorticoid induced TNFR (GITR), and DR3. The review from Peter Lane's laboratory (14) addresses the role of OX40 and CD30 signals in CD4+ T-cell effector and memory function. Here, the discussion considers the rare, innate lymphocyte-like cell, also known as the lymphoid tissue inducer cell, in its role in the maintenance of memory T cells. The OX40 also plays an essential role in CD8+ T cells required for host defense. Shahram Salek-Ardakani (15) brings to our attention the non-redundant functions of OX40 as a cosignaling molecule for CD8+ T cells in models of viral infection in the lung and the potential to exploit this system in vaccine development. Building on the importance of TNFRSF cosignaling molecules as non-redundant pathways for effector and memory T-cell differentiation, Marcos Steinberg, Timothy Cheung, and I (16) delve into the regulatory roles, both positive and inhibitory, played by HVEM in T-cell survival. These critical non-redundant roles for HVEM and its ligands are revealed in T-cell driven inflammation in the lung and intestines. Richard Siegel and colleagues (17) describe recent results examining the TL1A-DR3 system in mouse disease models. The DR3 is a paralog of TNFR1 utilizing the death domain and the adapter TNFR-associated death domain protein to initiate signaling. Persistent activation of TL1A-DR3 system induces intestinal inflammatory response dependent on interleukin-13 that is associated with allergic and anti-parasitic responses. These studies suggest that TL1A may be a viable target. Tania Watts and associates (18) review recent results examining TNFRSF members 41BB and GITR as non-redundant cosignaling molecules in severe influenza model. The effector T-cell enhancing effects of 41BB and OX40 have prompted the use of antibody agonists to enhance T-cell responses to cancer. Unfortunately, the 41BB agonist proved toxic; however, 41BB reengineered into effector T cells along with an antibody signaling system destroyed drug resistant B-lymphoma (19). Andrew Weinberg (20) provides a personal account of the efforts to advance cancer therapy with agonists of OX40. Exploitation of TNFR superfamily in human cancer therapy is increasing. As a recent example, the prominent expression of CD30 on lymphoma cells (originally discovered as the Ki antigen on malignant B cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma) was exploited as a conjugate of an anti-CD30 antibody with the tubulin chemotherapy drug auristatin (brentuximab vedotin). The recent approval of this CD30-based drug for relapsing/recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma defines another translational milestone for the TNFRSF (21, 22). In 2011, a clearer understanding of the molecular details and pathways of the TNFRSF are emerging with the hope of providing new strategies for disease intervention. This volume focuses on the TNFRSF in immune function reflecting some practical limitations and my own bias. I have also attempted to provide a stage for some of the newer voices working in the TNF field, which I believe herald the vitality of research in this area. In this regard, the International TNF conference, now in its 3rd decade, was recently held at Awaji, Japan not long after the devastating earthquake and tsunami. Chaired by Shigekazu Nagata and Masayuki Miura, the conference successfully brought forth new findings, some presented in this series of articles. Quebec City, Canada will provide the venue for the 14th TNF Conference, July 7–10, 2013, chaired by Linda Burkly and Jennifer Gommerman (http://www.tnf2013.com). More exciting discoveries are surely on the horizon. On behalf of all TNF researchers, this volume is dedicated to Jurg Tschopp. The author declares no conflict of interest.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557086462
|
The Reinvasion of Colombia by Aedes aegypti: Aspects to Remember *
|
Presentations like this have several objectives. The main one is, of course, to honor the person whose name is given to the lecture; that is, to make a public and distinct recognition of his activities. The occasion could be used also to remember his qualities, to point out aspects of his experiences which might be useful for the understanding or solution of current problems, and to point out examples which deserve to be followed. In summary, to find inspiration in his life. Another objective is to discuss some topics which might be related to the ideals of the person honored and to perpetuate his memory in this way.Having been invited to deliver the second Fred L. Soper Lecture, I appreciate the undeserved honor which has been bestowed upon me. There are indeed many persons with higher qualifications than myself to accomplish this important task.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1557198936
|
Electronic transport in a three-dimensional network of one-dimensional bismuth quantum wires
|
The resistance R of a high-density network of 6-nm-diam Bi wires in porous Vycor glass is studied in order to observe its expected semiconductor behavior. R increases from 300 K down to 0.3 K. Below 4 K, where R varies approximately as $\mathrm{ln}(1/T),$ the order of magnitude of the resistance rise, as well as the behavior of the magnetoresistance, is consistent with localization and electron-electron interaction theories of a one-dimensional disordered conductor in the presence of strong spin-orbit scattering. We show that this behavior and the surface-enhanced carrier density may mask the proposed semimetal-to-semiconductor transition for quantum Bi wires.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557205668
|
Understanding tranquilliser use: the role of the social sciences
|
Part 1 The role of social science in explaining long-term tranquillizer use, Jonathan Gabe. Part 2 The contribution of the social sciences: psychology, Susan Golombok sociology, Jonathan Gabe anthropology, Michael Montagne epidemiology, Paul Williams and Cesario Bellantuono health economics, Alan Shiell communication studies, Jane Prather political economy, Larry Ray. Part 3 Evaluating the contribution of the social sciences: general practice, John Horder psychiatry, Anthony Clare health policy, Helene Lipton and Lisa Bero.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557329134
|
Reversals of anticipatory postural adjustments during voluntary sway in humans
|
We describe reversals of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) with the phase of a voluntary cyclic whole-body sway movement. Subjects (n=9) held a standard load in extended arms and released it by a bilateral shoulder abduction motion in a self-paced manner at different phases of the sway. The load release task was also performed during quiet stance in three positions: in the middle of the sway range and close to its extreme forward and backward positions. Larger APAs were seen during the sway task as compared to quiet stance. Although the direction of postural perturbation associated with the load release was always the same, the direction of the APAs in the leg muscles reversed when the subjects were close to the extreme forward position as compared to the APAs in other phases and during quiet stance. The trunk muscles showed smaller APA modulation at the extreme positions but larger modulation when passing through the middle position, depending on the direction of sway, forward or backward. The phenomenon of APA reversals emphasizes the important role of safety in the generation of postural adjustments associated with voluntary movements. Based on these findings, APAs could be defined as changes in the activity of postural muscles associated with a predictable perturbation that act to provide maximal safety of the postural task component.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557343619
|
Collectin CL-LK Is a Novel Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
Understanding the molecular components of immune recognition of the tuberculosis (TB) bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can help designing novel strategies to combat TB. Here, we identify collectin CL-LK as a novel soluble C-type lectin able to bind M. tuberculosis, and characterize mycobacterial mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan as a primary ligand for CL-LK. Mice deficient in CL-K1, one of the CL-LK subunits, do not display altered susceptibility to M. tuberculosis. However, we found that the amount of CL-LK in the serum of patients with active TB is reduced, compared to that in controls, and correlates inversely to the magnitude of the immune response to the pathogen. These findings indicate that CL-LK might be of interest for future diagnostic and treatment monitoring purposes.
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https://openalex.org/W1557410980
|
Profiling of immune‐related microRNA expression in human cord blood and adult peripheral blood cells upon proinflammatory stimulation
|
Cord blood (CB) transplantation has advantages in terms of incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), while it has disadvantages in terms of infection. Our aim is to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the immune response of CB-derived cells during acute GVHD and infection following CB transplantation.We examined expression of 69 immune-relating microRNAs in CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD14(+) cells of CB and adult peripheral blood (APB) upon interferon-γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.Under basal condition, 20 microRNAs showed differential expression between CB and APB. Compared to APB counterparts, six microRNAs (miR-21, miR-22, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c, and let-7c) were underexpressed in at least two cell lineages of CB, while five microRNAs (miR-15b, miR-181a, miR-181c, miR-363, and miR-424) were overexpressed in CD4(+) and CD8(+) CB cells. Upon interferon-γ stimulation, seven microRNAs (miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-34c-5p, miR-132, miR-146a, miR-146b-5p, and miR-155) changed in expression mainly in CD14(+) CB cells, while only two microRNAs (miR-18a and miR-155) changed in expression in CD14(+) CB cells upon LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the mechanisms regulating the expression of such immune-relating microRNAs in CD14(+) CB cells are much more sensitive to proinflammatory stimuli than those in APB CD14(+) cells, which might be related to the poor immunoreactivity of CD14(+) CB cells.Our results suggest essential roles of specific microRNAs in regulating immune function of CB cells, providing insight into the underlying molecular mechanism.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557412355
|
Effects of ICI 182780 on estrogen receptor expression, fluid absorption and sperm motility in the epididymis of the bonnet monkey.
|
The importance of estrogen in regulation of fluid absorption and sperm maturation in the rodent epididymis has been established from studies on estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice. However, functional studies on the role of estrogen in primate epididymis have been few. The main objective of this study was therefore to extend these observations and systematically analyze the presence and function of estrogen receptors in modulating the function of the primate epididymis, using the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) as a model system. A steroidal estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI 182780 (ICI), was administered to adult male bonnet monkeys via mini-osmotic pumps for a duration of 30 to 180 days. The expression of key estrogen-regulated genes (ER-alpha, Na-K ATPase alpha-1 and Aquaporin-1) was examined at specific time points. Further, the effect of ICI in modulating fluid reabsorption in efferent ductules was monitored, and critical sperm-maturation parameters were also analyzed. Our studies in the bonnet monkey revealed that both ER-alpha and ER-beta were expressed in all the three regions of the epididymis. We observed an increase in ER-alpha mRNA and protein in the caput of ICI-treated monkeys. Steady state mRNA levels of the water-channel protein, Aquaporin-1, was significantly lower in the caput of ICI-treated monkeys compared to controls, whereas the mRNA levels of Na-K ATPase alpha-1 remained unchanged. In vitro incubation of efferent ductules with ICI resulted in two-fold increase in tubular diameter, indicating affected fluid reabsorption capacity. Furthermore, sperm from ICI-treated monkeys were immotile. Taken together, our results point to an integral role for estrogen in modulating the functions of the bonnet monkey epididymis. This study also demonstrates possible differences in the epididymal physiology of rodents and non-human primates, and thus underscores the significance of reports such as these, that examine the physiology of non-human primates (as opposed to rodents), in an attempt to understand similar events in the human.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1557439699
|
A remark on the Birkhoff ergodic theorem
|
In this note we will prove the following theorem" THEOREM.Let T be a 1-1, invertable, measure-preserving, ergodic transformation of a measure space X onto itself.Let f* (x) sup, (1/n )f T' (x ).(a) Assume X has finite measure.Then for f >_ O, f* (x ) is integrable if and only if If (x) log (x)]+ is integrable (g+ is the positive part of g).(b) Assume Z has infinite measure.Then for f >_ O, f* (x is not integrable.The "if" part of (a) is well known and is only stated here for the sake of completeness.This paper has as its starting point the following theorem of Burkholder"Let X be a sequence of independent identically distributed, non-negative random variables.Then sup, (l/n)X() is integrable if and only if [X () log (X ())]+ has finite expectation.Gundy, in an unpublished paper, proves a reverse maximal inequality from which he deduces the above theorem.(This is generalized in Proposition 1.) Gundy also suggested that his theorem holds in the more general case of an ergodic transformation, and that is what we prove here.This seems to be the natural setting for the
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1557443632
|
Potential protective effect of <i>Nigella sativa</i> crude oils towards fatty liver in rats
|
The main purpose of the present research was to study the protective effect of Nigella sativa crude oils (NCO) extracted from plain and γ‐irradiated seeds towards inflammatory fatty liver (steatohepatitis). The protective effect of the oils was tested during induction of inflammatory fatty liver in rats through feeding high fructose diet. Biochemical analyses including plasma lipids, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and liver fat and liver function tests were carried out to determine the efficiency of the oils. Results showed that fatty liver control group exhibited significant dyslipidemia, high plasma TNF‐α and MDA along with significant high liver triglycerides and cholesterol and liver dysfunction compared to control normal. Oral administration of NCO produced significant improvement of all parameters. No significant change in all biochemical parameters was noticed when the group given γ‐irradiated NCO was compared with that given the plain oil. Lipid analysis by GC showed that linoleic and oleic where the most abundant fatty acids constituting NCO. Volatile oils' contents were 0.1 wt% of NCO; p ‐cymene and thymoquinone being the major constituents. Administration of NCO from plain or γ‐irradiated seeds produced similar and significant, but not complete, prevention of inflammatory fatty liver. Practical applications : This investigation revealed that the crude oil of Nigella sativa seed may potentially be used as dietary supplement for prevention of inflammatory fatty liver. The study also showed the chemical composition of the fixed and volatile oil fractions of the Egyptian N. sativa seeds that may be useful for further studies.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1557464060
|
Genetic Evaluation of Animals for Traits with Categorical Responses
|
A method of genetic evaluation of polychotomies based on the logistic distribution is presented. Logarithmic transformations of counts are expressed as linear combinations of fixed effects and random variables. Realized values of random elements in the model are predicted by the solution of equations similar to Henderson's multi-trait best linear unbiased prediction, but with a variance-covariance matrix of the residuals estimated from the data. It is proved that the method yields consistent estimators and predictors of response probabilities for any desired linear function of the model, provided that the linear combination involving the fixed effects is estimable. The method appears to have properties similar to those of minimum logit chi-square estimators. An example is presented.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557562106
|
The aliasing problem in computer-synthesized shaded images.
|
Abstract : This paper describes work toward improving the quality of computer-synthesized shaded images. Current (practical) hidden-surface algorithms produce an image whose precision is strictly limited by the number of picture elements. Problems caused by this limitation are described and explained in the text. Other image production media such as television and screen printing processes exhibit the same problems, but to a far lesser extent. Therefore, current image production media are surveyed and compared to computer-synthesized images with a view toward establishing a criterion for acceptable image quality. The problems to be seen in computer-synthesized images are predominantly caused by a phenomenon known as aliasing. Aliasing is an artifact of the process of producing an image made of discrete dots. A well known cure for aliasing is motivated and explained in the text. The notions of sampling and convolutional filtering are introduced to assist the explanation. Based on these techniques, an algorithm for computing the intensity of a single dot of an image is developed. The algorithm is applied to a test pattern which serves as a worst case for the problems caused by aliasing.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1557655479
|
Photodimerization and photopolymerization of amphiphilic cinnamic acid derivatives in oriented monolayers, vesicles and solution
|
Abstract Cinnamic acid moieties were incorporated into amphiphilic compounds containing one and two alkyl chains. These lipid‐like compounds with photoreactive units undergo self‐organization to form monolayers at the gas‐water interface and bilayer structures (vesicles) in aqueous solutions. The photoreaction of the cinnamic acid moiety induced by 254 nm UV light was investigated in the crystalline state, in monolayers, in vesicles and in solution in organic solvents. The single‐chain amphiphiles undergo dimerization to yield photoproducts with twice the molecular weight of the corresponding monomers in organized systems. The photoreaction of amphiphiles containing two cinnamic acid groups occurs via two mechanisms: The intramolecular dimerization produces bicycles, with retention of the molecular weight of the corresponding monomer. The intermolecular reaction leads to oligomeric and polymeric photoproducts. In contrast to the single‐chain amphiphiles, photodimerization processes of lipoids containing two cinnamic acid moieties also occur in solution in organic solvents.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557871630
|
Stable pseudoisotopy spaces of compact non-positively curved manifolds
|
In this section we formulate the main result of the paper (cf.Theorem 0.4), and derive from it a number of corollaries.At the end of this section we outline very briefly the proof of our main result.Our main result states that the space of stable pseudoisotopies ^(M) of any closed Riemannian manifold M with sectional curvature K < 0 everywhere can be computed in a simple way from the stable pseudoisotopy spectrum ^(S ι ) of the circle.(More generally, a similar result is true for the stable pseudoisotopy spectrum ^(M).)This is a new result even for the case when M is the flat 2-torus.All the results discussed in this section have been announced in [13], and have been proven in earlier papers of the authors' for the special case when M has K < 0 everywhere (cf.[7], [9], [12]).The reader is referred to [14] for an expository account of the authors' work to date on the stable pseudoisotopy spectrum for any compact aspherical manifold.The formula arrived at in this paper for computing the stable pseudoisotopy spectrum ^(M) in terms of the stable pseudoisotopy spectrum &* # (S ι ) involves the space of all closed geodesies in the compact nonpositively curved manifold M.There is an equivalent purely homotopic theoretic formulation of this result which involves the space of all continuous maps S ι -> M (cf.[14, §4]).This has motivated the authors to conjecture that the stable pseudoisotopy spectrum ^{X) of any aspherical space X with torsion free fundamental group can be computed in a simple way from the stable pseudoisotopy spectrum ^(S 1 ) (cf. [14, §4] for a precise statement of this conjecture).Before stating our main theorem we review in § §0.1 and 0.2 the concept of homology theory with coefficients in an Ω-spectrum, and we outline in §0.3 the structure of the set of all closed geodesies in M.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1557923725
|
Two Distinct Waves of Membrane-Proximal B Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling Differentially Regulated by Src Homology 2-Containing Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase
|
Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway plays a critical role in B cell activation and differentiation. Recruitment of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing signal transduction proteins to the plasma membrane through binding to 3-phosphoinositide second messengers represents a major effector mechanism for PI3Ks. We have found that the PH domains of Bam32 and tandem PH domain-containing protein 2 (TAPP2) specify a temporally distinct wave of membrane recruitment compared with that of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), with recruitment of these two adaptors representing a later stage of the response. In this study we provide direct evidence that PH domain-dependent recruitment of Btk to the membrane is blocked by coligation of the inhibitory receptor FcγRII in human B lymphoma cells. In contrast, recruitment specified by the Bam32 or TAPP2 PH domains is completely insensitive to FcγRII inhibition. This differential regulation can be accounted for by Src homology 2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP) activity alone, as expression of membrane-targeted SHIP completely abrogated Btk recruitment, but had no inhibitory effect on Bam32 or TAPP2 recruitment. Strikingly, kinetic analysis revealed that membrane recruitment of Bam32 and TAPP2 is actually more rapid under “inhibitory” signaling conditions. Analysis of 3-phosphoinositide generation under activating and inhibitory signaling conditions indicated that recruitment of Bam32 and TAPP2 is inversely correlated with the SHIP substrate/product ratio (phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate/phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate). Overexpression of TAPP2 in B cells led to an increase in the sustained phase of the calcium response and increased NF-AT-dependent transcriptional activation after B cell Ag receptor ligation. Together, these results suggest that Bam32 and TAPP2 adaptors define a novel group of SHIP-activated targets of PI3K that regulate B cell Ag receptor signaling.
|
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https://openalex.org/W155804410
|
3D Rotational Angiography: Recent Experience in the Evaluation of Cerebral Aneurysms for Treatment
|
Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques providing volume rendered 3D images from rotational angiography data now exist.We report the design and early experience with one such system. 237 aneurysms were studied. Information was obtained on the morphology of the aneurysm itself and the vascular architecture in and around the aneurysm. 218 (92%) aneurysms went on to have endovascular treatment. The 3D images provided valuable information on aneurysmal anatomy, including relationships with the parent and adjacent vessels. This technique allowed fast and safe decision-making regarding the feasibility of endovascular or surgical treatment and provided useful information for performing the chosen treatment.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1558062727
|
Genes of Innate Immunity and the Biological Response to Inhaled Ozone
|
Ambient ozone has a significant impact on human health. We have made considerable progress in understanding the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the biological response to ozone. It is increasingly clear that genes of innate immunity play a central role in both infectious and noninfectious lung disease. The biological response to ambient ozone provides a clinically relevant environmental exposure that allows us to better understand the role of innate immunity in noninfectious airways disease. In this brief review, we focus on (1) specific cell types in the lung modified by ozone, (2) ozone and oxidative stress, (3) the relationship between genes of innate immunity and ozone, (4) the role of extracellular matrix in reactive airways disease, and (5) the effect of ozone on the adaptive immune system. We summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that ozone contributes to environmental airways disease.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1558085392
|
Health and Health Practice in Rural Australia: Where are We, Where to From Here?
|
This paper provides an overview of rural health discourse in Australia highlighting contemporary rural health practice, models of care and the challenges experienced in recruiting and retaining an effective workforce. Socioeconomic difficulties, inequitable access to services including education and health, lower employment levels, harsher environments, occupational hazards, and geographic and social isolation are factors identified as contributing to rural disadvantage. These concerns are described by health professionals when asked if they would consider rural practice as a career option. New initiatives designed to improve the recruitment and retention of health practitioners including nurses to “the Australian bush” are explored.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1558202864
|
Trading Activity and Price Transparency in the Inflation Swap Market
|
The issues of liquidity and price transparency in derivatives markets have taken on greater import given regulatory efforts under way to improve their transparency. To date, the lack of transaction data has impeded the understanding of how the inflation swap and other derivatives markets operate. This article broadens that understanding by using a novel transaction data set to examine trading activity and price transparency in the quickly growing U.S. inflation swap market. The authors find that the market appears reasonably liquid and transparent, despite its over-the-counter nature and modest level of trading activity. Specifically, they find that transaction prices are typically quite close to widely available end-of-day quoted prices and that realized bid-ask spreads are modest, even though the reasonably comprehensive data set from 2010 contains just over two trades per day on average. The authors also identify concentrations of activity in certain tenors (ten years) and trade sizes ($25 million) and among certain market participants, as well as various attributes that help explain trade sizes and price deviations. Their study can serve as a resource for policymakers considering public reporting and other regulatory initiatives and for market participants and observers more generally interested in the workings of the inflation swap market.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1558379859
|
VOICE Recording – Methodological Challenges in the Compilation of a Corpus of Spoken ELF
|
VOICE, the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English, aims to provide a general basis for analyses of English as a lingua franca (ELF) talk on all linguistic levels. This paper discusses criteria that have to be fulfilled in order to achieve this aim. It illustrates that compiling a corpus of spoken ELF involves the reconciliation of different – and often conflicting – requirements: this means finding and keeping a reasonable balance between theoretical specifications, methodological considerations and practical limitations. The focus of this paper is on dilemmas encountered in the processes of data collection and selection and finding suitable ways of representing spoken ELF in written form.
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1558498943
|
Induced plasmid-genome rearrangements in Rhizobium japonicum
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The P group resistance plasmids RP1 and RP4 were introduced into Rhizobium japonicum by polyethylene-glycol-induced transformation of spheroplasts. After cell wall regeneration, transformants were recovered by selecting for plasmid determinants. Plant nodulation, nitrogen fixation, serological, and bacterial genetics studies revealed that the transformants were derived from the parental strains and possessed the introduced plasmid genetic markers. Agarose gel electrophoresis, restriction enzyme analysis, and DNA hybridization studies showed that many of the transformant strains had undergone genome rearrangements. In the RP1 transformants, chromosomal DNA was found to have transposed into a large indigenous plasmid of R. japonicum, producing an even larger plasmid, and the introduced R plasmid DNA was found to be chromosomally integrated rather than replicating autonomously or integrated into the endogenous plasmid. Seemingly, a similar section of chromosomal DNA was involved in all the genomic rearrangements observed in the R. japonicum RP1 and RP4 transformant strains.
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https://openalex.org/W1558860870
|
Glatiramer Acetate Treatment Directly Targets CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6G<sup>−</sup> Monocytes and Enhances the Suppression of Autoreactive T cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
|
Abstract Glatiramer acetate (GA) is used for the treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and can suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in animals. Effective GA treatment is associated with the induction of anti‐inflammatory T H 2 responses and antigen‐specific expansion of CD25 + /Foxp3 + Tregs through the modulation of antigen‐presenting cells. Here, we show that intravenous injection of fluorochrome‐labelled GA resulted in rapid and specific binding of GA to CD11b + F4/80 lo Ly6G − blood monocytes via an MHC class II–independent mechanism. Intravenous GA treatment enhanced the intrinsic capability of these monocytes to directly suppress T cell proliferation in vitro . The suppressive function correlated with reduced proliferation of myelin‐specific T cells in vivo after intravenous GA treatment. In contrast, subcutaneous treatment with GA inhibited the pro‐inflammatory IFNγ‐producing T cell phenotype rather than suppressing T cell proliferation. These data indicate that (1) GA engages directly with circulating monocytes to induce type II monocyte suppressor function; and (2) the therapeutic efficacy of GA may be expanded by employing different routes of GA administration to engage alternative mechanisms of suppression of autoreactive T cells in MS.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1559014282
|
An apparent “vital effect” of calcification rate on the Sr/Ca temperature proxy in the reef coral <i>Montipora capitata</i>
|
Measuring the strontium to calcium ratio in coral skeletons reveals information on seawater temperatures during skeletal deposition, but studies have shown additional variables may affect the ratio. Here we measured Sr/Ca in the reef coral Montipora capitata grown in six mesocosms continuously supplied with seawater from the adjacent reef flat. Three mesocosms were ambient controls, and three had seawater chemistry simulating “ocean acidification” (OA). We found that Sr/Ca was not affected by the OA treatment and neither was coral calcification for these small colonies (larger colonies did show an OA effect). The lack of OA effects allowed us to test the hypothesis that coral growth rate can affect Sr/Ca using the natural range in calcification rates of the corals grown at the same temperature. We found that Sr/Ca was inversely related to calcification rate (Sr/Ca = 9.385 − 0.0040 (calcification rate)). Using a previously published calibration curve for this species, a 22 mg d −1 colony −1 increase in calcification rate introduced a 1°C warmer temperature estimate, with the 27 corals reporting “temperatures” ranging from 24.9 to 28.9°C, with mean 26.6 ± 0.9°C standard deviation. Our results lend support to hypotheses invoking kinetic processes and growth rate to explain vital effects on Sr/Ca. However, uncertainty in the slope of the regression of Sr/Ca on calcification and a low R‐squared value lead us to conclude that Sr/Ca could still be a useful proxy in this species given sufficient replication or by including growth rate in the calibration.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1559134424
|
Mutant Feline Sarcoma Proviruses Containing the Viral Oncogene (v- <i>fes</i> ) and Either Feline or Murine Control Elements
|
The sequences required for transformation by the Gardner-Arnstein (GA) strain of feline sarcoma virus (GA-FeSV) were defined by site-directed, in vitro mutagenesis of molecularly cloned proviral DNA. Portions of the Ga-FeSV provirus, subcloned in the plasmid pBR322, were mutagenized by deletion or frameshift at Xho I restriction sites flanking the nucleotide sequences presumed to encode the GA-FeSV transforming polyprotein (P108 gag-fes ). The biological activity of subgenomic and reconstructed full-genome-length molecules was assayed by transfection and focus induction in NIH 3T3 cells. Both mutant and wild-type molecules containing the intact P108 gag-fes coding region induced foci of transformed cells at efficiencies between 10 4 and 10 5 focus-forming units per pmol of DNA; a deletion mutant lacking 3′-terminal v- fes sequences was completely nontransforming in parallel assays. Representative subcloned foci of transformed NIH 3T3 cells synthesized P108 gag-fes with associated in vitro protein kinase activity. Focus-forming viruses could be rescued from transformed subclones induced by full-length proviral DNA, but not from cells transformed by subgenomic DNA lacking a 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR). It was concluded that: (i) nucleotide sequences encoding P108 gag-fes and its associated kinase activity are responsible for transformation, (ii) the GA-FeSV 3′ env and LTR sequences are not required for focus induction, and (iii) the 3′ LTR is necessary for rescue of infectious FeSV RNA. A chimeric DNA containing the 5′ LTR and P108 gag-fes coding region of GA-FeSV joined to the 3′ LTR of Moloney murine sarcoma virus was both transforming and rescuable at high efficiency. Restriction analysis showed that passaged stocks of rescued transforming virus contained Moloney murine sarcoma virus U3 sequences at both proviral DNA termini, consistent with generally accepted models for LTR formation during reverse transcription. Wild-type GA-FeSV and the chimeric virus (here designated as GAHT), each rescued from NIH 3T3 cells with the same amphotropic murine leukemia virus, yielded approximately equal numbers of foci when titrated on CCL 64 mink cells. By contrast, on mouse NIH 3T3 cells, the focus-forming titer of GAHT was 1 to 2 log higher than that of FeSV. The foci induced on NIH 3T3 cells by GAHT appeared earlier and were reproducibly larger than those induced by GA-FeSV. Differences in transforming activity on NIH 3T3 cells were also found using colony formation in agar, showing that the more rapid appearance and larger size of foci formed in liquid media were not due to virus spread. These data suggest that transcriptional control signals within the viral LTR regulate the levels of the transforming gene product in a species-specific manner.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1559264473
|
Religion and politics in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism and the state
|
Introduction: Unraveling the Myths - the Editors. Wahhabism: Religious Movement and Political Ideology. Wahhabism and the Question of Religious Tolerance - N.J. DeLong-Bas. Wahhabism as an Ideology of State Formation - K.S. Al-Dakhil. Contestation and Authority in Wahhabi Polemics - D. Commins. Wahhabism and the Saudi State. The Wahhabi Origins of the Contemporary Saudi State - J.S. Habib. The Annexation of the Hijaz - W. Ochsenwald. State Power, Religious Privilege, and the Myths About Political Reform - G. Okruhlik. Religious Revivalism and Its Challenge to the Saudi Regime - T.C. Jones. Saudi-US Relations. A Most Improbable Alliance: Placing Interests Over Ideology - T.W. Lippman. Official Wahhabism and the Sanctioning of Saudi-US Relations - F.G. Gause, III. Conclusion. The Impact of the Wahhabi Tradition - J.O. Voll.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1559362814
|
Longshore Transport at a Detached Breakwater, Phase II
|
The second phase of a field experiment conducted by the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) to develop correlations between wave characteristics and longshore sediment transport is reported herein. Wave heights, periods, directions, and longshore currents were measured by visual observation and the average longshore sediment transport rates were determined from sequential volumetric surveys behind an offshore breakwater which was regarded as a total trap. The data analyzed covers a period of seventeen months from 20 April 1976 through 30 August 1977. During this period there were twelve surveys of the sediment volume trapped behind the offshore breakwater. The correlation constant, K, in the relationship I = K P lb ( Shore Protection Manual , 1984) is tested and compared with earlier longshore sediment transport results of others as well as the Phase I data at Channel Islands reported on by BRUNO et al . (1980).
|
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https://openalex.org/W1559641548
|
8p deletion is strongly linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer
|
Deletions of chromosome 8p occur frequently in breast cancers, but analyses of its clinical relevance have been limited to small patient cohorts and provided controversial results. A tissue microarray with 2,197 breast cancers was thus analyzed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization using an 8p21 probe in combination with a centromere 8 reference probe. 8p deletions were found in 50% of carcinomas with no special type, 67% of papillary, 28% of tubular, 37% of lobular cancers and 56% of cancers with medullary features. Deletions were always heterozygous. 8p deletion was significantly linked to advanced tumor stage (P < 0.0001), high-grade (P < 0.0001), high tumor cell proliferation (Ki67 Labeling Index; P < 0.0001), and shortened overall survival (P < 0.0001). For example, 8p deletion was seen in 32% of 290 grade 1, 43% of 438 grade 2, and 65% of 427 grade 3 cancers. In addition, 8p deletions were strongly linked to amplification of MYC (P < 0.0001), HER2 (P < 0.0001), and CCND1 (p = 0.001), but inversely associated with ER receptor expression (p = 0.0001). Remarkably, 46.5% of 8p-deleted cancers harbored amplification of at least one of the analyzed genes as compared to 27.5% amplifications in 8p-non-deleted cancers (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, 8p deletion characterizes a subset of particularly aggressive breast cancers. As 8p deletions are easy to analyze, this feature appears to be highly suited for future DNA based prognostic breast cancer panels. The strong link of 8p deletion with various gene amplifications raises the possibility of a role for regulating genomic stability.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1559642830
|
The Guanosine 3′,5′‐Bis(diphosphate) (ppGpp) Cycle
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The metabolism of guanosine 3′,5′‐bis(diphosphate) (ppGpp) has been studied in a number of different microbial species including Escherichia coli, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus brevis. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. Generally, in the E. coli and B. subtilis systems, a stringent factor catalyses the ppGpp‐synthesizing reaction only when activated by uncharged tRNA codon‐specifically bound to ribosomes. In the B. stearothermophilus and B. brevis systems the stringent factor does not require activation by ribosomes. The physiological significance of this is reflected by the subcellular distribution: stringent factors requiring ribosomes for activity are exclusively found in ribosomal fractions, while those functioning independently of ribosomes are preferentially present in the high‐speed supernatant fraction. Formation of ppGpp is quite specific in that neither ATP as pyrophosphate donor nor GDP (or GTP) as acceptor can be replaced by other nucleotides. However some nucleotides, particularly ppApp, effectively inhibit ppGpp production, while others, e.g. ppGpp or A(5′)p 4 (5′)A, are not inhibitory. 2. Degradation of ppGpp is catalyzed by a guanosine 3′,5′‐bis(diphosphate) 3′‐pyrophosphohydrolase present in the ribosomal fraction which specifically releases pyrophosphate from the 3′ position of ppGpp. The activity is apparently associated with ribosomes and, unlike stringent factor, is not completely released under low‐ionic‐strength conditions. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 65000–70000 and forms dimers and tetramers having molecular weights of 130000 and 260000, respectively. It can also be released from ribosomes by 1 M potassium acetate extraction but then is insoluble in buffers of low ionic strength except in the presence of urea. It is inhibited by tRNA regardless of whether or not ribosomes are present.
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https://openalex.org/W1559921834
|
Water relations and keeping-quality of cut Gerbera flowers
|
The aim of the present investigation is to study the internal water relations,of ageing Gerbera inflorescences and their consequence on keepingquality of cut inflorescences. As in all parts of this paper, the term "flower" will be used to describe an inflorescence with its supporting stem.A great problem during vase-life of cut Gerbera flowers is ',stem break", a sudden bending of the stem. As described in part 1, this phenomenon was caused by a water shortage in the flower. The water-stress was a result of a decline of the absorption rate, due to an increase of the resistance to the water flow between the vase and the petals. In roses (which show a similar phenomenon) a water deficit in the flower-neck occurs because of competition between the various organs when the water supply is limiting (Zieslin et al., 1978). Also in the Gerbera flower there seems to be a competition for the available water, between flower head and stem.The increase in flow resistance causing stem break, was a result of microbial activity in the vase water. "Stem-plugging" by bacteria can be considerable already after 2 days for many flower species (Aarts, 1957). Silver-ions can extend keeping-quality of cut carnation flowers by their anti-ethylene effect (Halevy and Kofranek, 1977; Veen and Van de Geijn, 1978). However, the prevention of stem break by silver nitrate in the vase water is related to its bactericidal effect, as the mobility of silver supplemented as silver nitrate, is very low in flower stew (Veen and Van de Geijn, 1978; Nowak, 1979). Moreover, a pretreatment (1-24 h) of Gerbera stems with silver nitrate does not counteract the detrimental effect of etephon (Nowak, 1979). Mayak et al. (1977) demonstrated, that a pretreatment of the carnation stem with silver nitrate reduced the microbial population of the vase solution by the release of silver from the impregnated stem. They found that another important beneficial effect of such a pretreatment of the stem base is to decrease the toxic effect of metabolites produced by bacteria. So, the use of silver nitrate as a short pretreatment immediately after cutting will have advantages above other bactericides.There are 2 different pathways for water uptake by a Gerbera stem: a direct one through the xylem vessels at the cut surface and an indirect one through the cavity in the stem. Only the direct water uptake is strongly inhibited by bacterial activity in the vase water. Stem break can be prevented therefore without the use of chemicals by cutting the stem through the cavity in its center. The beneficial effect of this treatment could be improved by making a small hole in the stem as an air outlet from thecavity, together with a high water level in the vase in order to promote the rise of water inside the cavity.Stem stiffness consists of the strength from turgor of the cells and that of the structural elements. Gerbera cultivars with structurally strong stew do not show the phenomenon of stem break when a water deficit develops (De Jong, 1978). Breeding for flowers with structurally strong stems only will prevent stem break, however, not the water stress caused by microbial activity in the vase water. It is worthwhile therefore to select flowers not only with a structural strong stem, but also with a hollow one all the year round from an early stage of development.When Gerbera flowers were placed in water with silver nitrate, there was. still a gradual increase in the resistance for water flow through the stem ("physiological plugging") causing a decrease of water potential of the petals (part II). This decrease of petal water potential, however, was not accompanied by stem break. Possible explanations for this apparent discrepancy are discussed in detail in part II. The calculated resistance of the flower stem was obtained without induced pressure differences between 2 sides of a cut stem piece, so the results could not be due to artifacts caused by artificial pressures as suggested by Carpenter and Rasmussen (1973) for roses. The physiological plugging could be prevented by a constant low pH of the vase water.Even when the stem resistance for water flow remained constant at a low pH, water absorption of the cv.'Wageningen Rood' became lower than transpiration after 5 days, resulting in a decrease of flower fresh weight and petal water content (as a percentage of dry weight and as relative water content). The water potential of the petals, however,' remained steady, which seems a rather conflicting result. It should be realised, that the pressure chamber method used for estimating petal water potential, actually measures the non-osmotic component of the xylem water potential. As there ate no semi-permeable membranes between petal xylem elements and vase water, it is an accurate value for calculating stem flow resistance, but not for the actual water potential of the petal cells. This problem is discussed in more detail later on.Ageing petals of cut Gerbera flowers without stem plugging (part Ill) showed that the water content (W.C.) as a percentage of dry weight was correlated with ion leakage (I.L.) and with petal dry weight (D.W.) as given by the formula: W.C. = a + b(I.L.) - c(I.L.) 2 - d(D.W.). The increase in W.C. during the first days of vase life of cut flowers was due to a decrease of dry weight, while the sudden decrease in W.C. after some days of vase life was correlated with an increase in I.L., indicating a change in the semi- permeability of the membranes. Flowers ageing on the plant did not show the sharp decrease of W.C., whereas also the increase of I.L. was absent. The date at which I.L. of cut flowers increased depended on the cultivar and was affected by temperature and cytokinin treatments. The influence of temperature on the onset of the decrease of W.C. and increase of I.L. showed the importance for keeping-quality of a low temperature during storage and transport of the flowers.In part IV is demonstrated that the internal water relations of ageing petal-tissue were influenced to a large extent when flowers were separated from the plant. Sap osmotic potential (ψ osm ) of petals of cut flowers cv. 'Wageningen Rood' increased the first 6 days of vase life, followed by a decrease. Pressure potential (ψ press ) decreased during the entire vase period. When flowers were left on the plant, ψ osm was steady during the first 6 days and increased thereafter, whereas ψ press was steady until day 6 and then decreased. This different behaviour of the various components of water potential was due to the increase of ion leakage of petal cells of ageing cut flowers, whereas ion leakage remained constant when flowers were ageing on the plant. An increase of ion leakage of petal cells will decrease the osmotic potential of the xylem fluid of the petals. This change in xylem osmotic potential will not influence the potential difference between vase water and petal cells and thus absorption rate of vase water. However, it will decrease the water potential of the petal cells and therefore water content, osmotic potential and pressure Potential. The increase of ion concentration of the xylem fluid of the petals will cause a water shortage in the petal cells, even when these cells still act as good osmometers.Comparison of the results with literature data are difficult because of different measuring techniques and experimental circumstances. Mayak et al. (1974) using an isopiestic method, found a decline of petal water potential after 6 days with roses. However, they demonstrated an increase in stem water flow resistance when the flowers aged. Osmotic values of ageing carnation petals as given by Mayak et al. (1978) are conflicting with that given by Acock and Nichols (1979).Changes in ion leakage from the petal cells dominate the petal water relations of cut Gerbera flowers as discussed already previously. To obtain a better understanding of factors involved in keeping-quality of cut flowers, it will be important to know more about the triggering processes inducing the changes in ion leakage. Some experiments in this aspect are described in parts V and VI.It is known for many plant 'species that root-synthesized cytokinins are transported to the shoots, while ageing of leaves is hastend by excising and retarded by exogenous cytokinins. Moreover, ageing of cut flowers can be retarded by application of cytokinins. Therefore, experiments were done to investigate if differences in ion leakage between Gerbera petals of flowers ageing in a vase and on the plant could be ascribed to differences in cytokinin activities (part V). Cytokinin activities in petal-extracts of 3 cultivars, differing in their keeping-quality, were also compared. Activities decreased when the flowers aged (except on day 8 of the experiment). However, there were no differences between flowers ageing in a vase or on the plant. With the 3 cultivars used, there was no correlation between cytokinin content of petals at day of harvest and their keeping-quality. The results suggest strongly that no correlation exists between cytokinin activities of Gerbera petal cells and changes in their ion leakage.From the data given in part VI, it is concluded that changes in pressure potential of Gerbera petal cells can induce changes in the leakage of ions from the cells. The positive results of "pulsing" flowers, either with sugar (Kohl and Rundle, 1972; Mayak et al., 1973; Nichols, 1974; Sacalis and Chin, 1976) or mineral salts (Halevy, 1976), could also be a result of enhancing the pressure potential of the petal cells. Carnation flowers grown under dry conditions kept longer than those grown under moist irrigation regime (Hanan and Jasper, 1969; Mayak and Kofranek, 1976). It is likely, that the "dry grown" flowers have a higher pressure potential at the same water potential, than the "moist grown" flowers, as was found with leaves of plants grown in culture solutions with different osmotic potential (Jarvis and Jarvis, 1963).For the 3 Gerbera cultivars used, there was a correlation between their keeping-quality and their pressure potential at day of harvest.When a decrease of pressure potential initiates an increase of ion leakage, and subsequently causes a decrease of water content, the process of ageing will accelerate itself, once it has began.There seems to be a discrepancy between the conclusion that pressure potential of petal cells influences ion leakage of the cells and the data in Fig. 4 of part III where induced changes of water content did not influence ion leakage. The changes in water content in part III, however, were induced within 24 h, while the results in part VI were obtained when pressure potential was influenced during some days.The dominant influence of ion leakage on water relations, as demonstrated in parts III and IV, and the results of part VI suggest strongly that keeping pressure potential of flower petals above a certain level will be very important for a good keeping-quality of cut flowers. It might be possible that pressure potential at day of harvest, can be a selection criterion for potential keeping-quality of cut flowers.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1559983570
|
Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependency of ‘Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐independent’ exocytosis in SPOC1 airway goblet cells
|
SPOC1 airway goblet cells secrete mucin in response to P2Y2 receptor agonists and to secretagogues, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, which mobilize elements of the phospholipase C pathway, PKC and Ca2+, respectively. Previous studies demonstrated that mucin secretion from SLO-permeabilized, EGTA-buffered SPOC1 cells was stimulated by PMA at low Ca2+ levels (< 0.1 microm), consistent with the notion that regulated exocytosis may occur by Ca2+-independent pathways. We tested the alternative hypothesis that PMA-induced mucin secretion is, in fact, a Ca2+-dependent process under the conditions of low bulk Ca2+, one that is permitted in the typical SLO-permeabilized cell model by the slow binding kinetics of EGTA. Both IP3 and elevated bulk Ca2+ activated mucin secretion in SPOC1 cells buffered by EGTA, suggesting that IP3 generates a local Ca2+ gradient in the vicinity of the secretory granules to the degree necessary to trigger exocytosis. BAPTA, which binds Ca2+ approximately 100-fold faster than EGTA, diminished IP3-induced mucin release over a range of concentrations by > or = 69%, yet maintained an essentially normal mucin secretory response to elevated bulk Ca2+ in permeabilized SPOC1 cells. BAPTA also diminished the mucin secretory response of permeabilized cells to PMA, relative to the EGTA-buffered control: at PMA below 30 nm, BAPTA abolished the secretory response, and at higher concentrations it was reduced significantly relative to the EGTA-buffered controls. PMA-induced secretion in EGTA was insensitive to heparin. These results suggest that Ca2+ is released locally during PMA-induced exocytosis, by an IP3-independent mechanism.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1560074467
|
Managing the Audit Function: A Corporate Audit Department Procedures Guide
|
Foreword. Preface. PART ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF THE INTERNAL AUDITING FUNCTION. Chapter 1. Background. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 History of Auditing. 1.3 History of Internal Auditing. 1.4 Auditing Government Agencies. 1.5 History of Information Systems Auditing. 1.6 History of Federal Regulations Related to Auditing. 1.7 Professional Organizations Related to Internal Auditing. Chapter 2. Auditing Standards and Responsibilities. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Ethics. 2.3 Professional Auditing Standards. 2.4 Systems Development Life Cycle Standards. 2.5 Professional Development. 2.6 Responsibilities of a Corporate Auditor. Chapter 3. Internal Control System. 3.1 Definition. 3.2 Fundamental Assumptions in Establishing an Internal Control System. 3.3 Effective Internal Control Models. 3.4 Regulations. 3.5 Policies. 3.6 Risk Assessment. 3.7 Control Strategies. 3.8 Malicious Activities. 3.9 Specific Controls/CAATTs. PART TWO: MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Chapter 4. Department Organization. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Corporate Audit Charter. 4.3 Company Organization. 4.4 Audit Department Policies. Chapter 5. Personnel, Administration, and Recruiting. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Personal Development. 5.3 Personnel Files. 5.4 Periodic Performance Evaluation Review. 5.5 Annual Staff Meeting/Conference. 5.6 New Staff Orientation. PART THREE: TECHNICAL PROCEDURES. Chapter 6. Audit Planning. 6.1 Corporate Audit Planning, Scheduling, and Staffing. 6.2 Internal Controls. 6.3 Materiality. 6.4 Types of Audits. 6.5 Time Reporting. 6.6 Expense Reporting. Chapter 7. Audit Performance. 7.1 Corporate Audit Performance Process Matrix. 7.2 Workpapers. 7.3 Audit Objectives. Chapter 8. Audit Reporting. 8.1 Corporate Audit Report Process. 8.2 Report to Management. 8.3 Report to Audit Committee. PART FOUR: LONG-TERM EFFECTIVENESS. Chapter 9. Managing the Effectiveness of the Audit Department. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Corporate Governance. 9.3 Quality Assurance. 9.4 Continuous Improvement Systems for Internal Auditors. 9.5 Marketing the Audit Function. Index.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1560402077
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for a strong modulation of the Bose-Einstein condensate in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>BaCuSi</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>
|
We present a $^{63,65}\mathrm{Cu}$ and $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ NMR study of the quasi-2D coupled spin 1/2 dimer compound ${\mathrm{BaCuSi}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ in the magnetic field range $13--26\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ and at temperatures as low as $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$. NMR data in the gapped phase reveal that below $90\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ different intradimer exchange couplings and different gaps $({\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{B}}∕{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{A}}=1.16)$ exist in every second plane along the $c$ axis, in addition to a planar incommensurate (IC) modulation. $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ spectra in the field induced magnetic ordered phase reveal that close to the quantum critical point at ${H}_{\mathrm{c}1}=23.35\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ the average boson density $\overline{n}$ of the Bose-Einstein condensate is strongly modulated along the $c$ axis with a density ratio for every second plane ${\overline{n}}_{\mathrm{A}}∕{\overline{n}}_{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\simeq}5$. An IC modulation of the local density is also present in each plane.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1560603426
|
Addressing the well‐being of Aboriginal children in out‐of‐home care: Are we there yet?
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Children in out-of-home care (OOHC) have well-documented health and developmental needs. In Australia, Aboriginal children have significantly worse health outcomes than non-Aboriginal children. We wanted to identify the health and well-being of Aboriginal children entering OOHC, placed with an Aboriginal organisation, who accessed a specialised multidisciplinary clinic in south-western Sydney. We wanted to identify children entering care who were doing well and who improved in care. We also wanted to identify enablers and barriers to care.
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1560737364
|
The wavelet correlative analysis of climatic impacts on runoff in the source region of Yangtze River, in China
|
ABSTRACT The source region of Yangtze River in China is a part of Tibet Plateau where the hydrological processes are sensitive to climatic change. The impacts of precipitation, air temperature and evapotranspiration on annual runoff in the source region of Yangtze River during 1957–2009 are investigated in the time‐period domain using wavelet analysis method and multiple regression method. Annual evapotranspiration is calculated with data of precipitation and air temperature based on Takahashi's empirical equation. This approximation of actual evapotranspiration successfully matches the mean annual water balance. Significant periods of runoff, 7–8 year, 20–21 year and 42–43 year, are revealed by using Morlet wavelet. Different significant periods are found for annual precipitation, air temperature and evapotranspiration, whereas the 7–8 year and 42–43 year periods are the same of the runoff. It is indicated by wavelet correlation coefficients that the correlations between runoff and these climatic components depends on periods. Change in the summation of runoff wavelet coefficients at different period can approximately represents the change pattern of real runoff and is correlated with the wavelet coefficients of the climatic components. The correlation can be expressed with a linear multiple regression equation which indicates that the change in annual runoff is contributed by change in annual precipitation rather than change in air temperature. This relationship between runoff and climatic components are different from that in the source region of Yellow River, in China.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1560908551
|
<scp>l</scp>‐Threonine Deaminase of <i>Rhodospirillum rubrum</i>
|
A procedure for the purification of threonine deaminase from Rhodospirillum rubrum is described. The 2200‐fold purified enzyme was judged to be pure by disc‐gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity centrifugation yielded an s ° 20,w value of 8.1 S and a D 20,w of 4.65 × 10 −7 cm 2 × sec −1 . Assuming a partial specific volume of 0.74 g/ml the molecular weight of 164000 was calculated from the Svedberg equation. However, from calibrated Sephadex G‐200 columns, a D 20,w of 4.15 × 10 −7 cm 2 × sec −1 was obtained and using this equation, the molecular weight was calculated to be 180000. Electrophoresis of the enzyme on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the native enzyme was composed of four subunits, each of about 46000 molecular weight. In addition to the native tetrameric molecule, an active octameric species was detected in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The spectrum of the pure enzyme showed absorption maxima at 279 nm and 412 nm, characteristic of pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐containing enzymes. Analysis of the cofactor content revealed the presence of 4.2 moles of pyridoxal phosphate per 180000 g of protein. The enzyme displayed a normal Michaelis‐Menten substrate saturation curve in the absence of isoleucine. High concentrations of isoleucine inhibited the enzyme activity somewhat only at low levels of the substrate; the inhibition was weak as compared to all other biosynthetic threonine deaminases. No other amino acid or any nucleotide tested produced any significant activation or inhibition. In assays at pH values greater than 8.4, a transient build up of a 245 nm absorbing species was observed. It is suggested that this species corresponds to one of the two intermediates of the deamination reaction, α‐aminocrotonate or α‐iminobutyrate, and that at high pH the rate‐limiting step in the reaction is the hydrolysis of the intermediate to the final products, 2‐oxobutyrate and ammonia.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1561415923
|
Studies on the mechanism of the human natural killer cell lethal hit: evidence for transfer of protease-sensitive structures requisite for target cell lysis.
|
Abstract These studies analyze the effects of various enzymes on the terminal, killer cell-independent (KCIL) stages of the human natural killer (NK) cytolytic mechanism. The addition of trypsin (T), chymotrypsin (CT), or papain (P) to standard NK reaction mixtures (PBL or LGL and K562 cells) completely ablated cytolytic activity, whereas collagenase was ineffective. Inhibition by T was reversed by preincubation with soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) or fetal calf serum, indicating that the inhibition was indeed due to T. Kinetic analysis with the Ca++ pulse experiment indicated that T, CT, and P inhibited lysis well beyond the Ca++-dependent (EDTA-sensitive) stages and essentially stopped further 51Cr release at the time of addition. This observation was confirmed by the ability of T, CT, and P to block lysis during KCIL of programmed K562 targets that were detached from NK cells by EDTA and were suspended in dextran-containing media. The lysis of K562 cells by natural killer cell-derived cytotoxic factors (NKCF) was also blocked by T and CT but not by P. Inhibition of NKCF activity by T could be reversed by SBTI or fetal calf serum. The ability of T, CT, or P to inhibit the lysis of "programmed" K562 targets during KCIL indicates that the NK lethal hit is an active process mediated by protease-sensitive structures, possibly NKCF, delivered to the target cell by the NK cell during the Ca++-dependent programming steps.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1561424106
|
Estimation and Inference in Panel Structure Models
|
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https://openalex.org/W1562195939
|
Fast and efficient intra coding techniques for smooth regions in screen content coding based on boundary prediction samples
|
This paper presents fast and efficient intra prediction algorithms for screen content coding (SCC). The proposed algorithms focus on smooth regions frequently appeared in screen content videos, which have the characteristics of noiselessness. All the samples in a noiseless smooth region exhibit exactly the same pixel value. We then propose two intra coding techniques for noiseless smooth regions in SCC based on the smoothness of the boundary samples which are used for intra prediction. Our proposed algorithm can reduce computational complexity by at most 26.7% while keeping nearly the same video quality. Moreover, by removing the redundant coding bits for intra prediction modes, computational complexity can be further reduced to at most 53.3% in terms of encoding time with bitrate reduction up to 1.2%.
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https://openalex.org/W1562373344
|
An Open-Label, Randomized Trial of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine Treatment in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
|
The efficacy of both methylphenidate and atomoxetine has been established in placebo-controlled trials. The present study aimed to directly compare the efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in improving symptoms among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).The study sample included 160 drug-naïve children and adolescents 7-16 years of age, with DSM-IV-defined ADHD, randomly assigned to osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-methylphenidate) (n=80) and atomoxetine (n=80) in a 24 week, open-label, head-to-head clinical trial. The primary efficacy measure was the score of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV Parents Version: Investigator Administered and Scored (ADHD-RS-IV). The secondary efficacy measures included the Clinical Global Impressions-ADHD-Severity (CGI-ADHD-S) and Chinese Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV scale (SNAP-IV), based on the ratings of investigators, parents, teachers, and subjects.At week 24, mean changes in ADHD-RS-IV Inattention scores were 13.58 points (Cohen's d, -3.08) for OROS-methylphenidate and 12.65 points (Cohen's d, -3.05) for atomoxetine; and mean changes in ADHD-RS-IV Hyperactivity-Impulsivity scores were 10.16 points (Cohen's d, -1.75) for OROS-methylphenidate and 10.68 points (Cohen's d, -1.87) for atomoxetine. In terms of parent-, teacher-, and self-ratings on behavioral symptoms, both of the two treatment groups significantly decreased on the SNAP-IV scores at the end-point, with effect sizes ranging from 0.9 to 0.96 on the Inattention subscale and from 0.61 to 0.8 on the Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscale for OROS-methylphenidate; and from 0.51 to 0.88 on the Inattention subscale and from 0.29 to 0.57 on the Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscale for atomoxetine. No statistically significant differences between treatment groups were observed on the outcome measures. Vomiting, somnolence, and dizziness were reported more often for atomoxetine than for OROS-methylphenidate, whereas insomnia was reported more often for OROS-methylphenidate than for atomoxetine.After 24 weeks of treatment, OROS-methylphenidate and atomoxetine had comparable efficacy in reducing core ADHD symptoms in drug-naïve children and adolescents with ADHD.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1562449255
|
An interdisciplinary specialist team leads to improved diagnostics and treatment for paediatric patients with vascular anomalies
|
Abstract Aim Patients with vascular anomalies are often misdiagnosed, leading to delayed or improper treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an interdisciplinary team on the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric patients with vascular anomalies. Methods We reviewed the paediatric patients evaluated by our interdisciplinary team between 2002 and 2012, analysing the referral diagnosis, final diagnosis, patient age, sex, clinical history, laboratory tests, imaging studies and treatments. Results Of the 480 patients who were evaluated, 435 (90.6%) had a vascular anomaly: 30.7% of all patients had a tumour and 55.2% had a malformation. Haemangiomas comprised 93.2% of all tumours, while malformations included capillary (9.8%), lymphatic (30.1%), venous (36.8%), arteriovenous (3.8%) and combined slow–flow (7.9%) malformations. Tumours were initially diagnosed correctly in 89.2% of the patients, but only 38.0% of the malformations were diagnosed correctly. Improper treatment was given to 1.4%, due to incorrect diagnoses. Conclusion This study showed that haemangiomas were likely to be diagnosed correctly, but other tumours and vascular malformations were likely to be misdiagnosed. Misdiagnosis seldom led to improper treatment, but probably led to delayed treatment in many cases. The interdisciplinary approach led to improved diagnostics and treatment.
|
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