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Wilhelm von Haxthausen German Marineoffizier (1874-1936) Wilhelm von Haxthausen (born 30 August 1874 in Lębork; died 1 March 1936 in Kiel) from the noble family von Haxthausen was a German rear admiral of the Reichsmarine and longtime adjutant to Prince Adalbert of Prussia. Life Haxthausen entered the Imperial Navy on 4 April 1893 as a cadet. He completed his basic and naval training on the training ship Stosch and attended the Naval Academy in 1895/96. Promoted to Unterleutnant zur See on 14 September 1896, he served on various armored ships. With his promotion to Oberleutnant zur See, he was transferred on 3 October 1899 as a watch officer to the small cruiser Seeadler, which was deployed on station service. During the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion, the ship was assigned to the East Asia Cruiser Squadron and remained in Chinese coastal waters during that time. At the end of April 1901, Haxthausen began his return journey from China, was then placed at the disposal of the chief of the North Sea Naval Station, and at the end of September 1901 was transferred for three years as a watch officer to the Hohenzollern. In the meantime, he completed the first and second courses at the Naval Academy by 1905. On 25 May 1905, he was appointed personal adjutant to Prince Adalbert of Prussia, whom he also served as Hofmarschall (court marshal) for the duration of the First World War. On 9 December 1910, he became a Korvettenkapitän and at the same time served as a staff officer at the North Sea Naval Station. After the end of the war, Haxthausen was released from this command in February 1916 and, from 24 April 1916 onwards a Fregattenkapitän, served as commander in Kiel. From 10 November 1918 he was briefly employed as deputy naval attaché at the German Legation in The Hague. This assignment primarily served to provide support and organizational security during the first months of the imperial family’s exile in the Netherlands. The military attaché in The Hague at that time was Erich von Müller. From 3 February to 13 March 1919 he was at the disposal of the chief of the Baltic Sea Naval Station, and afterwards he joined the III Marine Brigade. He belonged to it until the end of February 1920, serving as a battalion commander. Haxthausen was then taken into the Reichsmarine and briefly served as commander of the Baltic Sea Ship Cadre Division. He was granted leave for nearly three months and, on 15 June 1920, was appointed commander of the Naval Arsenal in Kiel. At times, he also served there as harbor master of Kiel and as chief of the coastal district inspection. In this position he was promoted to Kapitän zur See on 29 June 1920, with seniority dated 29 November 1919, and on 9 September 1922 to Konteradmiral, with seniority dated 1 August 1922. On 31 March 1923 he was retired from active service. Haxthausen was a Justice Knight of the Order of Saint John. He died on 1 March 1936 in Kiel.	Wilhelm von Haxthausen German Marineoffizier (1874-1936) Wilhelm von Haxthausen (born 30 August 1874 in Lębork; died 1 March 1936 in Kiel) from the noble family von Haxthausen was a German rear admiral of the Reichsmarine and longtime adjutant to Prince Adalbert of Prussia. Life Haxthausen entered the Imperial Navy on 4 April 1893 as a cadet. He completed his basic and naval training on the training ship Stosch and attended the Naval Academy in 1895/96. Promoted to Unterleutnant zur See on 14 September 1896, he served on various armored ships. With his promotion to Oberleutnant zur See, he was transferred on 3 October 1899 as a watch officer to the small cruiser Seeadler, which was deployed on station service. During the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion, the ship was assigned to the East Asia Cruiser Squadron and remained in Chinese coastal waters during that time. At the end of April 1901, Haxthausen began his return journey from China, was then placed at the disposal of the chief of the North Sea Naval Station, and at the end of September 1901 was transferred for three years as a watch officer to the Hohenzollern. In the meantime, he completed the first and second courses at the Naval Academy by 1905. On 25 May 1905, he was appointed personal adjutant to Prince Adalbert of Prussia, whom he also served as Hofmarschall (court marshal) for the duration of the First World War. On 9 December 1910, he became a Korvettenkapitän and at the same time served as a staff officer at the North Sea Naval Station. After the end of the war, Haxthausen was released from this command in February 1916 and, from 24 April 1916 onwards a Fregattenkapitän, served as commander in Kiel. From 10 November 1918 he was briefly employed as deputy naval attaché at the German Legation in The Hague. This assignment primarily served to provide support and organizational security during the first months of the imperial family’s exile in the Netherlands. The military attaché in The Hague at that time was Erich von Müller. From 3 February to 13 March 1919 he was at the disposal of the chief of the Baltic Sea Naval Station, and afterwards he joined the III Marine Brigade. He belonged to it until the end of February 1920, serving as a battalion commander. Haxthausen was then taken into the Reichsmarine and briefly served as commander of the Baltic Sea Ship Cadre Division. He was granted leave for nearly three months and, on 15 June 1920, was appointed commander of the Naval Arsenal in Kiel. At times, he also served there as harbor master of Kiel and as chief of the coastal district inspection. In this position he was promoted to Kapitän zur See on 29 June 1920, with seniority dated 29 November 1919, and on 9 September 1922 to Konteradmiral, with seniority dated 1 August 1922. On 31 March 1923 he was retired from active service. Haxthausen was a Justice Knight of the Order of Saint John. He died on 1 March 1936 in Kiel.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T18:11:21Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Haxthausen	{"title": "Wilhelm von Haxthausen", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T18:11:21Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:01Z"}
2025 Africa Cup of Nations squads International football competition The 2025 Africa Cup of Nations is an upcoming international football tournament held in Morocco from 21 December 2025 to 18 January 2026. The 24 participating national teams were required to register a squad with a maximum 28 players. Group A Comoros Comoros's 26 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Stefano Cusin Mali Mali announced their final squad of 28 players on 11 December. Head coach: Tom Saintfiet Morocco Morocco's final squad of 28 players was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Walid Regragui Zambia Zambia's 28 player squad was announced on 10 December. Head coach: Moses Sichone Group B Angola Angola's squad of 28 players was announced on 3 December. Head coach: Patrice Beaumelle Egypt Egypt's squad of 28 players was announced on 2 December. Head coach: Hossam Hassan South Africa South Africa's squad of 25 players was announced on 1 December. Head coach: Hugo Broos Zimbabwe Zimbabwe's 28 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Mario Marinică Group C Nigeria Nigeria's 28 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Éric Chelle Tanzania Tanzania's 28 player squad was announced on 9 December. Head coach: Hemed Morocco Tunisia Tunisia's 28 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Sami Trabelsi Uganda Uganda announced a 30 player provisional squad on 7 December. Head coach: Paul Put Group D Benin Benin announced a list of 30 player-provisional squad on 3 December. Head coach: Gernot Rohr Botswana DR Congo DR Congo's 26 player squad was announced on 1 December. Head coach: Sébastien Desabre Senegal Group E Algeria The 28-player team of Algeria was announced on the 13th of december. Head coach: Vladimir Petković Burkina Faso Burkina Faso's 25 player squad was announced on 8 December. Head coach: Brama Traoré Equatorial Guinea Head coach: Guillermo Ganet Sudan Head coach: James Kwesi Appiah Group F Cameroon Head coach: David Pagou Gabon Gabon's 28 player squad was announced on 10 December. Head coach: Thierry Mouyouma Ivory Coast Ivory Coast's 26 player squad was announced on 9 December. Head coach: Emerse Faé Mozambique Mozambique's 25 player squad was announced on 8 December. Head coach: Chiquinho Conde	2025 Africa Cup of Nations squads International football competition The 2025 Africa Cup of Nations is an upcoming international football tournament held in Morocco from 21 December 2025 to 18 January 2026. The 24 participating national teams were required to register a squad with a maximum 28 players. Group A Comoros Comoros's 26 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Stefano Cusin Mali Mali announced their final squad of 28 players on 11 December. Head coach: Tom Saintfiet Morocco Morocco's final squad of 28 players was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Walid Regragui Zambia Zambia's 28 player squad was announced on 10 December. Head coach: Moses Sichone Group B Angola Angola's squad of 28 players was announced on 3 December. Head coach: Patrice Beaumelle Egypt Egypt's squad of 28 players was announced on 2 December. Head coach: Hossam Hassan South Africa South Africa's squad of 25 players was announced on 1 December. Head coach: Hugo Broos Zimbabwe Zimbabwe's 28 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Mario Marinică Group C Nigeria Nigeria's 28 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Éric Chelle Tanzania Tanzania's 28 player squad was announced on 9 December. Head coach: Hemed Morocco Tunisia Tunisia's 28 player squad was announced on 11 December. Head coach: Sami Trabelsi Uganda Uganda announced a 30 player provisional squad on 7 December. Head coach: Paul Put Group D Benin Benin announced a list of 30 player-provisional squad on 3 December. Head coach: Gernot Rohr Botswana DR Congo DR Congo's 26 player squad was announced on 1 December. Head coach: Sébastien Desabre Senegal Group E Algeria The 28-player team of Algeria was announced on the 13th of december. Head coach: Vladimir Petković Burkina Faso Burkina Faso's 25 player squad was announced on 8 December. Head coach: Brama Traoré Equatorial Guinea Head coach: Guillermo Ganet Sudan Head coach: James Kwesi Appiah Group F Cameroon Head coach: David Pagou Gabon Gabon's 28 player squad was announced on 10 December. Head coach: Thierry Mouyouma Ivory Coast Ivory Coast's 26 player squad was announced on 9 December. Head coach: Emerse Faé Mozambique Mozambique's 25 player squad was announced on 8 December. Head coach: Chiquinho Conde	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T17:51:29Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_squads	{"title": "2025 Africa Cup of Nations squads", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T17:51:29Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:04Z"}
Perlatolic acid Lichen-derived depside Chemical compound Perlatolic acid is a lichen secondary metabolite belonging to the depside class. It has been reported from several lichens, including species in the family Parmeliaceae and reindeer lichens such as Cladonia stellaris. The compound has a low first dissociation constant, which has been linked to the ability of some perlatolic acid-containing lichens to persist on very acidic substrates and under acidic air pollution. In laboratory studies, perlatolic acid derivatives have shown phytotoxic/herbicidal effects, and perlatolic acid itself has shown in vitro antiviral activity against human coronaviruses. Occurrence Perlatolic acid is a phenolic depside found in several Parmeliaceae lichens. It has been documented in Canoparmelia pustulifera and Cetrelia monachorum, where it occurs as part of the species' secondary metabolite profile. Perlatolic acid has also been isolated from some reindeer lichens, including Cladina confusa, Cladonia stellaris, and Cladina macaronesica. In Cladonia stellaris, usnic acid is concentrated in the outermost layer, whereas perlatolic acid occurs in the medulla. In a climate-chamber experiment simulating a growing season, an ambient +4 °C warming treatment reduced perlatolic acid concentration in Cladonia stellaris by about 14% relative to ambient conditions. Across the experiment, perlatolic acid concentrations declined to roughly 70–80% of the starting value, which the authors discuss as potentially consistent with dilution from growth and low or absent synthesis under the chamber conditions. Earlier growth-cabinet experiments with thallus fragments of Cladonia stellaris likewise found that perlatolic acid concentration depended on light availability: levels were similar to controls under high light, but decreased significantly under lower illumination, whereas usnic acid showed no significant change across the same treatments. Synthesis Perlatolic acid has been prepared synthetically as part of a wider study on para-olivetol depsides. In this work, olivetolcarboxylic acid (2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid) was converted into suitably protected phenolic building blocks by benzylating the phenolic and carboxy groups. The depside linkage was then formed by condensing a benzyl ester of olivetolcarboxylic acid with a related methoxy-substituted benzoic acid using trifluoroacetic anhydride as the coupling reagent, giving a benzyl-protected perlatolic ester (benzyl perlatolate). Final removal of the benzyl protecting groups by catalytic hydrogenolysis over palladium on carbon afforded perlatolic acid in high yield. The same protecting-group strategy allowed the author to obtain a series of related olivetol-derived depsides, including anziaic, imbricaric and planaic acids, as well as the mono-O-methyl derivatives 2-O-methylperlatolic acid and 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid. Comparison of the synthetic products with natural material by melting point, thin-layer chromatography and spectroscopic data confirmed the structure of perlatolic acid and provided reference compounds for chromatographic identification of its methylated analogues in lichens. Chemical properties The reindeer lichen Cladonia stellaris is one species from which perlatolic acid has been isolated. Perlatolic acid is a lichen product with the molecular formula C25H32O7 (relative molecular mass 444.51). It forms needle-like crystals from methanol–water mixtures and melts at about 107–108 °C. In simple microchemical tests, ethanolic solutions of the acid give a violet colour with ferric chloride, indicating phenolic hydroxyl groups. In alcoholic solution, perlatolic acid undergoes alcoholysis to give 2,4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid together with a series of alkyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoates and the phenolic fragment 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-pentylbenzene (olivetol). In a study of Cladina macaronesica, the authors cautioned that some simpler phenolics may be artefacts formed by degradation of perlatolic acid during processing, and they experimentally converted perlatolic acid into mono-aryl products by refluxing it with silica gel in benzene, consistent with its "great lability". Perlatolic acid has a very low first dissociation constant (pKa1 = 2.7; measured in methanol), and its occurrence in several lichen species has been linked to growth on strongly acidic substrata and tolerance of acidic air pollution. Its ultraviolet spectrum in methanol shows absorption maxima in the near-ultraviolet region, and infrared spectra display bands consistent with aromatic rings, hydroxyl groups and carboxylic or ester carbonyl functions. Proton and carbon-13 NMR data obtained in deuterated dimethyl sulphoxide and acetone reveal signals from a methoxy group, several aliphatic methylene units and an aromatic system bearing oxygenated substituents. The mass spectrum shows multiple fragment peaks; the base peak is at m/z 164. Perlatolic acid can be converted into the dimethyl ether	Perlatolic acid Lichen-derived depside Chemical compound Perlatolic acid is a lichen secondary metabolite belonging to the depside class. It has been reported from several lichens, including species in the family Parmeliaceae and reindeer lichens such as Cladonia stellaris. The compound has a low first dissociation constant, which has been linked to the ability of some perlatolic acid-containing lichens to persist on very acidic substrates and under acidic air pollution. In laboratory studies, perlatolic acid derivatives have shown phytotoxic/herbicidal effects, and perlatolic acid itself has shown in vitro antiviral activity against human coronaviruses. Occurrence Perlatolic acid is a phenolic depside found in several Parmeliaceae lichens. It has been documented in Canoparmelia pustulifera and Cetrelia monachorum, where it occurs as part of the species' secondary metabolite profile. Perlatolic acid has also been isolated from some reindeer lichens, including Cladina confusa, Cladonia stellaris, and Cladina macaronesica. In Cladonia stellaris, usnic acid is concentrated in the outermost layer, whereas perlatolic acid occurs in the medulla. In a climate-chamber experiment simulating a growing season, an ambient +4 °C warming treatment reduced perlatolic acid concentration in Cladonia stellaris by about 14% relative to ambient conditions. Across the experiment, perlatolic acid concentrations declined to roughly 70–80% of the starting value, which the authors discuss as potentially consistent with dilution from growth and low or absent synthesis under the chamber conditions. Earlier growth-cabinet experiments with thallus fragments of Cladonia stellaris likewise found that perlatolic acid concentration depended on light availability: levels were similar to controls under high light, but decreased significantly under lower illumination, whereas usnic acid showed no significant change across the same treatments. Synthesis Perlatolic acid has been prepared synthetically as part of a wider study on para-olivetol depsides. In this work, olivetolcarboxylic acid (2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid) was converted into suitably protected phenolic building blocks by benzylating the phenolic and carboxy groups. The depside linkage was then formed by condensing a benzyl ester of olivetolcarboxylic acid with a related methoxy-substituted benzoic acid using trifluoroacetic anhydride as the coupling reagent, giving a benzyl-protected perlatolic ester (benzyl perlatolate). Final removal of the benzyl protecting groups by catalytic hydrogenolysis over palladium on carbon afforded perlatolic acid in high yield. The same protecting-group strategy allowed the author to obtain a series of related olivetol-derived depsides, including anziaic, imbricaric and planaic acids, as well as the mono-O-methyl derivatives 2-O-methylperlatolic acid and 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid. Comparison of the synthetic products with natural material by melting point, thin-layer chromatography and spectroscopic data confirmed the structure of perlatolic acid and provided reference compounds for chromatographic identification of its methylated analogues in lichens. Chemical properties The reindeer lichen Cladonia stellaris is one species from which perlatolic acid has been isolated. Perlatolic acid is a lichen product with the molecular formula C25H32O7 (relative molecular mass 444.51). It forms needle-like crystals from methanol–water mixtures and melts at about 107–108 °C. In simple microchemical tests, ethanolic solutions of the acid give a violet colour with ferric chloride, indicating phenolic hydroxyl groups. In alcoholic solution, perlatolic acid undergoes alcoholysis to give 2,4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid together with a series of alkyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoates and the phenolic fragment 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-pentylbenzene (olivetol). In a study of Cladina macaronesica, the authors cautioned that some simpler phenolics may be artefacts formed by degradation of perlatolic acid during processing, and they experimentally converted perlatolic acid into mono-aryl products by refluxing it with silica gel in benzene, consistent with its "great lability". Perlatolic acid has a very low first dissociation constant (pKa1 = 2.7; measured in methanol), and its occurrence in several lichen species has been linked to growth on strongly acidic substrata and tolerance of acidic air pollution. Its ultraviolet spectrum in methanol shows absorption maxima in the near-ultraviolet region, and infrared spectra display bands consistent with aromatic rings, hydroxyl groups and carboxylic or ester carbonyl functions. Proton and carbon-13 NMR data obtained in deuterated dimethyl sulphoxide and acetone reveal signals from a methoxy group, several aliphatic methylene units and an aromatic system bearing oxygenated substituents. The mass spectrum shows multiple fragment peaks; the base peak is at m/z 164. Perlatolic acid can be converted into the dimethyl ether methyl di-O-methylperlatolate by treatment with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate; this derivative crystallises from methanol as needles melting at about 57 °C and is convenient for further analytical work. Under dry heating conditions perlatolic acid decomposes above its melting point. In a comparative study of lichen depsides, heating solid perlatolic acid at about 160 °C for 1 h gave a mixture of olivetol, the bis-olivetol derivative anziol, and the ether 2'-O-methylperlatolol as identifiable products of the pyrolysate. In the same work, measurements of carbon dioxide evolution showed that perlatolic acid decarboxylates more slowly than lecanoric, evernic, planaic and sekikaic acids under comparable conditions, indicating relatively low thermal lability among this series of depsides. Biological activity Perlatolic acid and several simple esters derived from it have been tested for phytotoxic and potential herbicidal effects. In germination and seedling assays using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and onion (Allium cepa), perlatolic acid itself showed only low inhibition of germination, whereas some of its alkyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoate derivatives caused marked reductions in root and shoot growth. In particular, the iso-propyl and sec-butyl esters reduced root and hypocotyl elongation and dry mass in lettuce seedlings, while the n-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl esters delayed germination and inhibited root and coleoptile growth in onion to an extent comparable with commercial herbicides used as positive controls in the same bioassays. The authors proposed these esters as model molecules for the development of natural herbicides targeting dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weeds. In cell-culture screening against human coronaviruses, perlatolic acid showed antiviral activity against HCoV-229E, with micromolar inhibitory concentrations and no detectable toxicity at active doses; time-of-addition experiments indicated that inhibition occurred after virus entry, consistent with an effect on a post-inoculation (replication-associated) step. It was also active against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, producing a dose-dependent reduction in infection without obvious toxicity.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T17:45:17Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlatolic_acid	{"title": "Perlatolic acid", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T17:45:17Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:05Z"}
Diane Wilson (author) Diane Wilson is a Native American (Rosebud Sioux/Mdewakanton) writer known for her 2006 novel Spirit Car: Journey to a Dakota Past and her 2021 novel The Seed Keeper. Both books won Minnesota Book Awards. Career Wilson's first book was Spirit Car: Journey to a Dakota Past, published in 2006. It won the Minnesota Book Award, and was selected for the 2012 One Minneapolis One Read program. Wilson served as an editor for Minnesota Literature. She has received awards from the Bush Foundation, the Jerome Foundation, the East Central Regional Arts Council, and more. Her second book, Beloved Child: A Dakota Way of Life was recognized by the Minnesota State Arts Board and the Ragdale Artist Residency. It also won the 2012 Barbara Sudler Award from History Colorado. Wilson served as the executive director for the Native American Food Sovereignty Alliance which works to create sovereign food systems for Native people, as well as for the organization Dream of Wild Health. Her experience with indigenous foods and GMO seeds featured in her third novel. Her third book, The Seed Keeper, was published in 2021 and weaved the story of four native women between 1862 and 2002. Her experience participating in the Dakota Commemorative March, which is a 50-mile journey honoring the Dakota people forcibly removed from Minnesota following the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, and hearing the stories of women sewing seeds into the hems of their skirts on the journey inspired the book. The cover of the book was designed by Dakota artist Holly Young.The Seed Keeper received the 2022 Minnesota Book Award for Fiction and was a 2025-26 NEA Big Read selection. She has also won a 50 Over 50 Award from Pollen/Midwest. Wilson has published essays on seed advocacy, food sovereignty, social justice, and cultural recovery in various anthologies and environmental publications. Personal life Wilson is of Mdewakanton descent and enrolled on the Rosebud Reservation. Her great-great grandmother was Dakota woman Rosalie Marpiya Mase who married French-Canadian fur trader Louis LaCroix. Wilson's mother spent time at a South Dakota boarding school. She is also of Swedish-American heritage. She grew up in Golden Valley and now lives in Shafer. Her late husband was Jim Denomie, who was an award-winning painter and member of the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Ojibwe. Her land includes a tamarack bog. Bibliography Spirit Car: Journey to a Dakota Past (2006) Beloved Child: A Dakota Way of Life (2011) Ella Cara Deloria: Dakota Language Protector (2020) The Seed Keeper (2021) Further reading Understanding ourselves through seeds in Diane Wilson's novel from Iowa Public Radio Listen: Diane Wilson from the Walker Art Center Off the Shelf: Diane Wilson from the Friends of the Hennepin County Library Telling Native Stories with Diane Wilson from Understand Native Minnesota	Diane Wilson (author) Diane Wilson is a Native American (Rosebud Sioux/Mdewakanton) writer known for her 2006 novel Spirit Car: Journey to a Dakota Past and her 2021 novel The Seed Keeper. Both books won Minnesota Book Awards. Career Wilson's first book was Spirit Car: Journey to a Dakota Past, published in 2006. It won the Minnesota Book Award, and was selected for the 2012 One Minneapolis One Read program. Wilson served as an editor for Minnesota Literature. She has received awards from the Bush Foundation, the Jerome Foundation, the East Central Regional Arts Council, and more. Her second book, Beloved Child: A Dakota Way of Life was recognized by the Minnesota State Arts Board and the Ragdale Artist Residency. It also won the 2012 Barbara Sudler Award from History Colorado. Wilson served as the executive director for the Native American Food Sovereignty Alliance which works to create sovereign food systems for Native people, as well as for the organization Dream of Wild Health. Her experience with indigenous foods and GMO seeds featured in her third novel. Her third book, The Seed Keeper, was published in 2021 and weaved the story of four native women between 1862 and 2002. Her experience participating in the Dakota Commemorative March, which is a 50-mile journey honoring the Dakota people forcibly removed from Minnesota following the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, and hearing the stories of women sewing seeds into the hems of their skirts on the journey inspired the book. The cover of the book was designed by Dakota artist Holly Young.The Seed Keeper received the 2022 Minnesota Book Award for Fiction and was a 2025-26 NEA Big Read selection. She has also won a 50 Over 50 Award from Pollen/Midwest. Wilson has published essays on seed advocacy, food sovereignty, social justice, and cultural recovery in various anthologies and environmental publications. Personal life Wilson is of Mdewakanton descent and enrolled on the Rosebud Reservation. Her great-great grandmother was Dakota woman Rosalie Marpiya Mase who married French-Canadian fur trader Louis LaCroix. Wilson's mother spent time at a South Dakota boarding school. She is also of Swedish-American heritage. She grew up in Golden Valley and now lives in Shafer. Her late husband was Jim Denomie, who was an award-winning painter and member of the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Ojibwe. Her land includes a tamarack bog. Bibliography Spirit Car: Journey to a Dakota Past (2006) Beloved Child: A Dakota Way of Life (2011) Ella Cara Deloria: Dakota Language Protector (2020) The Seed Keeper (2021) Further reading Understanding ourselves through seeds in Diane Wilson's novel from Iowa Public Radio Listen: Diane Wilson from the Walker Art Center Off the Shelf: Diane Wilson from the Friends of the Hennepin County Library Telling Native Stories with Diane Wilson from Understand Native Minnesota	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T17:43:37Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Wilson_(author)	{"title": "Diane Wilson (author)", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T17:43:37Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:05Z"}
Xavier Smalls American actor Xavier Smalls (born November 7, 1997) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Angel in the Netflix series, Beauty in Black. Early life and background Smalls was born in Los Angeles, California, US on November 7, 1997. He is originally from Sacramento, US. He attended Sacramento State University where he majored in biology and minored in chemistry, and then business and real estate before proceeding to Sacramento City College, where he studied theater acting. He furthered his acting career at William Esper Studio in New York City. He played a role in the shirt film, Shelf Life. In 2023, he worked part time at Arden Fair. Personal life Smalls proposed to makeup artist Vanessa Martinez in August 2025. They had their wedding on December 7, 2024 in Mexico. The couple have a daughter. Filmography Television Beauty in Black (2024–2025) Madea's Destination Wedding (2025), as Zavier Short films Shelf Life (2024) Picture Perfect (2025) Theater Pipeline (Celebration Arts) She Kills Monsters	Xavier Smalls American actor Xavier Smalls (born November 7, 1997) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Angel in the Netflix series, Beauty in Black. Early life and background Smalls was born in Los Angeles, California, US on November 7, 1997. He is originally from Sacramento, US. He attended Sacramento State University where he majored in biology and minored in chemistry, and then business and real estate before proceeding to Sacramento City College, where he studied theater acting. He furthered his acting career at William Esper Studio in New York City. He played a role in the shirt film, Shelf Life. In 2023, he worked part time at Arden Fair. Personal life Smalls proposed to makeup artist Vanessa Martinez in August 2025. They had their wedding on December 7, 2024 in Mexico. The couple have a daughter. Filmography Television Beauty in Black (2024–2025) Madea's Destination Wedding (2025), as Zavier Short films Shelf Life (2024) Picture Perfect (2025) Theater Pipeline (Celebration Arts) She Kills Monsters	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T17:30:21Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Smalls	{"title": "Xavier Smalls", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T17:30:21Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:06Z"}
Raquel Sans Raquel Sans y Guerra (Valls, 9 June 1980) is a Catalan journalist and politician who has been the First Vice-President of the Parliament of Catalonia since 10 June 2024. Biography Born in Valls, she holds a degree in journalism from the Autonomous University of Barcelona and a master's degree in social and labor journalism from the same higher education institution. She has been a journalist for Diari de Tarragona and TAC 12, a presenter of the program Quarts de nou on Catalan Television, a cultural management technician at the Tarragona City Council and an associate professor at the Rovira i Virgili University. She has lived in Tarragona for several years. In the 2017 Catalan parliamentary election, Sans was the sixth ERC-Catalunya Sí candidate in the Tarragona constituency as an independent candidate. She was not elected, but in July 2018, when Óscar Peres became a member of parliament from Vall d’Aran, she was appointed as the government representative in Tarragona. In the 2021 Catalan parliamentary election, Sans led the Republican Left of Catalonia's candidacy in the Tarragona constituency and served as a member of the Catalan Parliament in the 12th legislature. He led the Republican Left of Catalonia candidacy in the 2024 Catalan parliamentary election for the Tarragona constituency.	Raquel Sans Raquel Sans y Guerra (Valls, 9 June 1980) is a Catalan journalist and politician who has been the First Vice-President of the Parliament of Catalonia since 10 June 2024. Biography Born in Valls, she holds a degree in journalism from the Autonomous University of Barcelona and a master's degree in social and labor journalism from the same higher education institution. She has been a journalist for Diari de Tarragona and TAC 12, a presenter of the program Quarts de nou on Catalan Television, a cultural management technician at the Tarragona City Council and an associate professor at the Rovira i Virgili University. She has lived in Tarragona for several years. In the 2017 Catalan parliamentary election, Sans was the sixth ERC-Catalunya Sí candidate in the Tarragona constituency as an independent candidate. She was not elected, but in July 2018, when Óscar Peres became a member of parliament from Vall d’Aran, she was appointed as the government representative in Tarragona. In the 2021 Catalan parliamentary election, Sans led the Republican Left of Catalonia's candidacy in the Tarragona constituency and served as a member of the Catalan Parliament in the 12th legislature. He led the Republican Left of Catalonia candidacy in the 2024 Catalan parliamentary election for the Tarragona constituency.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T17:20:46Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_Sans	{"title": "Raquel Sans", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T17:20:46Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:07Z"}
Havapoo Dog crossbreed Dog breed The Havapoo (also known as Poovanese, Havadoodle, or Havanese-Poodle mix) is a small designer dog produced by crossing a Havanese with a Poodle (usually Toy or Miniature Poodle). Developed in the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, it is one of many intentional Poodle hybrids bred primarily as affectionate, low-shedding companion dogs. The Havapoo is not recognized as a standardized breed by major kennel clubs such as the American Kennel Club (AKC), United Kennel Club (UKC), or Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). History Havapoos emerged in the United States during the 1990s and 2000s alongside other popular Poodle hybrids such as the Labradoodle and Goldendoodle. Breeders sought to combine the cheerful, people-oriented temperament of the Havanese with the intelligence and low-shedding coat of the Poodle. Characteristics Havapoos typically stand 8–15 in (20–38 cm) at the shoulder and weigh 7–20 lb (3.2–9.1 kg), though some individuals reach up to 30 lb. Coat types range from curly (Poodle-like) to wavy or silky (Havanese-like). Common colors include black, white, cream, chocolate, red, apricot, sable, silver, parti-color, phantom, and brindle. While often marketed as hypoallergenic, no dog is completely hypoallergenic; Havapoos generally shed very little and produce lower levels of the allergen Can f 1. Generations F1: 50% Havanese × 50% Poodle F1B: F1 Havapoo backcrossed to a Poodle (most consistently curly and low-shedding) Multigenerational: Havapoo × Havapoo Temperament Havapoos are generally affectionate, playful, sociable, and intelligent. They tend to get along well with children and other pets when properly socialized and are known for adaptability to apartment living. Health Potential inherited conditions include patellar luxation, progressive retinal atrophy, heart issues, Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, and dental problems. Responsible breeders perform health testing on parent dogs through organizations such as the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). Average lifespan is 12–16 years. Care Regular grooming (brushing several times weekly and professional grooming every 4–8 weeks) is required. Early socialization and positive-reinforcement training are recommended.	Havapoo Dog crossbreed Dog breed The Havapoo (also known as Poovanese, Havadoodle, or Havanese-Poodle mix) is a small designer dog produced by crossing a Havanese with a Poodle (usually Toy or Miniature Poodle). Developed in the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, it is one of many intentional Poodle hybrids bred primarily as affectionate, low-shedding companion dogs. The Havapoo is not recognized as a standardized breed by major kennel clubs such as the American Kennel Club (AKC), United Kennel Club (UKC), or Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). History Havapoos emerged in the United States during the 1990s and 2000s alongside other popular Poodle hybrids such as the Labradoodle and Goldendoodle. Breeders sought to combine the cheerful, people-oriented temperament of the Havanese with the intelligence and low-shedding coat of the Poodle. Characteristics Havapoos typically stand 8–15 in (20–38 cm) at the shoulder and weigh 7–20 lb (3.2–9.1 kg), though some individuals reach up to 30 lb. Coat types range from curly (Poodle-like) to wavy or silky (Havanese-like). Common colors include black, white, cream, chocolate, red, apricot, sable, silver, parti-color, phantom, and brindle. While often marketed as hypoallergenic, no dog is completely hypoallergenic; Havapoos generally shed very little and produce lower levels of the allergen Can f 1. Generations F1: 50% Havanese × 50% Poodle F1B: F1 Havapoo backcrossed to a Poodle (most consistently curly and low-shedding) Multigenerational: Havapoo × Havapoo Temperament Havapoos are generally affectionate, playful, sociable, and intelligent. They tend to get along well with children and other pets when properly socialized and are known for adaptability to apartment living. Health Potential inherited conditions include patellar luxation, progressive retinal atrophy, heart issues, Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, and dental problems. Responsible breeders perform health testing on parent dogs through organizations such as the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). Average lifespan is 12–16 years. Care Regular grooming (brushing several times weekly and professional grooming every 4–8 weeks) is required. Early socialization and positive-reinforcement training are recommended.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T17:07:47Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havapoo	{"title": "Havapoo", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T17:07:47Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:07Z"}
Bubzia German speedrunner and streamer Bubzia is a German speedrunner and video game livestreamer known for completing blindfolded speedruns of several video games, most notably the 1996 platform game Super Mario 64, for which he has set multiple world records. Career According to Bubzia, he began speedrunning video games while blindfolded in 2017. In August 2020, Bubzia was interviewed by Shacknews prior to participating in that year's Games Done Quick charity marathon, attempting the "Break the Targets" game mode from the 1999 crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. while blindfolded. As part of Games Done Quick 2021, Bubzia completed the entirety of the 1996 platform game Super Mario 64 while blindfolded, relying on musical cues and sound effects for timing. Bubzia used a GameCube controller for most of the run, though switched to a Wii Remote near the end of the game. In December 2021, Bubzia broke his own world record for completing Super Mario 64 with 70 Power Stars while blindfolded, finishing in 1 hour, 44 minutes, and 28 seconds. Just a few days later, Bubzia beat the game with only one Power Star while blindfolded, finishing in 24 minutes and 16 seconds. On May 8, 2022, Bubzia became the first person to collect all 120 Power Stars in Super Mario 64 and beat the game while blindfolded, using only audio cues and muscle memory to do so. He had practiced the run every day for more than a year and unsuccessfully attempted it twice earlier in 2022. Bubzia finished the run in 11 hours, 22 minutes, and 43 seconds, having estimated that it would take around 15 hours to complete. According to Guinness World Records, Bubzia began training in March 2021 and put in around 700 hours of practice and failed attempts. In October 2022, Bubzia broke the world record for blindfolded speedrunning the 1998 action-adventure game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time with a time of 12 minutes and 57 seconds, utilizing a glitch that replaces the player character Link's ocarina with an ignited stick. In October 2024, Bubzia set the world record for Super Mario 64's blindfolded 16-Star category, finishing in 19 minutes and 43 seconds. Bubzia had practiced for 118 days to complete the challenge in less than 20 minutes, having previously set the world record of 22 minutes and 23 seconds. The following month, Bubzia attempted to complete the same challenge with a dance pad, using a standard game controller only to move the camera and pause the game. He called off the challenge after beating the first battle against Bowser, which took more than 3 hours and 33 minutes. On February 10, 2021, Bubzia's webcam abruptly turned off during an attempt to beat his own Super Mario 64 70-Star world record, making his run invalid. Due to being blindfolded, Bubzia did not realize that his webcam had broken until he finished the run, which ended up taking almost a full minute longer than his record time. That same month, Bubzia broke three blindfolded Super Mario 64 speedrun world records within four days, beating the 1-Star, 31-Star, and 70-Star categories. On March 19, 2025, Bubzia completed Super Mario 64's blindfolded 70-Star challenge with a time of 1 hour, 16 minutes, and 41 seconds, breaking his previous world record for the category by more than three and a half minutes. In July 2025, Bubzia achieved the fastest blindfolded Super Mario 64 run of all time, setting a 1-Star world record of 10 minutes and 32 seconds. Reception Reporting on his blindfolded Super Mario 64 120-Star run, Hideaki Fujiwara of Automaton wrote that Bubzia "is considered a stalwart veteran in the field of blindfolded speedruns", praising "the precise adjustment of his location to the ability to stay composed and recover from his mistakes".	Bubzia German speedrunner and streamer Bubzia is a German speedrunner and video game livestreamer known for completing blindfolded speedruns of several video games, most notably the 1996 platform game Super Mario 64, for which he has set multiple world records. Career According to Bubzia, he began speedrunning video games while blindfolded in 2017. In August 2020, Bubzia was interviewed by Shacknews prior to participating in that year's Games Done Quick charity marathon, attempting the "Break the Targets" game mode from the 1999 crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. while blindfolded. As part of Games Done Quick 2021, Bubzia completed the entirety of the 1996 platform game Super Mario 64 while blindfolded, relying on musical cues and sound effects for timing. Bubzia used a GameCube controller for most of the run, though switched to a Wii Remote near the end of the game. In December 2021, Bubzia broke his own world record for completing Super Mario 64 with 70 Power Stars while blindfolded, finishing in 1 hour, 44 minutes, and 28 seconds. Just a few days later, Bubzia beat the game with only one Power Star while blindfolded, finishing in 24 minutes and 16 seconds. On May 8, 2022, Bubzia became the first person to collect all 120 Power Stars in Super Mario 64 and beat the game while blindfolded, using only audio cues and muscle memory to do so. He had practiced the run every day for more than a year and unsuccessfully attempted it twice earlier in 2022. Bubzia finished the run in 11 hours, 22 minutes, and 43 seconds, having estimated that it would take around 15 hours to complete. According to Guinness World Records, Bubzia began training in March 2021 and put in around 700 hours of practice and failed attempts. In October 2022, Bubzia broke the world record for blindfolded speedrunning the 1998 action-adventure game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time with a time of 12 minutes and 57 seconds, utilizing a glitch that replaces the player character Link's ocarina with an ignited stick. In October 2024, Bubzia set the world record for Super Mario 64's blindfolded 16-Star category, finishing in 19 minutes and 43 seconds. Bubzia had practiced for 118 days to complete the challenge in less than 20 minutes, having previously set the world record of 22 minutes and 23 seconds. The following month, Bubzia attempted to complete the same challenge with a dance pad, using a standard game controller only to move the camera and pause the game. He called off the challenge after beating the first battle against Bowser, which took more than 3 hours and 33 minutes. On February 10, 2021, Bubzia's webcam abruptly turned off during an attempt to beat his own Super Mario 64 70-Star world record, making his run invalid. Due to being blindfolded, Bubzia did not realize that his webcam had broken until he finished the run, which ended up taking almost a full minute longer than his record time. That same month, Bubzia broke three blindfolded Super Mario 64 speedrun world records within four days, beating the 1-Star, 31-Star, and 70-Star categories. On March 19, 2025, Bubzia completed Super Mario 64's blindfolded 70-Star challenge with a time of 1 hour, 16 minutes, and 41 seconds, breaking his previous world record for the category by more than three and a half minutes. In July 2025, Bubzia achieved the fastest blindfolded Super Mario 64 run of all time, setting a 1-Star world record of 10 minutes and 32 seconds. Reception Reporting on his blindfolded Super Mario 64 120-Star run, Hideaki Fujiwara of Automaton wrote that Bubzia "is considered a stalwart veteran in the field of blindfolded speedruns", praising "the precise adjustment of his location to the ability to stay composed and recover from his mistakes".	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:54:25Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubzia	{"title": "Bubzia", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:54:25Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:08Z"}
Post Saga American indie rock and pop band Post Saga is an American indie rock and pop band from Northeast Ohio that combines elements of indie rock, pop, jazz and alternative styles. The group has been active in the regional music scene since the late 2010s and has released multiple recordings while performing throughout Ohio. History Post Saga was formed in 2017 by frontwoman, vocalist and songwriter Danna O’Connor along with a group of musician friends in Northeast Ohio. Early coverage described the band as drawing from funk, pop, jazz and rock influences as they began writing and performing original material as well as covers. "The name means 'post-story' and was inspired by O’Connor’s songwriting, which serves as a way to record her life experiences and share them with others after the fact." Live Performances Post Saga performs regularly throughout Ohio and the surrounding region. They are active on the Northeast Ohio live music circuit and have played at venues including Beachland Tavern in Cleveland. The band’s shows have been noted for their energy and appeal across a variety of audiences, reflecting the group’s diverse musical influences. Musical Style Post Saga’s music has been described by local press as drawing from a range of genres with arrangements that feature a mix of traditional rock instruments and horns.	Post Saga American indie rock and pop band Post Saga is an American indie rock and pop band from Northeast Ohio that combines elements of indie rock, pop, jazz and alternative styles. The group has been active in the regional music scene since the late 2010s and has released multiple recordings while performing throughout Ohio. History Post Saga was formed in 2017 by frontwoman, vocalist and songwriter Danna O’Connor along with a group of musician friends in Northeast Ohio. Early coverage described the band as drawing from funk, pop, jazz and rock influences as they began writing and performing original material as well as covers. "The name means 'post-story' and was inspired by O’Connor’s songwriting, which serves as a way to record her life experiences and share them with others after the fact." Live Performances Post Saga performs regularly throughout Ohio and the surrounding region. They are active on the Northeast Ohio live music circuit and have played at venues including Beachland Tavern in Cleveland. The band’s shows have been noted for their energy and appeal across a variety of audiences, reflecting the group’s diverse musical influences. Musical Style Post Saga’s music has been described by local press as drawing from a range of genres with arrangements that feature a mix of traditional rock instruments and horns.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:44:48Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Saga	{"title": "Post Saga", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:44:48Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:12Z"}
Bacalhau à Narcisa (restaurant) Portuguese restaurant Bacalhau à Narcisa (Portuguese pronunciation: , meaning "salt cod in the style of Narcisa") was a traditional restaurant in the city of Braga, Portugal, founded in 1930 and closed in 2008. It became nationally known for its tavern-like atmosphere, where, for about a century, the traditional Bacalhau à Narcisa was served. The restaurant specialized in preparing cod (bacalhau), which was fried in olive oil in a full pan, served with sliced fried potatoes and accompanied by red or white Vinho Verde. Despite the name, the recipe was created by Dona Eusébia (who died in 1972), who kept the name of the tavern that had belonged to a certain Narcisa. Due to her advanced age, Narcisa could not continue running the business and handed it over to Dona Eusébia and her husband, Félix Ferreira Valença, in the mid-1930s. This restaurant was considered by the Lusa News Agency as "one of the most emblematic in Braga." It is said to have been visited by famous figures such as the fado singer Amália Rodrigues and the actress Beatriz Costa, due to the renown of its cod dish. A namesake restaurant in its honor opened on June 11, 2025, on Rua de São Domingos, near the site of the original establishment at Largo de Monte de Arcos, both in the parish of São Victor, Braga. At the same reopening location, Restaurante à Narcisa operated from 2022 to 2025, also paying tribute to the original establishment.	Bacalhau à Narcisa (restaurant) Portuguese restaurant Bacalhau à Narcisa (Portuguese pronunciation: , meaning "salt cod in the style of Narcisa") was a traditional restaurant in the city of Braga, Portugal, founded in 1930 and closed in 2008. It became nationally known for its tavern-like atmosphere, where, for about a century, the traditional Bacalhau à Narcisa was served. The restaurant specialized in preparing cod (bacalhau), which was fried in olive oil in a full pan, served with sliced fried potatoes and accompanied by red or white Vinho Verde. Despite the name, the recipe was created by Dona Eusébia (who died in 1972), who kept the name of the tavern that had belonged to a certain Narcisa. Due to her advanced age, Narcisa could not continue running the business and handed it over to Dona Eusébia and her husband, Félix Ferreira Valença, in the mid-1930s. This restaurant was considered by the Lusa News Agency as "one of the most emblematic in Braga." It is said to have been visited by famous figures such as the fado singer Amália Rodrigues and the actress Beatriz Costa, due to the renown of its cod dish. A namesake restaurant in its honor opened on June 11, 2025, on Rua de São Domingos, near the site of the original establishment at Largo de Monte de Arcos, both in the parish of São Victor, Braga. At the same reopening location, Restaurante à Narcisa operated from 2022 to 2025, also paying tribute to the original establishment.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:31:20Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacalhau_à_Narcisa_(restaurant)	{"title": "Bacalhau à Narcisa (restaurant)", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:31:20Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:13Z"}
2026 Club Deportivo Universidad Católica season 86th season in existence of Club Deportivo Universidad Católica Universidad Católica 2026 football season The 2026 Club Deportivo Universidad Católica season is the 86th season and the club's 52th consecutive season in the top flight of Chilean football. In addition to the domestic league, Universidad Católica also competed in the Copa Chile, Copa de la Liga de Chile, Supercopa de Chile and the Copa Libertadores. Squad As of December 2025 Contracts and transfers New contracts Transfers in Transfers out Loans in Loans out Kits Supplier: Puma / Sponsor: Banco BICE / Sleeve sponsor: 1xBet, Sodimac, Samsung and Fortinet. Kit information This is Puma's third year supplying Universidad Católica kit, having taken over from Under Armour at the beginning of the 2024 season. Home: The club revealed their new home kit for the 2026 season on 12 December 2025. The kit uses Universidad Católica's traditional colours of blue and white. The shirt has a white body and sleeves and is complemented by blue shorts and white socks. Competitions Overview Last updated: December 2025 Source: Soccerway Primera Division Main article: 2026 Liga de Primera League table First match(es) will be played: 30 January 2026. Source: Campeonato ChilenoRules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Playoff game (only if needed to decide championship between two teams), 3) Goal difference, 4) Matches won, 5) Goals for, 6) Away goals for, 7) Red cards, 8) Yellow cards, 9) Drawing of lots. Results summary Source: Primera Division Results by round Source: Primera DivisionA = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss; F = Free round Copa Chile Main article: 2026 Copa Chile Copa de la Liga de Chile Main article: 2026 Copa de la Liga de Chile Supercopa de Chile Main article: 2026 Supercopa de Chile The tournament feature the winners and runners-up of the 2025 Liga de Primera and 2025 Copa Chile. Semi-finals Universidad Católica v Huachipato Copa Libertadores Main article: 2026 Copa Libertadores Universidad Católica will enter the competition in the group stage. The draw was held on March 20256.	2026 Club Deportivo Universidad Católica season 86th season in existence of Club Deportivo Universidad Católica Universidad Católica 2026 football season The 2026 Club Deportivo Universidad Católica season is the 86th season and the club's 52th consecutive season in the top flight of Chilean football. In addition to the domestic league, Universidad Católica also competed in the Copa Chile, Copa de la Liga de Chile, Supercopa de Chile and the Copa Libertadores. Squad As of December 2025 Contracts and transfers New contracts Transfers in Transfers out Loans in Loans out Kits Supplier: Puma / Sponsor: Banco BICE / Sleeve sponsor: 1xBet, Sodimac, Samsung and Fortinet. Kit information This is Puma's third year supplying Universidad Católica kit, having taken over from Under Armour at the beginning of the 2024 season. Home: The club revealed their new home kit for the 2026 season on 12 December 2025. The kit uses Universidad Católica's traditional colours of blue and white. The shirt has a white body and sleeves and is complemented by blue shorts and white socks. Competitions Overview Last updated: December 2025 Source: Soccerway Primera Division Main article: 2026 Liga de Primera League table First match(es) will be played: 30 January 2026. Source: Campeonato ChilenoRules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Playoff game (only if needed to decide championship between two teams), 3) Goal difference, 4) Matches won, 5) Goals for, 6) Away goals for, 7) Red cards, 8) Yellow cards, 9) Drawing of lots. Results summary Source: Primera Division Results by round Source: Primera DivisionA = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss; F = Free round Copa Chile Main article: 2026 Copa Chile Copa de la Liga de Chile Main article: 2026 Copa de la Liga de Chile Supercopa de Chile Main article: 2026 Supercopa de Chile The tournament feature the winners and runners-up of the 2025 Liga de Primera and 2025 Copa Chile. Semi-finals Universidad Católica v Huachipato Copa Libertadores Main article: 2026 Copa Libertadores Universidad Católica will enter the competition in the group stage. The draw was held on March 20256.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:31:46Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Club_Deportivo_Universidad_Católica_season	{"title": "2026 Club Deportivo Universidad Católica season", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:31:46Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:14Z"}
Clayton Jones (judge) American judge Clayton Jones Jr. is an American judge. He serves as the chief judge of Durham County’s District Court. Following his arrest in December 2025, Jones has been temporarily replaced as chief judge by Doretta L. Walker. Career Jones is a member of the North Carolina Democratic Party. He was first elected to office in 2018. Jones serves as a judge for the fifth seat of North Carolina's 16th Judicial District. He assumed office on January 1, 2024. He ran for re-election for judge of the 14th Judicial District and won the election on November 8, 2022. Following his arrest in December 2025, Jones has been temporarily replaced as chief judge by Doretta L. Walker, a fellow district court judge. Personal life Jones was arrested by the Durham Police on December 8, 2025 and charged with one count of assault on a woman and one misdemeanor count of domestic violence. He had already been under a domestic violence protective order in Wake County. He was released on a $500 bond and the case will be heard in a Guilford County court on January 15, 2026.	Clayton Jones (judge) American judge Clayton Jones Jr. is an American judge. He serves as the chief judge of Durham County’s District Court. Following his arrest in December 2025, Jones has been temporarily replaced as chief judge by Doretta L. Walker. Career Jones is a member of the North Carolina Democratic Party. He was first elected to office in 2018. Jones serves as a judge for the fifth seat of North Carolina's 16th Judicial District. He assumed office on January 1, 2024. He ran for re-election for judge of the 14th Judicial District and won the election on November 8, 2022. Following his arrest in December 2025, Jones has been temporarily replaced as chief judge by Doretta L. Walker, a fellow district court judge. Personal life Jones was arrested by the Durham Police on December 8, 2025 and charged with one count of assault on a woman and one misdemeanor count of domestic violence. He had already been under a domestic violence protective order in Wake County. He was released on a $500 bond and the case will be heard in a Guilford County court on January 15, 2026.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:26:32Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Jones_(judge)	{"title": "Clayton Jones (judge)", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:26:32Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:15Z"}
Ardito Wijaya Ardito Wijaya ( (1980-01-23) 23 January 1980 (age 45)) is an Indonesian doctor and politician who served as the Regent of Central Lampung for the 2025–2030 term. Previously, he served as the Vice Regent of Central Lampung for the 2021–2025 term. Before entering politics, Ardito was a doctor who graduated from Trisakti University. After becoming a doctor, he continued his postgraduate program at Universitas Mitra Indonesia with a Master of Public Health (M.K.M.) degree. On December 12, 2025, Ardito was arrested by the police on suspicion of corruption amounting to 12.8 billion rupiah, consisting of land and buildings, transportation equipment, and cash, leading to his dishonorable discharge. Early life and education Ardito Wijaya was born in Bandar Jaya, Central Lampung on January 23, 1980. He is the son of Ahmad Pairin, the former Regent of Central Lampung and former mayor of Metro. As the child of a local political figure, Ardito grew up in an environment closely related to public service and government. Ardito completed his basic education at SD Kristen 3 Bandar Jaya (1986–1992), then continued to SMP Negeri 10 Bandar Jaya and SMA Negeri 1 Terbanggi Besar, where he graduated in 1998. He then pursued higher education at the Faculty of Medicine of Trisakti University, Jakarta, and earned the title of Doctor (dr.) in 2008. Ardito then continued his postgraduate studies at Universitas Mitra Indonesia and graduated with a Master of Health Public Health (M.K.M) degree in 2024. Personal life Ardito Wijaya is married to Indria Sudrajat. From this marriage, they have two sons. Outside of his busy schedule as a public official, Ardito is known as an individual who is active in social activities and community engagement, and maintains closeness with various local communities in Central Lampung Regency. Career Professional career Ardito began his career as a young doctor at the Community health center (Puskesmas) in Seputih Surabaya (2010–2011), and then at Puskesmas Rumbia (2011–2012). He later served as the head of the Division of Control and Communicable Disease Eradication (Kabid P2PL) at the Central Lampung Regency Health Office from 2014 to 2016. Political career Ardito Wijaya started his political career after gaining experience in the health sector and bureaucracy. He ran for Vice Regent of Central Lampung in the 2020 Regional Head Election (Pilkada), paired with Musa Ahmad as the Regent candidate. The pair won the Pilkada and were officially inaugurated for the 2021–2025 term. Leading up to the 2024 Pilkada, Ardito, known as a cadre of the National Awakening Party (PKB), stated his intention to run as a candidate for Regent of Central Lampung. However, his candidacy faced political dynamics as he did not receive a recommendation from PKB. This decision became a public highlight considering Ardito was a potential young cadre and known to be active among the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) community. Nevertheless, Ardito's relationship with PKB remained good. He was later officially endorsed by PDI Perjuangan and ran as Regent candidate with I Komang Koheri as his running mate. The pair successfully won the Pilkada and were officially inaugurated on February 20, 2025, as Regent and Vice Regent of Central Lampung for the 2025–2030 term. Programs and policies As regent, Ardito highlighted the management of regional assets, including discrepancies in official vehicle data found during an inspection in April 2025. He also emphasized the importance of administrative responsibility, tax payment, and the ethical use of public facilities. His leadership vision is to realize "a Central Lampung that is advanced, competitive, prosperous, sustainable, just, and affluent". This vision is supported by eight strategic missions covering social transformation, good governance, equitable development, and strengthening cultural and environmental resilience. Role in the Indonesian Doctors Association As a doctor active in health services and local government, Ardito Wijaya also played a prominent role in the professional organization for doctors, the Indonesian Doctors Association (Ikatan Dokter Indonesia - IDI). His role in IDI was not merely symbolic but reflected his active involvement in improving the quality of the medical profession, public health policies, and strengthening professional organizations at the local and national levels. His organizational career in IDI began in 2015 when he was entrusted to serve as the head of KRIP (Professional Rehabilitation and Intervention Commission) for the IDI Central Lampung Branch for the 2015–2018 term. In this position, Ardito was responsible for fostering the ethics and discipline of doctors at the regency level, and was involved in resolving various professional issues concerning IDI members. This position demonstrates Ardito's commitment to maintaining the integrity and quality of medical service in Central Lampung Regency. In 2022, Ardito was again entrusted by the medical	Ardito Wijaya Ardito Wijaya ( (1980-01-23) 23 January 1980 (age 45)) is an Indonesian doctor and politician who served as the Regent of Central Lampung for the 2025–2030 term. Previously, he served as the Vice Regent of Central Lampung for the 2021–2025 term. Before entering politics, Ardito was a doctor who graduated from Trisakti University. After becoming a doctor, he continued his postgraduate program at Universitas Mitra Indonesia with a Master of Public Health (M.K.M.) degree. On December 12, 2025, Ardito was arrested by the police on suspicion of corruption amounting to 12.8 billion rupiah, consisting of land and buildings, transportation equipment, and cash, leading to his dishonorable discharge. Early life and education Ardito Wijaya was born in Bandar Jaya, Central Lampung on January 23, 1980. He is the son of Ahmad Pairin, the former Regent of Central Lampung and former mayor of Metro. As the child of a local political figure, Ardito grew up in an environment closely related to public service and government. Ardito completed his basic education at SD Kristen 3 Bandar Jaya (1986–1992), then continued to SMP Negeri 10 Bandar Jaya and SMA Negeri 1 Terbanggi Besar, where he graduated in 1998. He then pursued higher education at the Faculty of Medicine of Trisakti University, Jakarta, and earned the title of Doctor (dr.) in 2008. Ardito then continued his postgraduate studies at Universitas Mitra Indonesia and graduated with a Master of Health Public Health (M.K.M) degree in 2024. Personal life Ardito Wijaya is married to Indria Sudrajat. From this marriage, they have two sons. Outside of his busy schedule as a public official, Ardito is known as an individual who is active in social activities and community engagement, and maintains closeness with various local communities in Central Lampung Regency. Career Professional career Ardito began his career as a young doctor at the Community health center (Puskesmas) in Seputih Surabaya (2010–2011), and then at Puskesmas Rumbia (2011–2012). He later served as the head of the Division of Control and Communicable Disease Eradication (Kabid P2PL) at the Central Lampung Regency Health Office from 2014 to 2016. Political career Ardito Wijaya started his political career after gaining experience in the health sector and bureaucracy. He ran for Vice Regent of Central Lampung in the 2020 Regional Head Election (Pilkada), paired with Musa Ahmad as the Regent candidate. The pair won the Pilkada and were officially inaugurated for the 2021–2025 term. Leading up to the 2024 Pilkada, Ardito, known as a cadre of the National Awakening Party (PKB), stated his intention to run as a candidate for Regent of Central Lampung. However, his candidacy faced political dynamics as he did not receive a recommendation from PKB. This decision became a public highlight considering Ardito was a potential young cadre and known to be active among the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) community. Nevertheless, Ardito's relationship with PKB remained good. He was later officially endorsed by PDI Perjuangan and ran as Regent candidate with I Komang Koheri as his running mate. The pair successfully won the Pilkada and were officially inaugurated on February 20, 2025, as Regent and Vice Regent of Central Lampung for the 2025–2030 term. Programs and policies As regent, Ardito highlighted the management of regional assets, including discrepancies in official vehicle data found during an inspection in April 2025. He also emphasized the importance of administrative responsibility, tax payment, and the ethical use of public facilities. His leadership vision is to realize "a Central Lampung that is advanced, competitive, prosperous, sustainable, just, and affluent". This vision is supported by eight strategic missions covering social transformation, good governance, equitable development, and strengthening cultural and environmental resilience. Role in the Indonesian Doctors Association As a doctor active in health services and local government, Ardito Wijaya also played a prominent role in the professional organization for doctors, the Indonesian Doctors Association (Ikatan Dokter Indonesia - IDI). His role in IDI was not merely symbolic but reflected his active involvement in improving the quality of the medical profession, public health policies, and strengthening professional organizations at the local and national levels. His organizational career in IDI began in 2015 when he was entrusted to serve as the head of KRIP (Professional Rehabilitation and Intervention Commission) for the IDI Central Lampung Branch for the 2015–2018 term. In this position, Ardito was responsible for fostering the ethics and discipline of doctors at the regency level, and was involved in resolving various professional issues concerning IDI members. This position demonstrates Ardito's commitment to maintaining the integrity and quality of medical service in Central Lampung Regency. In 2022, Ardito was again entrusted by the medical community as the Deputy Head of IDI Lampung Regional Chapter. In this role, he participated in strategic decision-making at the provincial level concerning the strengthening of the health care system, advocacy for medical regulations, and the development of IDI branches throughout Lampung. His term of office lasted until 2024. Ardito's influence reached the national level when in 2025 he was appointed as a Member of the Advisory Council of the Indonesian Doctors Association (Dewan Penasihat Ikatan Dokter Indonesia - IDI) for the 2025–2028 period. As a member of the advisory board, he plays a role in providing strategic input to the IDI central board regarding the direction of the organization, national medical profession policies, and global challenges faced by the Indonesian health sector. This appointment is a form of recognition of Ardito's experience and capacity as both a doctor and a public leader who understands health service issues from various perspectives. Ardito's involvement in IDI demonstrates that although he is active in government, he does not abandon his professional roots as a medical professional. He is known as a figure who bridges the medical world with public policy, especially on issues such as the distribution of medical personnel, primary health services, and legal protection for the medical profession. Caught in KPK Sting Operation On December 10, 2025, the Corruption Eradication Commission of the Republic of Indonesia (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi - KPK) conducted a caught in the act operation (Operasi Tangkap Tangan - OTT) in Central Lampung Regency and secured the Regent of Central Lampung, Ardito Wijaya, along with several related parties. The enforcement action related to alleged bribes and gratuities in the arrangement of project winners for the procurement of goods and services within the Central Lampung Regency Government for the 2025 fiscal year. In addition to Ardito, the KPK also arrested Central Lampung DPRD member Riki Hendra Saputra, Ardito's younger brother Ranu Hari Prasetyo, acting head of the Regional Revenue Agency Anton Wibowo, and the director of PT Elkaka Mandiri, Mohamad Lukman Sjamsuri. All five were subsequently designated as suspects. According to the KPK, since June 2025, Ardito allegedly requested a fee of 15–20 percent from several regional government projects. The contractors directed to win the procurement packages were reportedly companies related to his family or winning team. During the period of February–November 2025, Ardito, through intermediaries, allegedly received funds amounting to Rp5.25 billion from goods and service providers, plus an additional Rp500 million from a medical equipment procurement project at the Central Lampung Regency Health Office won by PT Elkaka Mandiri. The total flow of funds allegedly received by Ardito reached approximately Rp5.75 billion, which the KPK stated was used for operational needs of his office and repayment of campaign loans. Ardito was taken to the KPK's Red and White Building on December 10, 2025, for further examination. Following the designation as suspects, he and the four other suspects underwent detention for the first 20 days, starting from December 10 to December 29, 2025, at the KPK Detention Center (Rutan). During the operation, the KPK also seized evidence in the form of Rp193 million in cash and 850 grams of precious metal (gold). The KPK charged Ardito and the other recipients with violating Article 12 letters a or b, Article 11, or Article 12B of Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. Meanwhile, the party giving the bribe was charged with violating Article 5 paragraph (1) letters a or b or Article 13 of the same law. This arrest makes Ardito Wijaya the third regent of Central Lampung in the last decade to be involved in a corruption case, following Andy Achmad Sampurna Jaya and Mustafa. Controversy COVID-19 health protocol violation (2021) In July 2021, while still serving as Vice Regent, Ardito came under public scrutiny after a viral video showed him singing and dancing in a crowd at a wedding party during the implementation of PPKM (Community Activities Restrictions). He was judged to have violated health protocols because he was not wearing a mask. The Gunung Sugih District Court declared Ardito guilty in case No. 8/Pid.C/2021/PN Gns for violating Article 99 of the Central Lampung Perda No. 10 of 2020. He was sentenced to sanctions of social work cleaning public facilities while wearing a vest bearing the words "Violator of COVID-19 Health Protocols" and was required to pay court costs of Rp2,000. Falling asleep during DPR RI meeting (2025) On July 9, 2025, a video of Ardito sleeping during a hearing with the National Legislative Body at the DPR RI went viral on social media. He was seen with his eyes closed and arms crossed during the meeting. Ardito later provided clarification via his social media account, admitting that he had fallen asleep for a few minutes due to exhaustion after attending various activities in Lampung since the morning. He apologized and promised to maintain professionalism. Wealth Based on the report of the e-LHKPN for 2025, announced on April 10, 2025, Ardito Wijaya reported a total wealth of Rp12,857,356,389. Below is a breakdown of his assets: A. Land and Buildings (Rp12,035,000,000) 4,581 m2 in Central Lampung – Rp2,000,000,000 2,500 m2 in Central Lampung – Rp250,000,000 340 m2 in Central Lampung – Rp2,285,000,000 250 m2 in Central Lampung – Rp2,500,000,000 4,661 m2 in Central Lampung – Rp5,000,000,000 B. Transportation Tools and Machinery (Rp705,000,000) Toyota Fortuner 2.4 VRZ A/T (2017) – Rp357,000,000 Honda CR-V 1.5 TC Prestige (2018) – Rp345,000,000 Motorcycle Suzuki UY 125 S (2011) – Rp3,000,000 C. Cash and Cash Equivalents Rp117,356,389 There is no debt, securities, or other movable assets reported.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:24:42Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardito_Wijaya	{"title": "Ardito Wijaya", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:24:42Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:16Z"}
Dobriany Monastery The Dobriany Ascension Monastery or Derevach Monastery (Ukrainian: Добрянський монастир Вознесіння Господнього, Деревацький монастир) was a defunct Basilian monastery of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It was located near the village of Khorosno (currently Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast). Origin and Localization For a long time, it was believed that the monastery was founded in 1582 (documentary confirmation of this date is absent). According to legend, the founder was Hieromonk Hryhorii Panashovskyi from Dobriany. Modern archaeological research introduces significant clarification to the understanding of the monastery's origin. Specifically, in 2019, a grotto monument with inner-rock grottos and traces of processing was discovered between the villages of Khorosno and Derevach, suggesting a much older, likely Kyivan Rus' origin of the Derevach Monastery. Official administrative confirmation of the localization is contained in the Josephine Cadastre (Metric) of 1788, where the Dobriany Monastery with its lands was already attached not to Dobriany, but to the village of Khorosno Stare, near which it was directly located. The microtoponym Bazar is still preserved today, denoting the place where fairs took place, which arose based on the former monastic indulgences (pilgrimages). History The history of the monastery from the 17th century is well documented. The original wooden complex burned down during a Tatar raid in 1612. A new stone church was erected on the new site, built in 1630. The monastery flourished in the late 17th — early 18th centuries, supported by Polish magnates. King John III Sobieski confirmed all previous privileges in 1680. These same privileges were reaffirmed by King Augustus II the Strong in 1700, and again in 1729. Significant construction took place under Hegumen Father Hedeon Tymoshevych (from 1706), when a new main church was erected, completed in 1718, and a bell tower in 1725. In 1739, during the indulgence (pilgrimage) on the feast day of Saint Onuphrius, the Voivode of Smolensk wife, the illustrious lady Teresa Potocka, died in the chapel. In 1754, the monastery possessed substantial funds, and its annual income was approximately 500 florins. The ledger of revenues indicates that the monastery's indulgences (pilgrimages) were established: in 1706 — on the feasts of the Ascension of the Lord and the Beheading of St. John the Baptist; from 1710 — on the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary; and from 1719 — on St. Onuphrius' Day. On these pilgrimage days, fairs—or markets (bazars)—took place on the monastery grounds, attracting merchants from Lviv, Shchyrets, and other towns. In the Humenetskyi skit (hermitage), the indulgences from 1711 were on St. Alexius Day, and from 1719 — on the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. As part of the Basilian Order reforms in 1744, several smaller cloisters were annexed to the Dobriany Monastery. Dobriany Monastery near the village of Khorosno on Friedrich von Mieg's topographic map, late 18th century Dobriany Monastery near the village of Khorosno on an Austrian topographic map, 1861–1864 Dobriany Monastery near the village of Khorosno Stare on an Austrian topographic map, 1869–1887 Architecture The wooden Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, built in 1718, was an example of traditional Ukrainian wooden architecture. It was a three-part, three-domed structure: a narrower, polygonal altar adjoined the wider, square nave from the east, and an equally wide, rectangular narthex from the west. An architectural feature was its two-story design: the second tier of the narthex, surrounded by a gallery, housed the additional Church of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist. The structure was covered with shingles (honty), and its high, light-filled octagonal drums were crowned with helmet-shaped domes with cupolas. The church, saved from sale in 1819, was ultimately dismantled by Russian soldiers in 1915 for the construction of trenches. In 1908, the architect Oleksandr Lushpynskyi sketched the church, which was later redrawn by Antin Varyvoda in 1930. Iconostasis The most significant art monument of the monastery was its Baroque iconostasis, crafted in 1716. The carver (snitsar) was Ihnatii Stobenskyi (uk), and the icons were painted by Hieromonk Teodosii Sichynskyi (uk) and the lay painter Pavlo Kylymovych. The iconostasis, which contained 50 images, was recognized as one of the best in Galicia after the iconostasis of the Manyava Skete. In 1912, the iconostasis from the former church of the Dobriany Monastery was purchased by the Krasnopushcha Monastery from the landowner Hryhorii Chychkevych for 1500 crowns. In 1952, the iconostasis was sold to the church in the village of Verbiv, Ternopil Raion, where it has been preserved to this day. Decline and Liquidation The decline of the cloister began in the late 18th century as a result of the Josephine Reforms. In 1776, it lost its independence and was annexed	Dobriany Monastery The Dobriany Ascension Monastery or Derevach Monastery (Ukrainian: Добрянський монастир Вознесіння Господнього, Деревацький монастир) was a defunct Basilian monastery of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. It was located near the village of Khorosno (currently Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast). Origin and Localization For a long time, it was believed that the monastery was founded in 1582 (documentary confirmation of this date is absent). According to legend, the founder was Hieromonk Hryhorii Panashovskyi from Dobriany. Modern archaeological research introduces significant clarification to the understanding of the monastery's origin. Specifically, in 2019, a grotto monument with inner-rock grottos and traces of processing was discovered between the villages of Khorosno and Derevach, suggesting a much older, likely Kyivan Rus' origin of the Derevach Monastery. Official administrative confirmation of the localization is contained in the Josephine Cadastre (Metric) of 1788, where the Dobriany Monastery with its lands was already attached not to Dobriany, but to the village of Khorosno Stare, near which it was directly located. The microtoponym Bazar is still preserved today, denoting the place where fairs took place, which arose based on the former monastic indulgences (pilgrimages). History The history of the monastery from the 17th century is well documented. The original wooden complex burned down during a Tatar raid in 1612. A new stone church was erected on the new site, built in 1630. The monastery flourished in the late 17th — early 18th centuries, supported by Polish magnates. King John III Sobieski confirmed all previous privileges in 1680. These same privileges were reaffirmed by King Augustus II the Strong in 1700, and again in 1729. Significant construction took place under Hegumen Father Hedeon Tymoshevych (from 1706), when a new main church was erected, completed in 1718, and a bell tower in 1725. In 1739, during the indulgence (pilgrimage) on the feast day of Saint Onuphrius, the Voivode of Smolensk wife, the illustrious lady Teresa Potocka, died in the chapel. In 1754, the monastery possessed substantial funds, and its annual income was approximately 500 florins. The ledger of revenues indicates that the monastery's indulgences (pilgrimages) were established: in 1706 — on the feasts of the Ascension of the Lord and the Beheading of St. John the Baptist; from 1710 — on the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary; and from 1719 — on St. Onuphrius' Day. On these pilgrimage days, fairs—or markets (bazars)—took place on the monastery grounds, attracting merchants from Lviv, Shchyrets, and other towns. In the Humenetskyi skit (hermitage), the indulgences from 1711 were on St. Alexius Day, and from 1719 — on the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. As part of the Basilian Order reforms in 1744, several smaller cloisters were annexed to the Dobriany Monastery. Dobriany Monastery near the village of Khorosno on Friedrich von Mieg's topographic map, late 18th century Dobriany Monastery near the village of Khorosno on an Austrian topographic map, 1861–1864 Dobriany Monastery near the village of Khorosno Stare on an Austrian topographic map, 1869–1887 Architecture The wooden Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, built in 1718, was an example of traditional Ukrainian wooden architecture. It was a three-part, three-domed structure: a narrower, polygonal altar adjoined the wider, square nave from the east, and an equally wide, rectangular narthex from the west. An architectural feature was its two-story design: the second tier of the narthex, surrounded by a gallery, housed the additional Church of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist. The structure was covered with shingles (honty), and its high, light-filled octagonal drums were crowned with helmet-shaped domes with cupolas. The church, saved from sale in 1819, was ultimately dismantled by Russian soldiers in 1915 for the construction of trenches. In 1908, the architect Oleksandr Lushpynskyi sketched the church, which was later redrawn by Antin Varyvoda in 1930. Iconostasis The most significant art monument of the monastery was its Baroque iconostasis, crafted in 1716. The carver (snitsar) was Ihnatii Stobenskyi (uk), and the icons were painted by Hieromonk Teodosii Sichynskyi (uk) and the lay painter Pavlo Kylymovych. The iconostasis, which contained 50 images, was recognized as one of the best in Galicia after the iconostasis of the Manyava Skete. In 1912, the iconostasis from the former church of the Dobriany Monastery was purchased by the Krasnopushcha Monastery from the landowner Hryhorii Chychkevych for 1500 crowns. In 1952, the iconostasis was sold to the church in the village of Verbiv, Ternopil Raion, where it has been preserved to this day. Decline and Liquidation The decline of the cloister began in the late 18th century as a result of the Josephine Reforms. In 1776, it lost its independence and was annexed to the St. George's Monastery in Lviv as a folwark. On the monastery grounds, where religious indulgences were previously held, these events were still recorded as indulgences in 1784 (on the Annunciation, Ascension, St. Onuphrius, Beheading of St. John the Baptist, and St. John the Evangelist), but by 1788, these feasts were officially designated as fairs, which evidences the complete secularization of these events. The liquidation as a structure began with an auction (litsytatsiia) scheduled for 6 September 1819. Thanks to the intervention of Modest Hrynevetskyi (uk), who paid 600 florins, the monastic church was saved from being sold to colonists and stood for almost another 100 years. Already by the mid-19th century, the farmstead passed into the hands of private tenants, notably Antoni Michniewicz (in 1877). The final liquidation occurred with the sale of the land assets to a private individual — Hryhoriy Chychkevych in 1896, after which the monastic church and its historical artifacts were left without proper care. During the Soviet era, a small poultry farm was located on the site of the monastery. Today, only the remnants of the old monastic garden remain on the site, and the area itself is overgrown. Hegumens Hieromonk Hryhorii Panashovskyi (17th century), Hegumen Hedeon Tymoshevych (from 1706), Hegumen Atanasii (after 1706 – until 1745), Hegumen Vasyl Sliuzykevych (uk) (from early 1745 – until 1747), Hegumen Dositei Romanovych (1747–1757), Vicar Samuil Podlevskyi (September 1757 – March 1758), Hegumen Yosyf Lozynskyi (March 1758 – August 1760), Hegumen Viktor Makulinskyi (August 1760 – 1765), Hegumen Sofronii Ilnytskyi (from 1765), Hegumen Yosyf Komarnytskyi (from 1767), Hegumen Dionizii Bozovskyi (from 1768), Hegumen Yosafat Lozynskyi (April – August 1772), Hegumen Apolonii Okunskyi (from August 23, 1772 – until 1776), Procurator Yason Kushchynskyi (1778–1782), who performed administrative functions after the monastery lost its independence.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:23:19Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobriany_Monastery	{"title": "Dobriany Monastery", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:23:19Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:16Z"}
Raghava Chekavar Raghava Chekavar, who was known as Ranakirthi Chekavar, was a Thalassery Thiyya native who was summoned by the Travancore Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma Maharaja to seize the Kayamkulam kingdom. The history is as follows. Pappan Chekavar, a Thalassery native who was a Thiyya Kalaripayattu expert and a mystic, served as the general-in-chief of the Chempazhanthipilla Raja at one time. Apart from that, Pappan Chekavar was also famous as a renowned royal physician in those days. This Chempazhanthipilla Raja was one of the eight Pillaimars in the old Travancore. Therefore, Chempazhanthipilla was the local king of the Maharaja Marthanda Varma and Pappan Chekavar was also a friend of the Marthanda Varma by mistake. At that time, a great desire in the mind of King Marthanda Varma was to conquer the entire kingdom of Cochin and beyond and expand the area of his kingdom. In addition, the shame of having fought and lost three wars with the kingdom of Kayamkulam remained in the mind of the Maharaja. But the truth was that his kingdom did not have enough military strength to conquer all the kingdoms in these areas at this time. He understood that the disadvantage for this was the fact that his kingdom did not have a clean army and also an able general. The Maharaja met his friend Pappan Chekavar to solve this problem. Then Pappan Chekavar informed the Maharaja that he had a friend from Thalassery, a Thiyya, who was an expert in painting and also a horse rider, and his name was Raghava Chekavar. But at that time, Raghava Chekavar was serving in the army of the Zamorin Maharaja of Malabar. Knowing this, the Maharaja gave permission to take him to Travancore. After that meeting, Pappan Chekavar himself went to Malabar and secretly brought Raghava Chekavar to Travancore by sea. After Raghava Chekavar took control of the army, he became victorious in all the wars fought by Maharaja Marthanda Varma. In return, the Maharaja honored Raghava Chekavar by describing him as "Ranakirthi Chekavar". Later, after the reign of Maharaja Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma, Ranakirthi Chekavar was called back to the army of the Zamorin Maharaja of Malabar.	Raghava Chekavar Raghava Chekavar, who was known as Ranakirthi Chekavar, was a Thalassery Thiyya native who was summoned by the Travancore Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma Maharaja to seize the Kayamkulam kingdom. The history is as follows. Pappan Chekavar, a Thalassery native who was a Thiyya Kalaripayattu expert and a mystic, served as the general-in-chief of the Chempazhanthipilla Raja at one time. Apart from that, Pappan Chekavar was also famous as a renowned royal physician in those days. This Chempazhanthipilla Raja was one of the eight Pillaimars in the old Travancore. Therefore, Chempazhanthipilla was the local king of the Maharaja Marthanda Varma and Pappan Chekavar was also a friend of the Marthanda Varma by mistake. At that time, a great desire in the mind of King Marthanda Varma was to conquer the entire kingdom of Cochin and beyond and expand the area of his kingdom. In addition, the shame of having fought and lost three wars with the kingdom of Kayamkulam remained in the mind of the Maharaja. But the truth was that his kingdom did not have enough military strength to conquer all the kingdoms in these areas at this time. He understood that the disadvantage for this was the fact that his kingdom did not have a clean army and also an able general. The Maharaja met his friend Pappan Chekavar to solve this problem. Then Pappan Chekavar informed the Maharaja that he had a friend from Thalassery, a Thiyya, who was an expert in painting and also a horse rider, and his name was Raghava Chekavar. But at that time, Raghava Chekavar was serving in the army of the Zamorin Maharaja of Malabar. Knowing this, the Maharaja gave permission to take him to Travancore. After that meeting, Pappan Chekavar himself went to Malabar and secretly brought Raghava Chekavar to Travancore by sea. After Raghava Chekavar took control of the army, he became victorious in all the wars fought by Maharaja Marthanda Varma. In return, the Maharaja honored Raghava Chekavar by describing him as "Ranakirthi Chekavar". Later, after the reign of Maharaja Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma, Ranakirthi Chekavar was called back to the army of the Zamorin Maharaja of Malabar.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:12:06Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghava_Chekavar	{"title": "Raghava Chekavar", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:12:06Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:16Z"}
Madhwapur Premier League Cricket tournament league at Madhwapur Cricket tournament Madhwapur Premier League (Maithili: मधवापुर प्रीमियर लीग) is a T-20 cricket tournament matches league organised at the headquarter of the Madhwapur block in the Madhubani district of the Mithila region in the state of Bihar in India. It is a rural cricket tournament league. It is organised at campus of the RNJ Degree College in Madhwapur near Basuki Bihari village. In the year 2024, it was the season 8 premier league. It is organised annually. It is also an international premier league of cricket tournament matches played near the Indo-Nepal international border at Madhwapur, in which the teams of the different cities and villages of the two nations India and Nepal participate. Cricket audiences from the both nations come here to watch the cricket tournament matches of the premier league played at the ground. Description The coming season of the Madhwapur Premier League (MPL) is scheduled to be held from 14 December 2025. It will be the 9th season of the cricket premier league. In the coming season 9 of the Madhwapur Premier League, 24 cricket teams from different cities or villages of the both nations India and Nepal will take part in the tournament matches. Among the 24 cricket teams, 20 teams are from India and 4 teams are from the neighbour country Nepal. The opening match of the season 9 tournament will be played on 14 December 2025 between the teams of Arrah from Bihar in India and Janakpur Cricket Academy (JCA) from Madhesh Pradesh in Nepal.	Madhwapur Premier League Cricket tournament league at Madhwapur Cricket tournament Madhwapur Premier League (Maithili: मधवापुर प्रीमियर लीग) is a T-20 cricket tournament matches league organised at the headquarter of the Madhwapur block in the Madhubani district of the Mithila region in the state of Bihar in India. It is a rural cricket tournament league. It is organised at campus of the RNJ Degree College in Madhwapur near Basuki Bihari village. In the year 2024, it was the season 8 premier league. It is organised annually. It is also an international premier league of cricket tournament matches played near the Indo-Nepal international border at Madhwapur, in which the teams of the different cities and villages of the two nations India and Nepal participate. Cricket audiences from the both nations come here to watch the cricket tournament matches of the premier league played at the ground. Description The coming season of the Madhwapur Premier League (MPL) is scheduled to be held from 14 December 2025. It will be the 9th season of the cricket premier league. In the coming season 9 of the Madhwapur Premier League, 24 cricket teams from different cities or villages of the both nations India and Nepal will take part in the tournament matches. Among the 24 cricket teams, 20 teams are from India and 4 teams are from the neighbour country Nepal. The opening match of the season 9 tournament will be played on 14 December 2025 between the teams of Arrah from Bihar in India and Janakpur Cricket Academy (JCA) from Madhesh Pradesh in Nepal.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:07:39Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhwapur_Premier_League	{"title": "Madhwapur Premier League", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:07:39Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:17Z"}
2008–09 Győri ETO FC season Győr 2008–09 football season The 2008–09 season was Győri Egyetértés Torna Osztály Futball Club's 63rd competitive season, 50th consecutive season in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I and 103rd season in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Győr participated in that season's editions of the Magyar Kupa, the Ligakupa and the UEFA Cup. Squad Squad at end of season Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Competitions Overview Source: Competitions Nemzeti Bajnokság I Main article: 2008–09 Nemzeti Bajnokság I League table Source: soccerway.comRules for classification: 1st points; 2nd overall wins; 3rd goal difference; 4th goals scored Results summary Source: Hungarian Football Federation Results by round Source: MatchesA = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss Matches Haladás v Győr Győr v Debrecen Győr v Rákospalota Kaposvár v Győr Győr v Honvéd Kecskemét v Győr MTK v Győr Győr v Diósgyőr Paks v Győr Győr v Zalaegerszeg Vasas v Győr Fehérvár v Győr Győr v Nyíregyháza Újpest v Győr Győr v Siófok Győr v Kecskemét Rákospalota v Győr Győr v Kaposvár Honvéd v Győr Győr v MTK Diósgyőr v Győr Győr v Paks Zalaegerszeg v Győr Győr v Vasas Debrecen v Győr Győr v Fehérvár Győr v Haladás Nyíregyháza v Győr Győr v Újpest Siófok v Győr Magyar Kupa Main article: 2008–09 Magyar Kupa Pécs v Győr Round of 16 Haladás v Győr Győr v Haladás Quarter-finals Kazincbarcika v Győr Győr v Kazincbarcika Semi-finals Győr v MTK MTK v Győr Final Győr v Honvéd Honvéd v Győr Ligakupa Main article: 2008–09 Ligakupa Group stage Main article: 2008–09 Ligakupa group stage § Group B Source: HFF Győr v Haladás Budaörs v Győr Győr v MTK Győr v Siófok Pápa v Győr Haladás v Győr Győr v Budaörs MTK v Győr Győr v Pápa Siófok v Győr Knockout phase Main article: 2008–09 Ligakupa knockout phase Quarter-finals Győr v Újpest Újpest v Győr Semi-finals Fehérvár v Győr Győr v Fehérvár UEFA Cup Main article: 2008–09 UEFA Cup Qualifying rounds Main article: 2008–09 UEFA Cup qualifying rounds First qualifying round Győr v Zestaponi Zestaponi v Győr Second qualifying round VfB Stuttgart v Győr Győr v VfB Stuttgart	2008–09 Győri ETO FC season Győr 2008–09 football season The 2008–09 season was Győri Egyetértés Torna Osztály Futball Club's 63rd competitive season, 50th consecutive season in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I and 103rd season in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Győr participated in that season's editions of the Magyar Kupa, the Ligakupa and the UEFA Cup. Squad Squad at end of season Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Competitions Overview Source: Competitions Nemzeti Bajnokság I Main article: 2008–09 Nemzeti Bajnokság I League table Source: soccerway.comRules for classification: 1st points; 2nd overall wins; 3rd goal difference; 4th goals scored Results summary Source: Hungarian Football Federation Results by round Source: MatchesA = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss Matches Haladás v Győr Győr v Debrecen Győr v Rákospalota Kaposvár v Győr Győr v Honvéd Kecskemét v Győr MTK v Győr Győr v Diósgyőr Paks v Győr Győr v Zalaegerszeg Vasas v Győr Fehérvár v Győr Győr v Nyíregyháza Újpest v Győr Győr v Siófok Győr v Kecskemét Rákospalota v Győr Győr v Kaposvár Honvéd v Győr Győr v MTK Diósgyőr v Győr Győr v Paks Zalaegerszeg v Győr Győr v Vasas Debrecen v Győr Győr v Fehérvár Győr v Haladás Nyíregyháza v Győr Győr v Újpest Siófok v Győr Magyar Kupa Main article: 2008–09 Magyar Kupa Pécs v Győr Round of 16 Haladás v Győr Győr v Haladás Quarter-finals Kazincbarcika v Győr Győr v Kazincbarcika Semi-finals Győr v MTK MTK v Győr Final Győr v Honvéd Honvéd v Győr Ligakupa Main article: 2008–09 Ligakupa Group stage Main article: 2008–09 Ligakupa group stage § Group B Source: HFF Győr v Haladás Budaörs v Győr Győr v MTK Győr v Siófok Pápa v Győr Haladás v Győr Győr v Budaörs MTK v Győr Győr v Pápa Siófok v Győr Knockout phase Main article: 2008–09 Ligakupa knockout phase Quarter-finals Győr v Újpest Újpest v Győr Semi-finals Fehérvár v Győr Győr v Fehérvár UEFA Cup Main article: 2008–09 UEFA Cup Qualifying rounds Main article: 2008–09 UEFA Cup qualifying rounds First qualifying round Győr v Zestaponi Zestaponi v Győr Second qualifying round VfB Stuttgart v Győr Győr v VfB Stuttgart	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T16:25:55Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008–09_Győri_ETO_FC_season	{"title": "2008–09 Győri ETO FC season", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T16:25:55Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:18Z"}
Christy Grogan English association football player (born 2005) Christy James Grogan (born 27 October 2005) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Aldershot Town on loan from EFL League One club Stockport County. Born in England, he has represented Republic of Ireland at under-18 level. Club career Early career Grogan began his career with Stoke City, signing his first professional deal in July 2024. He gained his initial exposure to senior football during a loan spell with Northern Premier League Division One West side Wythenshawe Town from December 2024 to January 2025. Grogan departed Stoke City at the conclusion of his contract in June 2025, ending a decade-long association with the club. Stockport County On 29 May 2025, Grogan agreed to join League One outfit Stockport County on a one-year contract following his release from Stoke City. He made his debut for the club on 2 September 2025 in an EFL Trophy match against Wolverhampton Wanderers U21s, playing 45 minutes in a 5–3 win. Two months later, he featured once more in the competition during a 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic. On 5 December 2025, Grogan joined National League side, Aldershot Town for the remainder of the 2025–26 campaign. International career Born in Manchester, Grogan is of Irish descent and made one appearance for Republic of Ireland at under-18 level in 2022. Career statistics As of match played 6 December 2025	Christy Grogan English association football player (born 2005) Christy James Grogan (born 27 October 2005) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Aldershot Town on loan from EFL League One club Stockport County. Born in England, he has represented Republic of Ireland at under-18 level. Club career Early career Grogan began his career with Stoke City, signing his first professional deal in July 2024. He gained his initial exposure to senior football during a loan spell with Northern Premier League Division One West side Wythenshawe Town from December 2024 to January 2025. Grogan departed Stoke City at the conclusion of his contract in June 2025, ending a decade-long association with the club. Stockport County On 29 May 2025, Grogan agreed to join League One outfit Stockport County on a one-year contract following his release from Stoke City. He made his debut for the club on 2 September 2025 in an EFL Trophy match against Wolverhampton Wanderers U21s, playing 45 minutes in a 5–3 win. Two months later, he featured once more in the competition during a 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic. On 5 December 2025, Grogan joined National League side, Aldershot Town for the remainder of the 2025–26 campaign. International career Born in Manchester, Grogan is of Irish descent and made one appearance for Republic of Ireland at under-18 level in 2022. Career statistics As of match played 6 December 2025	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:46:32Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Grogan	{"title": "Christy Grogan", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:46:32Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:19Z"}
Magnesiocarpholite Magnesiocarpholite is a rare magnesium-bearing inosilicate mineral in the carpholite group, with ideal formula MgAl2Si2O6(OH)4. It typically forms very slender, acicular crystals with a silky appearance. Magnesiocarpholite occurs in high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks and is used by geologists as a marker for subduction-zone conditions in magnesium-rich sedimentary rocks. Discovery Magnesiocarpholite was first recognised as a distinct magnesium-rich member of the carpholite group in the early 1980s. It was first discovered in the Vanoise massif of Savoie, France, which is considered its type locality. In high-pressure laboratory experiments, Christian Chopin, a French mineralogist and metamorphic petrologist, and an emeritus research director at the CNRS working in the geology laboratory of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, was able to recreate Magnesiocarpholite in a lab as a Mg-rich carpholite under conditions similar to those in deeply buried sedimentary rocks, and showed that this phase had a consistent composition close to MgAl2Si2O6(OH)4. Follow-up work showed that magnesiocarpholite, together with the related mineral magnesiochloritoid, could be used to estimate the pressures and temperatures reached by certain metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Studies of naturally occurring Mg-rich carpholite from Alpine and Mediterranean high-pressure subduction/collisional zones helped to define the structure of Magnesiocarpholite. These investigations confirmed that magnesiocarpholite is orthorhombic and occupies the magnesium end of the carpholite group, with carpholite and ferrocarpholite representing the manganese- and iron-rich equivalents. Chemistry and properties Magnesiocarpholite is a hydrous magnesium–aluminium silicate. Its structure is made of silicate units bonded to metal atoms and hydroxyl (OH) groups. Because magnesiocarpholite contains hydroxyl (OH) groups, its formation requires water to be available during metamorphism. Water is incorporated into the crystal structure as hydroxyl, so the mineral effectively “stores” water, (much like serpentinization). When magnesiocarpholite breaks down, its structurally bound water can be released during metamorphic reactions. Magnesiocarpholite forms during high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism of magnesium-rich, clay-rich sedimentary rocks (Mg-rich pelitic compositions). Experimental and phase-equilibrium studies show that it is stable only within a relatively narrow range of conditions typical of deeply buried metasediments in cold subduction-related settings, including pelitic blueschists. It is part of the carpholite group, whose members share a similar chemical structure but differ mainly in which metal dominates the chemical bond. Manganese-dominant minerals are carpholite, iron-dominant minerals are ferrocarpholite, and magnesium-dominant minerals are magnesiocarpholite. Natural Magnesiocarpholite commonly contains minor iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), with trace amounts of elements such as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), titanium (Ti) and phosphorus (P). Magnesiocarpholite crystallises in the orthorhombic system (space group Ccca). This means its crystal structure repeats in a rectangular pattern with three unequal directions at right angles. The repeating “building block” of the structure (the unit cell) has dimensions of about a = 13.714(2) Å, b = 20.079(2) Å and c = 5.105(1) Å, and contains eight formula units (Z = 8). It typically forms extremely slender, needle-like (acicular) to fibrous crystals. These commonly occur as bundles of parallel needles or as felted (matted) aggregates. Specimens are usually light green to greyish and may show a silky lustre when many fine fibres are aligned. Although more research is needed, Magnesiocarpholite resembles some other asbestiform minerals. Due to its rarity, toxicology research is sparse. Magnesiocarpholite has a Mohs hardness of about 5–5½ and a calculated specific gravity of about 2.88. It has a white streak and is non-fluorescent under ultraviolet light. Optically it is biaxial negative with refractive indices around nα ≈ 1.59, nβ ≈ 1.60 and nγ ≈ 1.61 (birefringence ≈ 0.020). In thin section it is generally colourless to very pale green, and elongate grains show straight to slightly inclined extinction. Experimental studies constrain magnesiocarpholite to a limited stability range at relatively low temperatures and elevated pressures in Mg-rich pelitic compositions. Beyond this stability field it breaks down into other minerals, commonly including sudoite, chlorite, kyanite and quartz.> Extent Magnesiocarpholite is found in a small number of high-pressure metamorphic terranes. The vast majority of known magnesiocarpholite is found in the Vanoise Massif in the western Alps of France. It is found in metasedimentary rocks within Alpine subduction and collision zones. Additional occurrences are reported from the western Harz Mountains of Germany. Several	Magnesiocarpholite Magnesiocarpholite is a rare magnesium-bearing inosilicate mineral in the carpholite group, with ideal formula MgAl2Si2O6(OH)4. It typically forms very slender, acicular crystals with a silky appearance. Magnesiocarpholite occurs in high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks and is used by geologists as a marker for subduction-zone conditions in magnesium-rich sedimentary rocks. Discovery Magnesiocarpholite was first recognised as a distinct magnesium-rich member of the carpholite group in the early 1980s. It was first discovered in the Vanoise massif of Savoie, France, which is considered its type locality. In high-pressure laboratory experiments, Christian Chopin, a French mineralogist and metamorphic petrologist, and an emeritus research director at the CNRS working in the geology laboratory of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, was able to recreate Magnesiocarpholite in a lab as a Mg-rich carpholite under conditions similar to those in deeply buried sedimentary rocks, and showed that this phase had a consistent composition close to MgAl2Si2O6(OH)4. Follow-up work showed that magnesiocarpholite, together with the related mineral magnesiochloritoid, could be used to estimate the pressures and temperatures reached by certain metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Studies of naturally occurring Mg-rich carpholite from Alpine and Mediterranean high-pressure subduction/collisional zones helped to define the structure of Magnesiocarpholite. These investigations confirmed that magnesiocarpholite is orthorhombic and occupies the magnesium end of the carpholite group, with carpholite and ferrocarpholite representing the manganese- and iron-rich equivalents. Chemistry and properties Magnesiocarpholite is a hydrous magnesium–aluminium silicate. Its structure is made of silicate units bonded to metal atoms and hydroxyl (OH) groups. Because magnesiocarpholite contains hydroxyl (OH) groups, its formation requires water to be available during metamorphism. Water is incorporated into the crystal structure as hydroxyl, so the mineral effectively “stores” water, (much like serpentinization). When magnesiocarpholite breaks down, its structurally bound water can be released during metamorphic reactions. Magnesiocarpholite forms during high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism of magnesium-rich, clay-rich sedimentary rocks (Mg-rich pelitic compositions). Experimental and phase-equilibrium studies show that it is stable only within a relatively narrow range of conditions typical of deeply buried metasediments in cold subduction-related settings, including pelitic blueschists. It is part of the carpholite group, whose members share a similar chemical structure but differ mainly in which metal dominates the chemical bond. Manganese-dominant minerals are carpholite, iron-dominant minerals are ferrocarpholite, and magnesium-dominant minerals are magnesiocarpholite. Natural Magnesiocarpholite commonly contains minor iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), with trace amounts of elements such as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), titanium (Ti) and phosphorus (P). Magnesiocarpholite crystallises in the orthorhombic system (space group Ccca). This means its crystal structure repeats in a rectangular pattern with three unequal directions at right angles. The repeating “building block” of the structure (the unit cell) has dimensions of about a = 13.714(2) Å, b = 20.079(2) Å and c = 5.105(1) Å, and contains eight formula units (Z = 8). It typically forms extremely slender, needle-like (acicular) to fibrous crystals. These commonly occur as bundles of parallel needles or as felted (matted) aggregates. Specimens are usually light green to greyish and may show a silky lustre when many fine fibres are aligned. Although more research is needed, Magnesiocarpholite resembles some other asbestiform minerals. Due to its rarity, toxicology research is sparse. Magnesiocarpholite has a Mohs hardness of about 5–5½ and a calculated specific gravity of about 2.88. It has a white streak and is non-fluorescent under ultraviolet light. Optically it is biaxial negative with refractive indices around nα ≈ 1.59, nβ ≈ 1.60 and nγ ≈ 1.61 (birefringence ≈ 0.020). In thin section it is generally colourless to very pale green, and elongate grains show straight to slightly inclined extinction. Experimental studies constrain magnesiocarpholite to a limited stability range at relatively low temperatures and elevated pressures in Mg-rich pelitic compositions. Beyond this stability field it breaks down into other minerals, commonly including sudoite, chlorite, kyanite and quartz.> Extent Magnesiocarpholite is found in a small number of high-pressure metamorphic terranes. The vast majority of known magnesiocarpholite is found in the Vanoise Massif in the western Alps of France. It is found in metasedimentary rocks within Alpine subduction and collision zones. Additional occurrences are reported from the western Harz Mountains of Germany. Several localities in the northern Apennines and Aegean region, where it is hosted by metamorphosed pelitic and quartz-rich sedimentary rocks. In these settings, magnesiocarpholite occurs in association with minerals such as chloritoid, chlorite, lawsonite, phengite and garnet. It is typically found in veins or layers within metapelites and metasandstones that have been buried to great depths and later retrograded to the surface.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:45:34Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiocarpholite	{"title": "Magnesiocarpholite", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:45:34Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:20Z"}
Mary Rankin Cranston Mary Rankin Cranston (née Rankin; after first marriage, Cranston; after second marriage, Thomas; 1873–1931) was an American librarian, non-fiction writer, social researcher, and farmer. Born in Georgia, she moved to New York City where she became an authority on sociological engineering and wage-earning while also serving as the librarian for the American Institute of Social Service. Commissioned by social reformers, she conducted reseaerch on public playgrounds and made studies of cooperative distribution and production in Europe. After lecturing and contributing to publications for many years, Cranston purchased and developed a self-supporting farm she named "Pendidit" near New Brunswick, New Jersey. Early life Mary (nickname, "Mamie") Rankin was born in Washington, Georgia, in 1873. Her father, Jesse Rankin, was a druggist. Career Cranston lived in Atlanta, Georgia, where she married Henry Cranston. She separated from him and moved to New York City in 1898 where she took a library course. From a position in the library of the University of Pennsylvania, she took the librarianship of the American Institute of Social Service, New York. The Institute had for its aim the "betterment of man", but woman worked for it enthusiastically. Robert Garrett of Baltimore, a member of the institute, sent Cranston to study the public playgrounds for children all over the United States. She made a thorough examination of these and gave an exhaustive report. No sooner had she returned from this tour, however, than she was directed by Stanley Robert McCormick of Chicago, in 1903, to go to Europe to study social conditions, especially cooperative distribution and production, and to suggest those points wherein the system might be intelligently applied in the United States. She visited shops, factories, homes, and hospitals in England, France, Belgium, Holland, and Italy. Upon her return, she compiled a book dealing with cooperative production and distribution in Europe. In 1905, she organized the library of the British Institute for Social Service in London, along the lines of those in New York and Paris. She lectured in London and in Stockholm, Sweden. Cranston contributed to many publications, such as writing of the Belgian La Maison du Peuple, and other European cooperative industries. She also gave a number of lectures in New York and the South. These included, in 1905, in Birmingham, Alabama, lectures on social settlement work in the U.S. and in England. Later in the same year, she lectured in the public schools of New York City. Cranston in 1903 Tired of city life, Cranston decided to buy a farm. She had saved US$600 earned by writing for magazines in her spare time, so she named the farm "Pendidit". Among her requirements for it were that it must have near neighbors for protection as she had no immediate family and would live alone; and it had to be convenient to a good market, for it should be, as far as possible, a self-supporting home. In November 1906, she bought a property in New Brunswick, New Jersey, for US$1,075. There were 14 acres (5.7 ha) of good land, a tiny, dilapidated house and barn, and a number of bearing fruit trees. It was less than 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from the local train station, on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Cranston continued living and working in New York City, spending time on the farm in summers till May 1909, when she made the New Brunswick farm her permanent home. Thirty-two bearing fruit trees —apples, pears, and cherries— were on the place when she bought it. A few months later, strawberries, raspberries, and currants were set out, followed the next spring with more raspberries, and forty young fruit trees—apples, Bartlett pears, peaches, cherries, and plums. She marketed the fruit herself, finding ready sale in New Brunswick for all that she could produce. She did much of the farm work herself. From the first, all living expenses, such as grocery bills, fuel, lights, laundry, oats for the horse, besides other expenses, such as shoeing, blankets, harness and carriage repairs, the outlay for chickens, for the three dogs, cost of the garden, fertilizer, planting and cultivating field crops, were paid for with money earned by the sale of Pendidit products. The new house and other building expenses, with fencing and grading, were paid for by writing and lectures. Personal life On April 17, 1889, she married Henry Cranston (died in Charleston, South Carolina), general agent of the Maryland Life Insurance Company; he was 20 years her senior. Secondly, she married Matthew Benjamin Thomas, a farmer. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Mary Rankin Cranston Thomas died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on April 15, 1931. Selected works Articles "Child Wage-Earners in England", The Craftsman, July 1907 "Converting Backyards into Gardens", The Craftsman, March 1909 "Co-operative Industries: Civic Lessons from Europe. Illus.", Chatauquan,	Mary Rankin Cranston Mary Rankin Cranston (née Rankin; after first marriage, Cranston; after second marriage, Thomas; 1873–1931) was an American librarian, non-fiction writer, social researcher, and farmer. Born in Georgia, she moved to New York City where she became an authority on sociological engineering and wage-earning while also serving as the librarian for the American Institute of Social Service. Commissioned by social reformers, she conducted reseaerch on public playgrounds and made studies of cooperative distribution and production in Europe. After lecturing and contributing to publications for many years, Cranston purchased and developed a self-supporting farm she named "Pendidit" near New Brunswick, New Jersey. Early life Mary (nickname, "Mamie") Rankin was born in Washington, Georgia, in 1873. Her father, Jesse Rankin, was a druggist. Career Cranston lived in Atlanta, Georgia, where she married Henry Cranston. She separated from him and moved to New York City in 1898 where she took a library course. From a position in the library of the University of Pennsylvania, she took the librarianship of the American Institute of Social Service, New York. The Institute had for its aim the "betterment of man", but woman worked for it enthusiastically. Robert Garrett of Baltimore, a member of the institute, sent Cranston to study the public playgrounds for children all over the United States. She made a thorough examination of these and gave an exhaustive report. No sooner had she returned from this tour, however, than she was directed by Stanley Robert McCormick of Chicago, in 1903, to go to Europe to study social conditions, especially cooperative distribution and production, and to suggest those points wherein the system might be intelligently applied in the United States. She visited shops, factories, homes, and hospitals in England, France, Belgium, Holland, and Italy. Upon her return, she compiled a book dealing with cooperative production and distribution in Europe. In 1905, she organized the library of the British Institute for Social Service in London, along the lines of those in New York and Paris. She lectured in London and in Stockholm, Sweden. Cranston contributed to many publications, such as writing of the Belgian La Maison du Peuple, and other European cooperative industries. She also gave a number of lectures in New York and the South. These included, in 1905, in Birmingham, Alabama, lectures on social settlement work in the U.S. and in England. Later in the same year, she lectured in the public schools of New York City. Cranston in 1903 Tired of city life, Cranston decided to buy a farm. She had saved US$600 earned by writing for magazines in her spare time, so she named the farm "Pendidit". Among her requirements for it were that it must have near neighbors for protection as she had no immediate family and would live alone; and it had to be convenient to a good market, for it should be, as far as possible, a self-supporting home. In November 1906, she bought a property in New Brunswick, New Jersey, for US$1,075. There were 14 acres (5.7 ha) of good land, a tiny, dilapidated house and barn, and a number of bearing fruit trees. It was less than 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from the local train station, on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Cranston continued living and working in New York City, spending time on the farm in summers till May 1909, when she made the New Brunswick farm her permanent home. Thirty-two bearing fruit trees —apples, pears, and cherries— were on the place when she bought it. A few months later, strawberries, raspberries, and currants were set out, followed the next spring with more raspberries, and forty young fruit trees—apples, Bartlett pears, peaches, cherries, and plums. She marketed the fruit herself, finding ready sale in New Brunswick for all that she could produce. She did much of the farm work herself. From the first, all living expenses, such as grocery bills, fuel, lights, laundry, oats for the horse, besides other expenses, such as shoeing, blankets, harness and carriage repairs, the outlay for chickens, for the three dogs, cost of the garden, fertilizer, planting and cultivating field crops, were paid for with money earned by the sale of Pendidit products. The new house and other building expenses, with fencing and grading, were paid for by writing and lectures. Personal life On April 17, 1889, she married Henry Cranston (died in Charleston, South Carolina), general agent of the Maryland Life Insurance Company; he was 20 years her senior. Secondly, she married Matthew Benjamin Thomas, a farmer. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Mary Rankin Cranston Thomas died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on April 15, 1931. Selected works Articles "Child Wage-Earners in England", The Craftsman, July 1907 "Converting Backyards into Gardens", The Craftsman, March 1909 "Co-operative Industries: Civic Lessons from Europe. Illus.", Chatauquan, January 1905 "Cutting Loose From the City; Experience of One Woman", Country Life, May 1911 "Drink Evil in England, The Craftsman, January 1908 "England's Forgotten Wayside Villages", Countryside Magazine, November 1915 "Fourteen Acres and Freedom", Suburban Life, January 1913 "The Garden as a Civic Asset", The Craftsman, April 1909 "Homeless England", The Craftsman, February 1907 "Housing of the Negro in New York City", The Southern Workman, June 1902 (text) "How a Young Woman Made Good at a Man's Job on a New Jersey Farm", Suburban Life, September 1913 "How I Bought my Farm", The Outlook, New York city, January 1912 (text) "How I Found my Farm", the Craftsman, July 1910 "If you Know of a Vacant Lot", Ladies Home Journal, June 1911 "La Maison du Peuple", The Chautauquan, October 1904 (text, p. 152) "The Living-In System in London" "My Beginning as a Farmer", Canadian Colliers, September 1911 (text) "My Experience with Chickens", Suburban Life, October 1914 "Negro Colonies in New York City", via Southern Workman, Hampton, Virginia, June 1902 (text) "Schoolteacher's Farm in New Jersey", The Craftsman, November 1912 "The Shop Girls of Paris" "Social Work in British Factories", The Craftsman (text, p. 793) "What a Hotbed Will Do", House & Garden, November 1916 (text) "Work and Pay of the Girl Behind the Counter", The World Today, August 1908	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:41:27Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rankin_Cranston	{"title": "Mary Rankin Cranston", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:41:27Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:20Z"}
Parahormonal Activity Not to be confused with Paranormal Activity. 11th episode of the 37th season of The Simpsons "Parahormonal Activity" is the eleventh episode of the thirty-seventh season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 801st episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on December 14, 2025. The episode was written by Loni Steele Sosthand and directed by Chris Clements. In this episode, the Simpson family experience hormonal change as they grow older. It features guest appearances by actor Jon Lovitz as his recurring character Artie Ziff, Megan Mullally as Sarah Wiggum, and Lindsay Lohan as the future version of Maggie Simpson. Plot In the future, Bart and Lisa are dealing with teenage hormones. They are always low on food because Bart eats it all. Lisa is annoyed by her acne, but Marge says she should celebrate her changes. Driving Lisa to school, Marge encourages Lisa to sing "Escape" with her but she has lost confidence in performing. She gives Lisa, to her embarrassment, a package in case she gets her first period. At Luann's house, Marge's friends discuss experiencing perimenopause. They describe their symptoms before they try Botox, but Marge declines. That night, Marge starts having symptoms. She notices Bart's manga depicts a robot with large breasts, which horrifies her, but Homer says it is better than adult films. When Marge realizes what is happening to her, she thinks she is becoming old. Marge becomes irritable hearing her children complain, so Homer takes charge to calm everyone down. Later, Marge encounters Artie Ziff, who is no longer attracted to her, which make her feel like an old woman. She has Luann give her Botox, but Lisa catches her and angrily calls her a hypocrite. When Marge finds adult films on Bart's tablet, she thinks he will become someone who objectifies women, so she bans electronic screens from the house. Marge gets estrogen cream to handle her symptoms. Homer buys a smart refrigerator to quickly buy food when they run out. Impressed, Marge tries to have sex with Homer. When he is unable to perform, Dr. Hibbert gives him erectile dysfunction medication, which makes him aggressive. Later, they prepare to attend Flanders' wedding with Bart as the videographer and where Lisa will perform a song. Marge and Lisa continue to argue, and Marge says she is struggling with her changes. Lisa counters she is handling her changes well because she dealt with her first period by herself. When Bart stops Homer from using the smart refrigerator's screen, Marge checks it to find that Bart used it to watch adult films, so she destroys it. At the wedding reception, Homer is too aggressive, so he takes Marge's estrogen to calm himself down. Filming the reception, Bart sees a girl he likes and awkwardly talks to her, which relieves Marge's fears for him. She apologizes to Lisa and says she does not have to perform. However, when Marge experiences a hot flash because Homer used all the estrogen, Lisa sings "Escape" on stage for Marge. Production Jon Lovitz guest starred as Artie Ziff. This is the sixth future-themed Simpsons episode. Lindsay Lohan guest starred as the future Maggie Simpson.She was a fan of the show and got the role of it. Jon Lovitz guest starred as Artie Ziff. Release The episode aired simultaneously in the United States in all time zones at 8:31 PM ET/5:31 PM PT following a special episode of the television series Universal Basic Guys. Reception Mike Celestino of Laughing Place wanted the episode to be funnier but liked the scene of Bart driving. He generally disliked flash-forward episodes because he did not like seeing the Simpson family at older ages.	Parahormonal Activity Not to be confused with Paranormal Activity. 11th episode of the 37th season of The Simpsons "Parahormonal Activity" is the eleventh episode of the thirty-seventh season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 801st episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on December 14, 2025. The episode was written by Loni Steele Sosthand and directed by Chris Clements. In this episode, the Simpson family experience hormonal change as they grow older. It features guest appearances by actor Jon Lovitz as his recurring character Artie Ziff, Megan Mullally as Sarah Wiggum, and Lindsay Lohan as the future version of Maggie Simpson. Plot In the future, Bart and Lisa are dealing with teenage hormones. They are always low on food because Bart eats it all. Lisa is annoyed by her acne, but Marge says she should celebrate her changes. Driving Lisa to school, Marge encourages Lisa to sing "Escape" with her but she has lost confidence in performing. She gives Lisa, to her embarrassment, a package in case she gets her first period. At Luann's house, Marge's friends discuss experiencing perimenopause. They describe their symptoms before they try Botox, but Marge declines. That night, Marge starts having symptoms. She notices Bart's manga depicts a robot with large breasts, which horrifies her, but Homer says it is better than adult films. When Marge realizes what is happening to her, she thinks she is becoming old. Marge becomes irritable hearing her children complain, so Homer takes charge to calm everyone down. Later, Marge encounters Artie Ziff, who is no longer attracted to her, which make her feel like an old woman. She has Luann give her Botox, but Lisa catches her and angrily calls her a hypocrite. When Marge finds adult films on Bart's tablet, she thinks he will become someone who objectifies women, so she bans electronic screens from the house. Marge gets estrogen cream to handle her symptoms. Homer buys a smart refrigerator to quickly buy food when they run out. Impressed, Marge tries to have sex with Homer. When he is unable to perform, Dr. Hibbert gives him erectile dysfunction medication, which makes him aggressive. Later, they prepare to attend Flanders' wedding with Bart as the videographer and where Lisa will perform a song. Marge and Lisa continue to argue, and Marge says she is struggling with her changes. Lisa counters she is handling her changes well because she dealt with her first period by herself. When Bart stops Homer from using the smart refrigerator's screen, Marge checks it to find that Bart used it to watch adult films, so she destroys it. At the wedding reception, Homer is too aggressive, so he takes Marge's estrogen to calm himself down. Filming the reception, Bart sees a girl he likes and awkwardly talks to her, which relieves Marge's fears for him. She apologizes to Lisa and says she does not have to perform. However, when Marge experiences a hot flash because Homer used all the estrogen, Lisa sings "Escape" on stage for Marge. Production Jon Lovitz guest starred as Artie Ziff. This is the sixth future-themed Simpsons episode. Lindsay Lohan guest starred as the future Maggie Simpson.She was a fan of the show and got the role of it. Jon Lovitz guest starred as Artie Ziff. Release The episode aired simultaneously in the United States in all time zones at 8:31 PM ET/5:31 PM PT following a special episode of the television series Universal Basic Guys. Reception Mike Celestino of Laughing Place wanted the episode to be funnier but liked the scene of Bart driving. He generally disliked flash-forward episodes because he did not like seeing the Simpson family at older ages.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:36:01Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parahormonal_Activity	{"title": "Parahormonal Activity", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:36:01Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:20Z"}
Broadway Arena Former arena in Brooklyn, New York ‹ The template Infobox venue is being considered for merging. › Broadway Arena, formerly known as the Broadway Sporting Club and Broadway Exhibition Association, was an indoor arena located in Brooklyn, New York, United States. It opened in 1914 and had a seating capacity of 4,500 for boxing and wrestling. History The Broadway Sporting Club was established and operated by John Weismantel, who served as president of the organization. It was situated in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, at Halsey Street near Broadway and the Halsey Street station on the elevated rapid transit line. The clubhouse, finished in 1914, was purpose-built for boxing under the Frawley Law and cost about $100,000. It measured 100 by 160 feet, stood one storey high with a hip roof, and was well ventilated and heated by 40 steam radiators. The entrance, placed between two Halsey Street storefronts, led to 1,600 box seats and bleachers on all sides holding 1,500 more. The ring measured 16 feet 6 inches. John Weismantel introduced a notable innovation: a tunnel connecting the dressing rooms to the ring, allowing boxers to enter and exit without navigating through the crowd and causing disruption. The venue featured ticket offices on both sides of the main entrance, with the club's office adjacent to the right-side window, followed by a bathroom with shower facilities and a room for the boxers. Large dressing rooms were located below, with a runway leading to the stage. Boxing The Broadway Sporting Club debuted with its first boxing program on February 3, 1914. The card featured Soldier Kearns and Sailor Fred Fritts as the inaugural main event in a ten-round bout officiated by referee Johnny Haukop. Following a successful launch, the club went after major bouts justified by its modern equipment and capacity of over 3,000 seats. Weismantel viewed only Madison Square Garden as big enough to outbid him. The venue at Halsey Street, near Broadway, hosted many old-time boxing greats such as Kid Williams, Lew Tendler, Battling Levinsky, Eddie Martin, Jack Britton, and André Routis, among others. One of the biggest upsets at the arena was in April 1914, when world middleweight champion George Chip was defeated by Brownsville's Al McCoy, who struck early with a left hook and ended Chip's reign. The venue was briefly known as the Broadway Exhibition Association (or Broadway Association arena) during the early 1920s. From 1925 to 1929, promoter Ben Feinberg operated the "New" Broadway Arena, where he, along with various matchmakers including Tom McArdle and Andy Niederreiter, staged new talent shows. Feinberg personally financed and supervised major upgrades to the venue, including the addition of a balcony, facilitating a name change, and expanding the venue's overall capacity to nearly 5,000. Tony Canzoneri, a future world champion, had his breakthrough at Broadway Arena in 1925. After Ben Feinberg lost Johnny Attell's services in 1928, Brooklyn's Tony Martello filled in as matchmaker, and he went on to have a successful season. Martello was formally appointed matchmaker at Broadway Arena in March 1929, succeeding Johnny Attell, following financial losses experienced by Feinberg. The New York State Boxing Commission ordered the Broadway Arena's last show of the 1929 season's first half to take place on May 13, 1929, before suspending Feinberg's arena indefinitely for unsanitary conditions and lack of floorwalkers. In 1935, the Broadway Arena was taken over by new owners who renovated and repainted the facility, setting October 1, 1935, as the reopening date. The month before, Max Joss, a Williamsburg man who had pioneered National Guard boxing, took over matchmaking duties at the arena. Joss went on to operate the arena for 17 years. Abe Yager worked as press agent and promoted the club's shows for 15 years. Max Joss withdrew in 1951 under pressure from television's impact on boxing shows. Moe Fleischer became matchmaker and promoter in October 1951 and briefly reopened the venue without television revenue, confident that strong matchups and the right pricing would appeal to boxing fans. Basketball The arena, "Brooklyn's Madison Square Garden," underwent reconstruction to make it ideal for basketball, featuring a regulation-size court and seating designed to provide unobstructed views from every section. The newly renovated Broadway Arena debuted as a basketball venue on October 23, 1929, with its first game featuring the New York Original Celtics against Brownsville. Closure The arena appears to have hosted its final boxing program on November 29, 1951. The Broadway Arena continued hosting wrestling matches until early 1952 under promoter Abe Halfon, before the venue closed. In December 1952, the Broadway Arena, then one of America's oldest fight clubs, was converted into a warehouse, and later a supermarket. The Saratoga Square housing complex was completed on the site in November	Broadway Arena Former arena in Brooklyn, New York ‹ The template Infobox venue is being considered for merging. › Broadway Arena, formerly known as the Broadway Sporting Club and Broadway Exhibition Association, was an indoor arena located in Brooklyn, New York, United States. It opened in 1914 and had a seating capacity of 4,500 for boxing and wrestling. History The Broadway Sporting Club was established and operated by John Weismantel, who served as president of the organization. It was situated in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, at Halsey Street near Broadway and the Halsey Street station on the elevated rapid transit line. The clubhouse, finished in 1914, was purpose-built for boxing under the Frawley Law and cost about $100,000. It measured 100 by 160 feet, stood one storey high with a hip roof, and was well ventilated and heated by 40 steam radiators. The entrance, placed between two Halsey Street storefronts, led to 1,600 box seats and bleachers on all sides holding 1,500 more. The ring measured 16 feet 6 inches. John Weismantel introduced a notable innovation: a tunnel connecting the dressing rooms to the ring, allowing boxers to enter and exit without navigating through the crowd and causing disruption. The venue featured ticket offices on both sides of the main entrance, with the club's office adjacent to the right-side window, followed by a bathroom with shower facilities and a room for the boxers. Large dressing rooms were located below, with a runway leading to the stage. Boxing The Broadway Sporting Club debuted with its first boxing program on February 3, 1914. The card featured Soldier Kearns and Sailor Fred Fritts as the inaugural main event in a ten-round bout officiated by referee Johnny Haukop. Following a successful launch, the club went after major bouts justified by its modern equipment and capacity of over 3,000 seats. Weismantel viewed only Madison Square Garden as big enough to outbid him. The venue at Halsey Street, near Broadway, hosted many old-time boxing greats such as Kid Williams, Lew Tendler, Battling Levinsky, Eddie Martin, Jack Britton, and André Routis, among others. One of the biggest upsets at the arena was in April 1914, when world middleweight champion George Chip was defeated by Brownsville's Al McCoy, who struck early with a left hook and ended Chip's reign. The venue was briefly known as the Broadway Exhibition Association (or Broadway Association arena) during the early 1920s. From 1925 to 1929, promoter Ben Feinberg operated the "New" Broadway Arena, where he, along with various matchmakers including Tom McArdle and Andy Niederreiter, staged new talent shows. Feinberg personally financed and supervised major upgrades to the venue, including the addition of a balcony, facilitating a name change, and expanding the venue's overall capacity to nearly 5,000. Tony Canzoneri, a future world champion, had his breakthrough at Broadway Arena in 1925. After Ben Feinberg lost Johnny Attell's services in 1928, Brooklyn's Tony Martello filled in as matchmaker, and he went on to have a successful season. Martello was formally appointed matchmaker at Broadway Arena in March 1929, succeeding Johnny Attell, following financial losses experienced by Feinberg. The New York State Boxing Commission ordered the Broadway Arena's last show of the 1929 season's first half to take place on May 13, 1929, before suspending Feinberg's arena indefinitely for unsanitary conditions and lack of floorwalkers. In 1935, the Broadway Arena was taken over by new owners who renovated and repainted the facility, setting October 1, 1935, as the reopening date. The month before, Max Joss, a Williamsburg man who had pioneered National Guard boxing, took over matchmaking duties at the arena. Joss went on to operate the arena for 17 years. Abe Yager worked as press agent and promoted the club's shows for 15 years. Max Joss withdrew in 1951 under pressure from television's impact on boxing shows. Moe Fleischer became matchmaker and promoter in October 1951 and briefly reopened the venue without television revenue, confident that strong matchups and the right pricing would appeal to boxing fans. Basketball The arena, "Brooklyn's Madison Square Garden," underwent reconstruction to make it ideal for basketball, featuring a regulation-size court and seating designed to provide unobstructed views from every section. The newly renovated Broadway Arena debuted as a basketball venue on October 23, 1929, with its first game featuring the New York Original Celtics against Brownsville. Closure The arena appears to have hosted its final boxing program on November 29, 1951. The Broadway Arena continued hosting wrestling matches until early 1952 under promoter Abe Halfon, before the venue closed. In December 1952, the Broadway Arena, then one of America's oldest fight clubs, was converted into a warehouse, and later a supermarket. The Saratoga Square housing complex was completed on the site in November 1980.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:35:52Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Arena	{"title": "Broadway Arena", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:35:52Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:20Z"}
Curdle Creek 2024 horror novel by Yvonne Battle-Felton Curdle Creek: A Novel is a 2024 horror novel by Yvonne Battle-Felton. It is set in Curdle Creek, a fictional all-Black town in which citizens are ritually sacrificed to control the population. It is inspired by the 1948 short story "The Lottery". The novel won the 2024 Shirley Jackson Award for Best Novel. Plot In 1960, a middle-aged widow named Osira lives in the all-Black town of Curdle Creek. The town is governed by a series of rituals. The most prominent ritual is the annual Moving On, in which citizens are sacrificed in order to control the population and ensure a bountiful harvest. Three years ago, Osira’s three children absconded from the town. As punishment, her husband Moses was chosen for the Moving On and was killed. Osira’s family is considered to have ill luck, since Osira’s older brother Romulus also left the town and his twin Remus was Moved On. This year, Osira and five other women participate in the Running of the Widows. Four eligible men are seeking wives. Osira comes in fifth place in the race, leaving her single. The next morning, the Calling begins. Each citizen writes down their nomination for a person to be Moved On. Three names are drawn from the town well, including Osira’s father Osiris Turner. Osira has a vision that the Moving On must end, but it is not clear if her vision is real or if she is simply grief-stricken. Osira’s mother Constance quarrels with Mother Opal, the Head Charter Mother of Curdle Creek. Mother Opal is responsible for verifying the names of the Moved On. Osira eavesdrops as Constance accuses Opal of falsehood. At the Turner home, Osira tells Constance about the vision. Constance replies that Mother Opal has died. The remaining Charter Mothers declare that the Moving On will continue despite Opal’s death; Constance becomes the new Head Charter Mother. Osira attempts to interfere with her father’s Moving On, but is unsuccessful. She is forced into the town well in an act of penance. Unknown to the others, Osira carries a Well Walker stone that was left by her father. Legend has it that Well Walkers can travel through time and space. Osira emerges from the well, having traveled back in time. She meets younger versions of Constance and Opal, who initially think she is a witch. Osira has dinner with the past versions of her mother and grandparents, pretending to be a visitor from out of town. Osira’s grandparents quarrel about the situation. The grandparents, Constance, and other townspeople begin to chase Osira. She is struck on the head with a stone and blacks out. Osira has a vision of a courtroom. She is placed on trial for her participation in the Moving On and all other horrors committed in the name of Curdle Creek. Osira calls Mother Opal as her character witness. Osira watches as a video plays during the evidentiary process. Opal was stoned to death by the other Mothers, including Constance. Osira is declared guilty by the court and sentenced to banishment. She speaks to the ghost of her father before being pushed into a well. Osira is transported to the small town of Evanshire, England. There, she reunites with her older brother Romulus. Evanshire also has strange rituals. Romulus goes by the name Clement and is married to a woman named Margaret. Osira is assigned the name Estelle. The previous Estelle has died; Osira is expected to take on Estelle’s name, occupation, personality, and even her family members. Osira plans to leave town. The people of Evanshire plan to kill her, but she and Romulus escape. Pursued by a mob of villagers, they jump into a well. Reception and awards James Gardner of Library Journal wrote that "Battle-Felton expands on the rules and consequences of Jackson’s story, showcasing the inherent rot of a system where violence is part and parcel of civic pride." Gardner praised the audiobook narrator, praising the inclusion of accents including Southern and Scottish variants. The review concluded by recommending the novel for fans of Southern gothic literature. Kirkus Reviews gave the novel a starred, commenting that the novel owes a debt to The Lottery. The review also noted that the novel draws from other African-American fiction, including works by Toni Morrison, Octavia Butler, and Colson Whitehead. Kirkus stated that the central theme is " how the need for communities to protect themselves unleashes its own anxieties and traumas." Author and critic Gabino Iglesias reviewed the novel in the New York Times. He wrote that the novel explores themes of trading freedom for safety, as well as the ways in which small towns can harbor dark secrets and violence. Iglesias concluded that "this is a wonderful novel about the worst monsters of all: people." Lisa Tuttle of The Guardian wrote that "this gothic tale weighs the lasting impact of slavery in America". Tuttle stated that the novel has echoes of Jackson's original story, but that readers would be surprised by the "weirder twists	Curdle Creek 2024 horror novel by Yvonne Battle-Felton Curdle Creek: A Novel is a 2024 horror novel by Yvonne Battle-Felton. It is set in Curdle Creek, a fictional all-Black town in which citizens are ritually sacrificed to control the population. It is inspired by the 1948 short story "The Lottery". The novel won the 2024 Shirley Jackson Award for Best Novel. Plot In 1960, a middle-aged widow named Osira lives in the all-Black town of Curdle Creek. The town is governed by a series of rituals. The most prominent ritual is the annual Moving On, in which citizens are sacrificed in order to control the population and ensure a bountiful harvest. Three years ago, Osira’s three children absconded from the town. As punishment, her husband Moses was chosen for the Moving On and was killed. Osira’s family is considered to have ill luck, since Osira’s older brother Romulus also left the town and his twin Remus was Moved On. This year, Osira and five other women participate in the Running of the Widows. Four eligible men are seeking wives. Osira comes in fifth place in the race, leaving her single. The next morning, the Calling begins. Each citizen writes down their nomination for a person to be Moved On. Three names are drawn from the town well, including Osira’s father Osiris Turner. Osira has a vision that the Moving On must end, but it is not clear if her vision is real or if she is simply grief-stricken. Osira’s mother Constance quarrels with Mother Opal, the Head Charter Mother of Curdle Creek. Mother Opal is responsible for verifying the names of the Moved On. Osira eavesdrops as Constance accuses Opal of falsehood. At the Turner home, Osira tells Constance about the vision. Constance replies that Mother Opal has died. The remaining Charter Mothers declare that the Moving On will continue despite Opal’s death; Constance becomes the new Head Charter Mother. Osira attempts to interfere with her father’s Moving On, but is unsuccessful. She is forced into the town well in an act of penance. Unknown to the others, Osira carries a Well Walker stone that was left by her father. Legend has it that Well Walkers can travel through time and space. Osira emerges from the well, having traveled back in time. She meets younger versions of Constance and Opal, who initially think she is a witch. Osira has dinner with the past versions of her mother and grandparents, pretending to be a visitor from out of town. Osira’s grandparents quarrel about the situation. The grandparents, Constance, and other townspeople begin to chase Osira. She is struck on the head with a stone and blacks out. Osira has a vision of a courtroom. She is placed on trial for her participation in the Moving On and all other horrors committed in the name of Curdle Creek. Osira calls Mother Opal as her character witness. Osira watches as a video plays during the evidentiary process. Opal was stoned to death by the other Mothers, including Constance. Osira is declared guilty by the court and sentenced to banishment. She speaks to the ghost of her father before being pushed into a well. Osira is transported to the small town of Evanshire, England. There, she reunites with her older brother Romulus. Evanshire also has strange rituals. Romulus goes by the name Clement and is married to a woman named Margaret. Osira is assigned the name Estelle. The previous Estelle has died; Osira is expected to take on Estelle’s name, occupation, personality, and even her family members. Osira plans to leave town. The people of Evanshire plan to kill her, but she and Romulus escape. Pursued by a mob of villagers, they jump into a well. Reception and awards James Gardner of Library Journal wrote that "Battle-Felton expands on the rules and consequences of Jackson’s story, showcasing the inherent rot of a system where violence is part and parcel of civic pride." Gardner praised the audiobook narrator, praising the inclusion of accents including Southern and Scottish variants. The review concluded by recommending the novel for fans of Southern gothic literature. Kirkus Reviews gave the novel a starred, commenting that the novel owes a debt to The Lottery. The review also noted that the novel draws from other African-American fiction, including works by Toni Morrison, Octavia Butler, and Colson Whitehead. Kirkus stated that the central theme is " how the need for communities to protect themselves unleashes its own anxieties and traumas." Author and critic Gabino Iglesias reviewed the novel in the New York Times. He wrote that the novel explores themes of trading freedom for safety, as well as the ways in which small towns can harbor dark secrets and violence. Iglesias concluded that "this is a wonderful novel about the worst monsters of all: people." Lisa Tuttle of The Guardian wrote that "this gothic tale weighs the lasting impact of slavery in America". Tuttle stated that the novel has echoes of Jackson's original story, but that readers would be surprised by the "weirder twists and turns" that the novel took. The novel won the 2024 Shirley Jackson Award for Best Novel.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:33:05Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdle_Creek	{"title": "Curdle Creek", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:33:05Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:21Z"}
2005–06 Pápa TFC season Pápa 2005–06 football season The 2005–06 season was Pápa Termál Football Club's 2nd competitive season, 2nd consecutive season in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I and 11th season in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Pápa participated in that season's editions of the Magyar Kupa and the UEFA Intertoto Cup. Squad Squad at end of season Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Competitions Overview Source: Competitions Nemzeti Bajnokság I Main article: 2005–06 Nemzeti Bajnokság I League table Source: RSSSF(R) Relegated Results summary Source: Competitions Matches Tatabánya v Pápa Pápa v Sopron Ferencváros v Pápa Pápa v Honvéd Fehérvár v Pápa Zalaegerszeg v Pápa Pápa v Kaposvár MTK v Pápa Pápa v Győr Újpest v Pápa Pápa v Diósgyőr Vasas v Pápa Pápa v Rákospalota Pécs v Pápa Pápa v Debrecen Pápa v Tatabánya Sopron v Pápa Pápa v Ferencváros Honvéd v Pápa Pápa v Fehérvár Pápa v Zalaegerszeg Kaposvár v Pápa Pápa v MTK Győr v Pápa Pápa v Újpest Diósgyőr v Pápa Pápa v Vasas Rákospalota v Pápa Pápa v Pécs Debrecen v Pápa Magyar Kupa Main article: 2005–06 Magyar Kupa Celldömölk v Pápa Round of 16 Vasas v Pápa Pápa v Vasas UEFA Intertoto Cup Main article: 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup First round Pápa v WIT Georgia WIT Georgia v Pápa Second round Pápa v Göteborg Göteborg v Pápa	2005–06 Pápa TFC season Pápa 2005–06 football season The 2005–06 season was Pápa Termál Football Club's 2nd competitive season, 2nd consecutive season in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I and 11th season in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Pápa participated in that season's editions of the Magyar Kupa and the UEFA Intertoto Cup. Squad Squad at end of season Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Competitions Overview Source: Competitions Nemzeti Bajnokság I Main article: 2005–06 Nemzeti Bajnokság I League table Source: RSSSF(R) Relegated Results summary Source: Competitions Matches Tatabánya v Pápa Pápa v Sopron Ferencváros v Pápa Pápa v Honvéd Fehérvár v Pápa Zalaegerszeg v Pápa Pápa v Kaposvár MTK v Pápa Pápa v Győr Újpest v Pápa Pápa v Diósgyőr Vasas v Pápa Pápa v Rákospalota Pécs v Pápa Pápa v Debrecen Pápa v Tatabánya Sopron v Pápa Pápa v Ferencváros Honvéd v Pápa Pápa v Fehérvár Pápa v Zalaegerszeg Kaposvár v Pápa Pápa v MTK Győr v Pápa Pápa v Újpest Diósgyőr v Pápa Pápa v Vasas Rákospalota v Pápa Pápa v Pécs Debrecen v Pápa Magyar Kupa Main article: 2005–06 Magyar Kupa Celldömölk v Pápa Round of 16 Vasas v Pápa Pápa v Vasas UEFA Intertoto Cup Main article: 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup First round Pápa v WIT Georgia WIT Georgia v Pápa Second round Pápa v Göteborg Göteborg v Pápa	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:37:22Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005–06_Pápa_TFC_season	{"title": "2005–06 Pápa TFC season", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:37:22Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:22Z"}
5th Division (Netherlands) Military unit The 5th Division (5e Divisie) was an infantry division of the Royal Netherlands Army (Koninklijke Landmacht) that saw action during the Battle of the Netherlands in May 1940. It was mobilized shortly before the German invasion and was disbanded following the surrender of the Dutch forces. History The 5th Division was established in April 1940 as part of the general Dutch mobilization. Upon the outbreak of hostilities on May 10, 1940, the division was subordinated to the III Army Corps. It played a crucial role in defending the southern sector of the Dutch front and later in the defense of the Fortress Holland (Vesting Holland). Combat Operations At the start of the German invasion, the 5th Division was under the command of Major General Adrianus Nijnatten. It was positioned in the area of the 'Peel Division' (Peel-Stellung). A significant portion of the division's infantry regiments was detached to reinforce the Peel Division. This formation manned the forward defensive line along the Peel-Raam Line in North Brabant. Following the penetration and eventual abandonment of the Peel-Raam Line, the division retreated towards the Fortress Holland, where it continued to fight until the general surrender on May 14, 1940. Order of Battle (May 1940) The 5th Division was a standard infantry division of the Royal Netherlands Army. It was commanded by Major General A. Nijnatten and was part of the III Corps (Netherlands). The structure of the division was as follows: Division Command and Support Units 5th Division Headquarters 3rd Transport Battalion (Bn) Sig Co (Signal Company) MP Co (Military Police Company) 9 AAMG Co (Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Company) 5 Eng Co (Engineer Company) 159 AAA Battery (Anti-Aircraft Artillery) Supply Regt Infantry Regiments 2nd Infantry Regiment (-) (Regiment had units detached) 13th Infantry Regiment (-) (Regiment had units detached) 17th Infantry Regiment (-) (Regiment had units detached) Artillery and Anti-Tank 3rd Artillery Regiment 5 Art Regt (Artillery Regiment) 6 Art Regt (Artillery Regiment) 3/1 AT Co (Anti-Tank Company) 2 AAMG Co (Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Company) 155 AA Bty (Anti-Aircraft Battery) 3 Eng Co (Engineer Company)	5th Division (Netherlands) Military unit The 5th Division (5e Divisie) was an infantry division of the Royal Netherlands Army (Koninklijke Landmacht) that saw action during the Battle of the Netherlands in May 1940. It was mobilized shortly before the German invasion and was disbanded following the surrender of the Dutch forces. History The 5th Division was established in April 1940 as part of the general Dutch mobilization. Upon the outbreak of hostilities on May 10, 1940, the division was subordinated to the III Army Corps. It played a crucial role in defending the southern sector of the Dutch front and later in the defense of the Fortress Holland (Vesting Holland). Combat Operations At the start of the German invasion, the 5th Division was under the command of Major General Adrianus Nijnatten. It was positioned in the area of the 'Peel Division' (Peel-Stellung). A significant portion of the division's infantry regiments was detached to reinforce the Peel Division. This formation manned the forward defensive line along the Peel-Raam Line in North Brabant. Following the penetration and eventual abandonment of the Peel-Raam Line, the division retreated towards the Fortress Holland, where it continued to fight until the general surrender on May 14, 1940. Order of Battle (May 1940) The 5th Division was a standard infantry division of the Royal Netherlands Army. It was commanded by Major General A. Nijnatten and was part of the III Corps (Netherlands). The structure of the division was as follows: Division Command and Support Units 5th Division Headquarters 3rd Transport Battalion (Bn) Sig Co (Signal Company) MP Co (Military Police Company) 9 AAMG Co (Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Company) 5 Eng Co (Engineer Company) 159 AAA Battery (Anti-Aircraft Artillery) Supply Regt Infantry Regiments 2nd Infantry Regiment (-) (Regiment had units detached) 13th Infantry Regiment (-) (Regiment had units detached) 17th Infantry Regiment (-) (Regiment had units detached) Artillery and Anti-Tank 3rd Artillery Regiment 5 Art Regt (Artillery Regiment) 6 Art Regt (Artillery Regiment) 3/1 AT Co (Anti-Tank Company) 2 AAMG Co (Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Company) 155 AA Bty (Anti-Aircraft Battery) 3 Eng Co (Engineer Company)	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:22:23Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Division_(Netherlands)	{"title": "5th Division (Netherlands)", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:22:23Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:22Z"}
Caroline Hutton English aristocrat and public relations specialist Caroline "Pidge" Spencer, Countess Spencer (née Caroline Victoria Hutton; born 16 October 1966), formerly Caroline Freud, is a British aristocrat and public relations specialist. She was married to Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer from 2001 to 2007. Early life Hutton grew up in Sussex. Her father worked at Lloyd's of London before relocating the family to Roedean. She grew up with two brothers and three stepbrothers. Hutton went on to attend the University of Oxford. Career Hutton worked as a nursery school teacher. After finishing her studies at Oxford, she worked in Monte Carlo as the public relations representative for a men's tennis tour. In 1988, she began working for Freud Communications. As Countess Spencer during her second marriage, Hutton founded the Althorp Literary Festival. The annual event, hosted at the Spencer family's seat, Althorp, included Alain de Botton, Simon Schama, Tina Brown, Sebastian Faulks, Boris Johnson, and James Cracknell as speakers. Personal life Hutton married Matthew Freud, whom she worked for at Freud Communications. They had two sons, George Rupert Freud and Jonah Henry Freud. On 15 December 2001, she married Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer. As the earl's second wife, she became stepmother to his four children from his first marriage to Victoria Lockwood: Lady Kitty Spencer, Lady Amelia Spencer, Lady Eliza Spencer, and Louis Spencer, Viscount Althorp. She and Lord Spencer have two children: The Hon. Edmund "Ned" Spencer and Lady Lara Caroline Spencer. They separated in 2007 and later divorced.	Caroline Hutton English aristocrat and public relations specialist Caroline "Pidge" Spencer, Countess Spencer (née Caroline Victoria Hutton; born 16 October 1966), formerly Caroline Freud, is a British aristocrat and public relations specialist. She was married to Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer from 2001 to 2007. Early life Hutton grew up in Sussex. Her father worked at Lloyd's of London before relocating the family to Roedean. She grew up with two brothers and three stepbrothers. Hutton went on to attend the University of Oxford. Career Hutton worked as a nursery school teacher. After finishing her studies at Oxford, she worked in Monte Carlo as the public relations representative for a men's tennis tour. In 1988, she began working for Freud Communications. As Countess Spencer during her second marriage, Hutton founded the Althorp Literary Festival. The annual event, hosted at the Spencer family's seat, Althorp, included Alain de Botton, Simon Schama, Tina Brown, Sebastian Faulks, Boris Johnson, and James Cracknell as speakers. Personal life Hutton married Matthew Freud, whom she worked for at Freud Communications. They had two sons, George Rupert Freud and Jonah Henry Freud. On 15 December 2001, she married Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer. As the earl's second wife, she became stepmother to his four children from his first marriage to Victoria Lockwood: Lady Kitty Spencer, Lady Amelia Spencer, Lady Eliza Spencer, and Louis Spencer, Viscount Althorp. She and Lord Spencer have two children: The Hon. Edmund "Ned" Spencer and Lady Lara Caroline Spencer. They separated in 2007 and later divorced.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:18:32Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Hutton	{"title": "Caroline Hutton", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:18:32Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:24Z"}
2026 BWF World Tour See also: 2026 BWF season Badminton tournament The 2026 BWF World Tour (officially known as the 2026 HSBC BWF World Tour for sponsorship reasons) is the 9th season of the BWF World Tour of badminton, a circuit of 29 tournaments leading up to the World Tour Finals. The 30 tournaments are divided into five levels: Level 1, the World Tour Finals; Level 2, Super 1000 (4 tournaments); Level 3, Super 750 (6 tournaments); Level 4, Super 500 (9 tournaments); and Level 5, Super 300 (10 tournaments). Each of these tournaments offers different ranking points and prize money. The highest points and prize pools are offered at the Super 1000 level (including the World Tour Finals). Another tournament category, the BWF Tour Super 100 (level 6), also offers BWF World Tour ranking points. This category also serves as an important pathway and entry point for players to the BWF World Tour. BWF has announced that there will be ten tournaments for the BWF Tour Super 100 in 2025. Results Below is the schedule released by the Badminton World Federation: Key Winners Finals This is the complete schedule of events on the 2026 calendar, with the champions and runners-up documented. January February March April No World Tour tournament held in April. May June July August No World Tour tournament held in August. September October November December World Tour rankings The points are calculated from the following levels: BWF World Tour Super 1000 BWF World Tour Super 750 BWF World Tour Super 500 BWF World Tour Super 300 BWF Tour Super 100 Information on Points, Won, Lost, and % columns were calculated after the Guwahati Masters. Key Men's singles The table below was based on the ranking of men's singles as of 7 December 2025. Women's singles The table below was based on the ranking of women's singles as of 7 December 2025. Men's doubles The table below was based on the ranking of men's doubles as of 7 December 2025. Women's doubles The table below was based on the ranking of women's doubles as of 7 December 2025. Mixed doubles The table below was based on the ranking of mixed doubles as of 7 December 2025.	2026 BWF World Tour See also: 2026 BWF season Badminton tournament The 2026 BWF World Tour (officially known as the 2026 HSBC BWF World Tour for sponsorship reasons) is the 9th season of the BWF World Tour of badminton, a circuit of 29 tournaments leading up to the World Tour Finals. The 30 tournaments are divided into five levels: Level 1, the World Tour Finals; Level 2, Super 1000 (4 tournaments); Level 3, Super 750 (6 tournaments); Level 4, Super 500 (9 tournaments); and Level 5, Super 300 (10 tournaments). Each of these tournaments offers different ranking points and prize money. The highest points and prize pools are offered at the Super 1000 level (including the World Tour Finals). Another tournament category, the BWF Tour Super 100 (level 6), also offers BWF World Tour ranking points. This category also serves as an important pathway and entry point for players to the BWF World Tour. BWF has announced that there will be ten tournaments for the BWF Tour Super 100 in 2025. Results Below is the schedule released by the Badminton World Federation: Key Winners Finals This is the complete schedule of events on the 2026 calendar, with the champions and runners-up documented. January February March April No World Tour tournament held in April. May June July August No World Tour tournament held in August. September October November December World Tour rankings The points are calculated from the following levels: BWF World Tour Super 1000 BWF World Tour Super 750 BWF World Tour Super 500 BWF World Tour Super 300 BWF Tour Super 100 Information on Points, Won, Lost, and % columns were calculated after the Guwahati Masters. Key Men's singles The table below was based on the ranking of men's singles as of 7 December 2025. Women's singles The table below was based on the ranking of women's singles as of 7 December 2025. Men's doubles The table below was based on the ranking of men's doubles as of 7 December 2025. Women's doubles The table below was based on the ranking of women's doubles as of 7 December 2025. Mixed doubles The table below was based on the ranking of mixed doubles as of 7 December 2025.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:11:54Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_BWF_World_Tour	{"title": "2026 BWF World Tour", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:11:54Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:25Z"}
Matei Cazacu Matei Cazacu (born July 11, 1946, Sinaia) is a Romanian- born French author, essayist, medieval historian, and human rights activist. Biography Member of the Romanian section of the League for the Defense of Human Rights, of the Association for the Defense of Historical Monuments in Romania. Writing 1975 - Matei Cazacu, Radu R. Florescu , Alan G. Barbour - In Search of Frankenstein , Boston , New York Graphic Society. ISBN 9780821206140. 1988 - L'Histoire du prince Dracula en Europe centrale et orientale au XVe siècle . Edition critique, traduction, notes et commentaires, Genève, Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-00504-3 2nd and 3rd editions, reprints 1996 and 2006 1993 - In ex-Soviet Moldavia. Histoire et débats en cours , Paris, Akratie, (co-author) 2007 - 2nd Edition, revue et completée, sous presse, Paris 1997 - A world in a cookbook. A cookbook at the time of Constantin Brâncoveanu (1688-1714), Bucharest, Romanian Cultural Foundation, (co-author) 1998 - They have the Caucasus. Russes et Tchétchènes, récits d'une guerre sans fin (1785-1996) , Genève, Georg Editeur 1998 - History of Oriental Slaves. Bibliographie des sources historiques traduites en langues occidentales (Xe siècle - 1689) , Paris, CNRS Editions et l'Institut d'études slaves, (co-author) 1999 - The Story of Romanian Gastronomy , Bucharest, Romanian Cultural Foundation 1999 - Des femmes sur les routes de l'Orient. Le voyage à Constantinople aux XVIIIe-XIXe siècles , Genève, Georg Editeur, 1999 2001 - Matei Cazacu , George Ciorănescu - Bessarabia, Romanian land disputed between East and West , 2 volumes, Bucharest, Romanian Cultural Foundation 2003 - Miracles, visions and premonitory dreams in the Romanian past , Bucharest, Sigma Publishing House 2004 - Interwar Romania , Bucharest, NOI Media Print Publishing House, 2004 2004 - Dracula , Paris, Editions Tallandier, Prix Thiers de l'Academie Française 2005 - Gilles de Rais , Paris, Tallandier 2006 - L'histoire du prince Dracula en Europe centrale et orientale (15th century) 2007 - Romania in 1900 , Bucharest, NOI Media Print Publishing House, 2007. In press. (La Roumanie en 1900) 2007 - La Barbe! , Paris, Tallandier 2007 - Romania as seen by foreigners , Bucharest, NOI Publishing House, Media Print 2008 - L'Eglise orientale et l'argent. L'embarras de la richesse , in collaboration with Violeta Barbu , Editions de l'Institut Culturel Roumain, Bucharest 2010 - Matei Cazacu, Nicolas Trifon - A state in search of a nation - The Republic of Moldova, ( A state in search of a nation - The Republic of Moldova ), NON LIEU Publishing House, Paris 2013 - Matei Cazacu, Dan Ioan Mureșan, Ioan Basarab, a Romanian gentleman at the beginnings of Wallachia, Cartier Publishing House, Chișinău. Awards Prix Thiers de l'Academie Française - Dracula , Paris, Editions Tallandier	Matei Cazacu Matei Cazacu (born July 11, 1946, Sinaia) is a Romanian- born French author, essayist, medieval historian, and human rights activist. Biography Member of the Romanian section of the League for the Defense of Human Rights, of the Association for the Defense of Historical Monuments in Romania. Writing 1975 - Matei Cazacu, Radu R. Florescu , Alan G. Barbour - In Search of Frankenstein , Boston , New York Graphic Society. ISBN 9780821206140. 1988 - L'Histoire du prince Dracula en Europe centrale et orientale au XVe siècle . Edition critique, traduction, notes et commentaires, Genève, Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-00504-3 2nd and 3rd editions, reprints 1996 and 2006 1993 - In ex-Soviet Moldavia. Histoire et débats en cours , Paris, Akratie, (co-author) 2007 - 2nd Edition, revue et completée, sous presse, Paris 1997 - A world in a cookbook. A cookbook at the time of Constantin Brâncoveanu (1688-1714), Bucharest, Romanian Cultural Foundation, (co-author) 1998 - They have the Caucasus. Russes et Tchétchènes, récits d'une guerre sans fin (1785-1996) , Genève, Georg Editeur 1998 - History of Oriental Slaves. Bibliographie des sources historiques traduites en langues occidentales (Xe siècle - 1689) , Paris, CNRS Editions et l'Institut d'études slaves, (co-author) 1999 - The Story of Romanian Gastronomy , Bucharest, Romanian Cultural Foundation 1999 - Des femmes sur les routes de l'Orient. Le voyage à Constantinople aux XVIIIe-XIXe siècles , Genève, Georg Editeur, 1999 2001 - Matei Cazacu , George Ciorănescu - Bessarabia, Romanian land disputed between East and West , 2 volumes, Bucharest, Romanian Cultural Foundation 2003 - Miracles, visions and premonitory dreams in the Romanian past , Bucharest, Sigma Publishing House 2004 - Interwar Romania , Bucharest, NOI Media Print Publishing House, 2004 2004 - Dracula , Paris, Editions Tallandier, Prix Thiers de l'Academie Française 2005 - Gilles de Rais , Paris, Tallandier 2006 - L'histoire du prince Dracula en Europe centrale et orientale (15th century) 2007 - Romania in 1900 , Bucharest, NOI Media Print Publishing House, 2007. In press. (La Roumanie en 1900) 2007 - La Barbe! , Paris, Tallandier 2007 - Romania as seen by foreigners , Bucharest, NOI Publishing House, Media Print 2008 - L'Eglise orientale et l'argent. L'embarras de la richesse , in collaboration with Violeta Barbu , Editions de l'Institut Culturel Roumain, Bucharest 2010 - Matei Cazacu, Nicolas Trifon - A state in search of a nation - The Republic of Moldova, ( A state in search of a nation - The Republic of Moldova ), NON LIEU Publishing House, Paris 2013 - Matei Cazacu, Dan Ioan Mureșan, Ioan Basarab, a Romanian gentleman at the beginnings of Wallachia, Cartier Publishing House, Chișinău. Awards Prix Thiers de l'Academie Française - Dracula , Paris, Editions Tallandier	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:01:52Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Cazacu	{"title": "Matei Cazacu", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:01:52Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:25Z"}
Momoprecoce Composition by Heitor Villa-Lobos Momoprecoce, W240 (originally and alternatively spelled Mômo precoce), is a fantasy for piano and orchestra by Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos. An arrangement into one movement of the Carnaval das crianças, it was originally written in 1929. Background The origins of Momoprecoce can be traced back to the Carnaval das crianças, a children's suite scored for piano written in 1920. Momoprecoce is an elaborate concertante arrangement finished in 1929 in Rio de Janeiro. Although the original suite consisted of eight pieces, Momoprecoce was condensed into one continuous movement with no separation. The piece is claimed to have been premiered in 1929, in the Concergebouw, Amsterdam, by dedicatee Magda Tagliaferro and conductor Pierre Monteux. However, even though Tagliaferro was in fact in Amsterdam at the time, later research by Frank de Munnik of Dutch State Radio found no evidence supporting this claim and stated that, even though Tagliaferro did give a concert, it was a solo recital, not in the Concertgebouw, and with no mention of Villa-Lobos in the program. The first performance in public of Momoprecoce on record is the one Tagliaferro gave in Paris, on February 23, 1930, with conductor Enrique Fernández Arbós. Villa-Lobos himself conducted it with Tagliaferro at Paris's Salle Gaveau two months later, on April 4. The composer conducted the work many times with different orchestras and performers in many cities around America and Europe, including Rio de Janeiro, Barcelona, Los Angeles, and Miami. It was published in Paris in 1934 by Max Eschig, and, later, by the Academia Brasileira de Música. Villa-Lobos also wrote an additional arrangement of Momoprecoce for piano and band, with catalogue number W259, The first performance took place on 21 October 1931 at the Theatro Municipal in São Paulo, with the Banda da Força Pública. Souza Lima performed as the soloist, and the composer conducted. The score is nowadays considered to be lost. A reduction for two pianos was published by Max Eschig in 1934. During the 50s, Villa-Lobos travelled to Paris to record some pieces of himself, among which was Momoprecoce. It was the only time Villa-Lobos was ever recorded conducting this piece. The piece was recorded at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, with Magda Tagliaferro and the Orchestre National de la Radiodiffusion Française, on June 10, 1954. The recording, made under EMI, was released as a collection of discs entitled Villa-Lobos par lui-même. Structure Momoprecoce is a fantasy for piano solo and an orchestra consisting of a piccolo, a flute, an oboe, an English horn, a B-flat clarinet, an alto saxophone, a bassoon, a contrabassoon, three French horns, a C trumpet, a trombone, timpani, a bass drum, a side drum, a Basque drum, a field drum, a snare drum, a children’s drum, wooden and metal shakers, sleigh bells, a reco-reco, a celesta, and a string section. It has an approximate duration of 22 minutes.	Momoprecoce Composition by Heitor Villa-Lobos Momoprecoce, W240 (originally and alternatively spelled Mômo precoce), is a fantasy for piano and orchestra by Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos. An arrangement into one movement of the Carnaval das crianças, it was originally written in 1929. Background The origins of Momoprecoce can be traced back to the Carnaval das crianças, a children's suite scored for piano written in 1920. Momoprecoce is an elaborate concertante arrangement finished in 1929 in Rio de Janeiro. Although the original suite consisted of eight pieces, Momoprecoce was condensed into one continuous movement with no separation. The piece is claimed to have been premiered in 1929, in the Concergebouw, Amsterdam, by dedicatee Magda Tagliaferro and conductor Pierre Monteux. However, even though Tagliaferro was in fact in Amsterdam at the time, later research by Frank de Munnik of Dutch State Radio found no evidence supporting this claim and stated that, even though Tagliaferro did give a concert, it was a solo recital, not in the Concertgebouw, and with no mention of Villa-Lobos in the program. The first performance in public of Momoprecoce on record is the one Tagliaferro gave in Paris, on February 23, 1930, with conductor Enrique Fernández Arbós. Villa-Lobos himself conducted it with Tagliaferro at Paris's Salle Gaveau two months later, on April 4. The composer conducted the work many times with different orchestras and performers in many cities around America and Europe, including Rio de Janeiro, Barcelona, Los Angeles, and Miami. It was published in Paris in 1934 by Max Eschig, and, later, by the Academia Brasileira de Música. Villa-Lobos also wrote an additional arrangement of Momoprecoce for piano and band, with catalogue number W259, The first performance took place on 21 October 1931 at the Theatro Municipal in São Paulo, with the Banda da Força Pública. Souza Lima performed as the soloist, and the composer conducted. The score is nowadays considered to be lost. A reduction for two pianos was published by Max Eschig in 1934. During the 50s, Villa-Lobos travelled to Paris to record some pieces of himself, among which was Momoprecoce. It was the only time Villa-Lobos was ever recorded conducting this piece. The piece was recorded at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, with Magda Tagliaferro and the Orchestre National de la Radiodiffusion Française, on June 10, 1954. The recording, made under EMI, was released as a collection of discs entitled Villa-Lobos par lui-même. Structure Momoprecoce is a fantasy for piano solo and an orchestra consisting of a piccolo, a flute, an oboe, an English horn, a B-flat clarinet, an alto saxophone, a bassoon, a contrabassoon, three French horns, a C trumpet, a trombone, timpani, a bass drum, a side drum, a Basque drum, a field drum, a snare drum, a children’s drum, wooden and metal shakers, sleigh bells, a reco-reco, a celesta, and a string section. It has an approximate duration of 22 minutes.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:57:29Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momoprecoce	{"title": "Momoprecoce", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:57:29Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:25Z"}
List of films considered as New Hollywood This is the list of films considered by various sources as part of the New Hollywood eras. Background The New Hollywood, Hollywood Renaissance, or American New Wave, was a movement in American film history from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, when a new generation of filmmakers came to prominence. They influenced the types of film produced, their production and marketing, and the way major studios approached filmmaking. In New Hollywood films, the film director, rather than the studio, took on a key authorial role. The definition of "New Hollywood" varies, depending on the author, with some defining it as a movement and others as a period. The span of the period is also a subject of debate, as well as its integrity, as some authors, such as Thomas Schatz, argue that the New Hollywood consists of several different movements. The films made in this movement are stylistically characterized in that their narrative often deviated from classical norms. After the demise of the studio system and the rise of television, the commercial success of films was diminished. Successful films of the early New Hollywood era include Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate and Easy Rider while films whose box office failure marked the end of the era include New York, New York, Sorcerer, Heaven's Gate, They All Laughed, and One from the Heart. It is also the name of a 1990 NBC News special hosted by Tom Brokaw about the then "new" Hollywood industry of the 1980s and early 1990s making epic mainstream blockbusters, personal mid-budget fare and smaller independent efforts. Films of the movement This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources. This is a chronological list of films that are generally considered to be "New Hollywood" productions: 1950s–1960s 1957–1966 12 Angry Men (1957) ≈ ≠ The Strange One (1957) Sweet Smell of Success (1957) ≈ The Left Handed Gun (1958) Murder by Contract (1958) Shadows (1958) ≈ Touch of Evil (1958) ≈ Anatomy of a Murder (1959) ≈ Come Back, Africa (1959) Pull My Daisy (1959) ≈ The Savage Eye (1959) Skyscraper (1959) The Apartment (1960) ≈ ≠ Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960) Private Property (1960) Primary (1960) ≈ Wild River (1960) ≈ Blast of Silence (1961) The Children's Hour (1961) The Connection (1961) The Hustler (1961) ≈ The Misfits (1961) Night Tide (1961) One-Eyed Jacks (1961) ≈ Something Wild (1961) Splendor in the Grass (1961) David and Lisa (1962) Days of Wine and Roses (1962) ≈ Experiment in Terror (1962) Lolita (1962) Lonely Are the Brave (1962) The Manchurian Candidate (1962) ≈ The Miracle Worker (1962) ≈ Pressure Point (1962) Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962) Two for the Seesaw (1962) What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) ≈ The World's Greatest Sinner (1962) America America (1963) ≈ The Cardinal (1963) A Child Is Waiting (1963) The Cool World (1963) ≈ The Great Escape (1963) Hallelujah the Hills (1963) Hud (1963) ≈ Ladybug, Ladybug (1963) Lilies of the Field (1963) ≈ Love with the Proper Stranger (1963) Shock Corridor (1963) ≈ The Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man (1963) The Brig (1964) Dr. Strangelove, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) ≈ ≠ Fail Safe (1964) The Killers (1964) Lilith (1964) Nothing but a Man (1964) ≈ One Potato, Two Potato (1964) The Pawnbroker (1964) ≈ Brainstorm (1965) Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965) The Hill (1965) Inside Daisy Clover (1965) The Loved One (1965) Mickey One (1965) None but the Brave (1965) Once a Thief (1965) Rat Fink (1965) The Slender Thread (1965) The Sound of Music (1965) ≈ ≠ A Thousand Clowns (1965) Who Killed Teddy Bear? (1965) Young Dillinger (1965) An American Dream (1966) The Chase (1966) Dutchman (1966) The Fortune Cookie (1966) Grand Prix (1966) The Group (1966) Hold Me While I'm Naked (1966) Lord Love a Duck (1966) A Man Called Adam (1966) Our Man Flint (1966) The Professionals (1966) Ride in the Whirlwind (1966) The Sand Pebbles (1966) Seconds (1966) ≈ The Shooting (1966) This Property Is Condemned (1966) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) ≈ ≠ The Wild Angels (1966) You're a Big Boy Now (1966) 1967–1969 Barefoot in the Park (1967) Bonnie and Clyde (1967) ≈ ≠ The Born Losers (1967) Cool Hand Luke (1967) ≈ Countdown (1967) David Holzman's Diary (1967) ≈ The Dirty Dozen (1967) Dont Look Back (1967) ≈ Games (1967) The Graduate (1967) ≈ ≠ Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? (1967) ≠ Hells Angels on Wheels (1967) Hombre (1967) In Cold Blood (1967) ≈ In the Heat of the Night (1967) ≈ ≠ The Incident (1967) Point Blank (1967) ≈ Portrait of Jason (1967) ≈ The President's Analyst (1967) The Producers (1967) ≈ Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967) Spring Night, Summer Night (1967) Sweet Love, Bitter (1967) Titicut Follies (1967) ≈ The Trip (1967) Two for the Road (1967) Up the Down Staircase (1967) Valley of the Dolls (1967) Wait Until Dark (1967)	List of films considered as New Hollywood This is the list of films considered by various sources as part of the New Hollywood eras. Background The New Hollywood, Hollywood Renaissance, or American New Wave, was a movement in American film history from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, when a new generation of filmmakers came to prominence. They influenced the types of film produced, their production and marketing, and the way major studios approached filmmaking. In New Hollywood films, the film director, rather than the studio, took on a key authorial role. The definition of "New Hollywood" varies, depending on the author, with some defining it as a movement and others as a period. The span of the period is also a subject of debate, as well as its integrity, as some authors, such as Thomas Schatz, argue that the New Hollywood consists of several different movements. The films made in this movement are stylistically characterized in that their narrative often deviated from classical norms. After the demise of the studio system and the rise of television, the commercial success of films was diminished. Successful films of the early New Hollywood era include Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate and Easy Rider while films whose box office failure marked the end of the era include New York, New York, Sorcerer, Heaven's Gate, They All Laughed, and One from the Heart. It is also the name of a 1990 NBC News special hosted by Tom Brokaw about the then "new" Hollywood industry of the 1980s and early 1990s making epic mainstream blockbusters, personal mid-budget fare and smaller independent efforts. Films of the movement This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources. This is a chronological list of films that are generally considered to be "New Hollywood" productions: 1950s–1960s 1957–1966 12 Angry Men (1957) ≈ ≠ The Strange One (1957) Sweet Smell of Success (1957) ≈ The Left Handed Gun (1958) Murder by Contract (1958) Shadows (1958) ≈ Touch of Evil (1958) ≈ Anatomy of a Murder (1959) ≈ Come Back, Africa (1959) Pull My Daisy (1959) ≈ The Savage Eye (1959) Skyscraper (1959) The Apartment (1960) ≈ ≠ Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960) Private Property (1960) Primary (1960) ≈ Wild River (1960) ≈ Blast of Silence (1961) The Children's Hour (1961) The Connection (1961) The Hustler (1961) ≈ The Misfits (1961) Night Tide (1961) One-Eyed Jacks (1961) ≈ Something Wild (1961) Splendor in the Grass (1961) David and Lisa (1962) Days of Wine and Roses (1962) ≈ Experiment in Terror (1962) Lolita (1962) Lonely Are the Brave (1962) The Manchurian Candidate (1962) ≈ The Miracle Worker (1962) ≈ Pressure Point (1962) Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962) Two for the Seesaw (1962) What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) ≈ The World's Greatest Sinner (1962) America America (1963) ≈ The Cardinal (1963) A Child Is Waiting (1963) The Cool World (1963) ≈ The Great Escape (1963) Hallelujah the Hills (1963) Hud (1963) ≈ Ladybug, Ladybug (1963) Lilies of the Field (1963) ≈ Love with the Proper Stranger (1963) Shock Corridor (1963) ≈ The Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man (1963) The Brig (1964) Dr. Strangelove, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) ≈ ≠ Fail Safe (1964) The Killers (1964) Lilith (1964) Nothing but a Man (1964) ≈ One Potato, Two Potato (1964) The Pawnbroker (1964) ≈ Brainstorm (1965) Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965) The Hill (1965) Inside Daisy Clover (1965) The Loved One (1965) Mickey One (1965) None but the Brave (1965) Once a Thief (1965) Rat Fink (1965) The Slender Thread (1965) The Sound of Music (1965) ≈ ≠ A Thousand Clowns (1965) Who Killed Teddy Bear? (1965) Young Dillinger (1965) An American Dream (1966) The Chase (1966) Dutchman (1966) The Fortune Cookie (1966) Grand Prix (1966) The Group (1966) Hold Me While I'm Naked (1966) Lord Love a Duck (1966) A Man Called Adam (1966) Our Man Flint (1966) The Professionals (1966) Ride in the Whirlwind (1966) The Sand Pebbles (1966) Seconds (1966) ≈ The Shooting (1966) This Property Is Condemned (1966) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) ≈ ≠ The Wild Angels (1966) You're a Big Boy Now (1966) 1967–1969 Barefoot in the Park (1967) Bonnie and Clyde (1967) ≈ ≠ The Born Losers (1967) Cool Hand Luke (1967) ≈ Countdown (1967) David Holzman's Diary (1967) ≈ The Dirty Dozen (1967) Dont Look Back (1967) ≈ Games (1967) The Graduate (1967) ≈ ≠ Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? (1967) ≠ Hells Angels on Wheels (1967) Hombre (1967) In Cold Blood (1967) ≈ In the Heat of the Night (1967) ≈ ≠ The Incident (1967) Point Blank (1967) ≈ Portrait of Jason (1967) ≈ The President's Analyst (1967) The Producers (1967) ≈ Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967) Spring Night, Summer Night (1967) Sweet Love, Bitter (1967) Titicut Follies (1967) ≈ The Trip (1967) Two for the Road (1967) Up the Down Staircase (1967) Valley of the Dolls (1967) Wait Until Dark (1967) Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967) 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) ≈ ≠ The Boston Strangler (1968) The Brotherhood (1968) Bullitt (1968) ≈ Bye Bye Braverman (1968) Coogan's Bluff (1968) The Detective (1968) The Edge (1968) Faces (1968) ≈ Finian's Rainbow (1968) Funny Girl (1968) ≈ Greetings (1968) Head (1968) Hell in the Pacific (1968) High School (1968) ≈ I Love You, Alice B. Toklas (1968) The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) Madigan (1968) Monterey Pop (1968) ≈ Night of the Living Dead (1968) ≈ No Way to Treat a Lady (1968) The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968) The Party (1968) Petulia (1968) Planet of the Apes (1968) ≈ Pretty Poison (1968) Psych-Out (1968) Rachel, Rachel (1968) Rosemary's Baby (1968) ≈ The Sergeant (1968) Skidoo (1968) The Split (1968) The Swimmer (1968) Targets (1968) The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) ≈ UpTight! (1968) Wild in the Streets (1968) Will Penny (1968) Alice's Restaurant (1969) Angel, Angel, Down We Go (1969) The Arrangement (1969) Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) ≈ ≠ Castle Keep (1969) Changes (1969) Coming Apart (1969) Downhill Racer (1969) Easy Rider (1969) ≈ ≠ Goodbye, Columbus (1969) The Gypsy Moths (1969) The Happy Ending (1969) Hell's Angels '69 (1969) Jenny (1969) John and Mary (1969) Last Summer (1969) The Learning Tree (1969) ≈ Lions Love (1969) Marlowe (1969) Marooned (1969) Me, Natalie (1969) Medium Cool (1969) ≈ Midnight Cowboy (1969) ≈ Model Shop (1969) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) Out of It (1969) Pit Stop (1969) Popi (1969) Putney Swope (1969) ≈ The Rain People (1969) Salesman (1969) ≈ The Sterile Cuckoo (1969) Sweet Charity (1969) Take the Money and Run (1969) Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here (1969) That Cold Day in the Park (1969) They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) A Time for Dying (1969) Topaz (1969) True Grit (1969) The Wedding Party (1969) What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969) Where It's At (1969) The Wild Bunch (1969) ≈ ≠ 1970s 1970–1971 Adam at 6 A.M. (1970) Airport (1970) Alex in Wonderland (1970) The Baby Maker (1970) The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970) Bloody Mama (1970) The Boys in the Band (1970) Brewster McCloud (1970) Catch-22 (1970) Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970) Cover Me Babe (1970) Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970) Didn't You Hear? (1970) End of the Road (1970) Five Easy Pieces (1970) ≈ Flap (1970) Gas-s-s-s (1970) Getting Straight (1970) Gimme Shelter (1970) The Great White Hope (1970) Halls of Anger (1970) Hi, Mom! (1970) The Honeymoon Killers (1970) Husbands (1970) I Am Somebody (1970) ≈ Ice (1970) I Love My...Wife (1970) I Never Sang for My Father (1970) I Walk the Line (1970) Joe (1970) Kelly's Heroes (1970) The Landlord (1970) Last of the Mobile Hot Shots (1970) The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970) Little Big Man (1970) ≈ Little Fauss and Big Halsy (1970) Love Story (1970) Loving (1970) The Magic Garden of Stanley Sweetheart (1970) Maidstone (1970) A Man Called Horse (1970) MASH (1970) ≈ ≠ Move (1970) Myra Breckinridge (1970) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970) The Owl and the Pussycat (1970) Patton (1970) ≈ ≠ The People Next Door (1970) Puzzle of a Downfall Child (1970) Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx (1970) The Revolutionary (1970) R.P.M. (1970) The Sidelong Glances of a Pigeon Kicker (1970) Soldier Blue (1970) Something for Everyone (1970) Start the Revolution Without Me (1970) Stop! (1970) The Strawberry Statement (1970) Street Scenes 1970 (1970) The Student Nurses (1970) Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970) ...Tick...Tick...Tick... (1970) The Traveling Executioner (1970) Tropic of Cancer (1970) Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970) Wanda (1970) ≈ Watermelon Man (1970) Where's Poppa? (1970) Woodstock (1970) ≈ WUSA (1970) Zabriskie Point (1970) $ (1971) The American Dreamer (1971) The Anderson Tapes (1971) The Andromeda Strain (1971) Bananas (1971) Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me (1971) The Beguiled (1971) Billy Jack (1971) Born to Win (1971) Carnal Knowledge (1971) Chandler (1971) The Christian Licorice Store (1971) Cisco Pike (1971) A Clockwork Orange (1971) ≈ ≠ Desperate Characters (1971) Dirty Harry (1971) ≈ "Doc" (1971) Drive, He Said (1971) Duel (1971) Dusty and Sweets McGee (1971) Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971) Fiddler on the Roof (1971) The French Connection (1971) ≈ ≠ Glen and Randa (1971) Going Home (1971) Growing Up Female (1971) ≈ Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1971) Harold and Maude (1971) ≈ The Hired Hand (1971) The Horsemen (1971) The Hospital (1971) ≈ The Hunting Party (1971) Jennifer on My Mind (1971) Johnny Got His Gun (1971) Klute (1971) The Last Movie (1971) The Last Picture Show (1971) ≈ ≠ The Last Run (1971) Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971) Little Murders (1971) Making It (1971) McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971) ≈ Minnie and Moskowitz (1971) A New Leaf (1971) ≈ The Panic in Needle Park (1971) Play Misty for Me (1971) Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) Punishment Park (1971) The Pursuit of Happiness (1971) A Safe Place (1971) Shaft (1971) ≈ Some of My Best Friends Are... (1971) Sometimes a Great Notion (1971) The Sporting Club (1971) Straw Dogs (1971) Such Good Friends (1971) Summer of '42 (1971) Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) ≈ Taking Off (1971) The Telephone Book (1971) They Might Be Giants (1971) THX 1138 (1971) The Todd Killings (1971) The Touch (1971) T.R. Baskin (1971) Two-Lane Blacktop (1971) ≈ Vanishing Point (1971) Walkabout (1971) Welcome Home, Soldier Boys (1971) What's the Matter with Helen? (1971) Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me? (1971) Wild Rovers (1971) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) ≈ 1972–1973 Across 110th Street (1972) Bad Company (1972) Bone (1972) Boxcar Bertha (1972) Butterflies Are Free (1972) Cabaret (1972) ≈ ≠ The Candidate (1972) The Carey Treatment (1972) Child's Play (1972) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972) Cry for Me, Billy (1972) The Culpepper Cattle Co. (1972) Deadhead Miles (1972) Dealing: Or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues (1972) Deep Throat (1972) Deliverance (1972) ≈ The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds (1972) Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (1972) Fat City (1972) Fritz the Cat (1972) Frogs (1972) Fuzz (1972) Get to Know Your Rabbit (1972) The Getaway (1972) The Godfather (1972) ≈ ≠ The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid (1972) The Heartbreak Kid (1972) Hickey & Boggs (1972) The Hot Rock (1972) Images (1972) Jeremiah Johnson (1972) Junior Bonner (1972) Kansas City Bomber (1972) The King of Marvin Gardens (1972) Lady Sings the Blues (1972) Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1972) The Last House on the Left (1972) The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) Limbo (1972) The Limit (1972) The Loners (1972) The Mechanic (1972) The New Centurions (1972) One Is a Lonely Number (1972) The Other (1972) Painters Painting (1972) Pete 'n' Tillie (1972) Pink Flamingos (1972) ≈ Play It Again, Sam (1972) Play It as It Lays (1972) Pocket Money (1972) Portnoy's Complaint (1972) The Poseidon Adventure (1972) The Possession of Joel Delaney (1972) Prime Cut (1972) Silent Running (1972) Sisters (1972) Slaughterhouse-Five (1972) Sounder (1972) ≈ Super Fly (1972) ≈ Thumb Tripping (1972) To Find a Man (1972) To Kill a Clown (1972) Tomorrow (1972) Ulzana's Raid (1972) Unholy Rollers (1972) Up the Sandbox (1972) The Visitors (1972) What's Up, Doc? (1972) You'll Like My Mother (1972) American Graffiti (1973) ≈ ≠ The Baby (1973) Badge 373 (1973) Badlands (1973) ≈ Bang the Drum Slowly (1973) Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973) Blume in Love (1973) Breezy (1973) Charley Varrick (1973) Cinderella Liberty (1973) Coffy (1973) Cops and Robbers (1973) The Day of the Dolphin (1973) Dillinger (1973) The Don Is Dead (1973) Electra Glide in Blue (1973) Emperor of the North Pole (1973) Enter the Dragon (1973) ≈ The Exorcist (1973) ≈ The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973) Heavy Traffic (1973) High Plains Drifter (1973) The Iceman Cometh (1973) Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) Kid Blue (1973) The Killing Kind (1973) The Last American Hero (1973) The Last Detail (1973) The Last of Sheila (1973) The Laughing Policeman (1973) Lolly-Madonna XXX (1973) The Long Goodbye (1973) ≈ Love and Pain and the Whole Damn Thing (1973) The MacKintosh Man (1973) Magnum Force (1973) Mean Streets (1973) ≈ The Outfit (1973) The Paper Chase (1973) Paper Moon (1973) Papillon (1973) Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) Payday (1973) Road Movie (1973) Save the Tiger (1973) Scarecrow (1973) Serpico (1973) The Seven-Ups (1973) Sleeper (1973) Slither (1973) Soylent Green (1973) The Spook Who Sat by the Door (1973) ≈ Sssssss (1973) Steelyard Blues (1973) The Sting (1973) ≈ Terminal Island (1973) Walking Tall (1973) Wattstax (1973) ≈ The Way We Were (1973) Westworld (1973) White Lightning (1973) 1974–1975 99 and 44/100% Dead (1974) Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) Attica (1974) Blazing Saddles (1974) ≈ Buster and Billie (1974) Busting (1974) Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974) Caged Heat (1974) California Split (1974) Chinatown (1974) ≈ ≠ Claudine (1974) Cockfighter (1974) The Conversation (1974) ≈ Crazy Joe (1974) Daisy Miller (1974) Dark Star (1974) Death Wish (1974) The Dion Brothers (1974) Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry (1974) Earthquake (1974) Female Trouble (1974) For Pete's Sake (1974) Foxy Brown (1974) Freebie and the Bean (1974) The Gambler (1974) Ganja & Hess (1974) ≈ Ginger in the Morning (1974) The Godfather Part II (1974) ≈ ≠ The Great Gatsby (1974) Harry and Tonto (1974) Hearts and Minds (1974) ≈ Law and Disorder (1974) Lenny (1974) The Longest Yard (1974) The Lords of Flatbush (1974) Lovin' Molly (1974) Luther (1974) Macon County Line (1974) Man on a Swing (1974) McQ (1974) Messiah of Evil (1974) The Midnight Man (1974) The Nickel Ride (1974) The Parallax View (1974) Phantom of the Paradise (1974) Phase IV (1974) Shanks (1974) The Spikes Gang (1974) The Sugarland Express (1974) The Super Cops (1974) The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974) The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) ≈ Thieves Like Us (1974) Three the Hard Way (1974) Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) The Towering Inferno (1974) Uptown Saturday Night (1974) ≈ The White Dawn (1974) Who? (1974) A Woman Under the Influence (1974) ≈ The Yakuza (1974) Young Frankenstein (1974) ≈ Zardoz (1974) 92 in the Shade (1975) Aloha, Bobby and Rose (1975) At Long Last Love (1975) Barry Lyndon (1975) Bite the Bullet (1975) Cooley High (1975) ≈ Coonskin (1975) The Day of the Locust (1975) Dog Day Afternoon (1975) ≈ The Drowning Pool (1975) The Eiger Sanction (1975) Farewell, My Lovely (1975) French Connection II (1975) Funny Lady (1975) The Great Waldo Pepper (1975) Hard Times (1975) Hearts of the West (1975) Hester Street (1975) ≈ The "Human" Factor (1975) Hustle (1975) Jaws (1975) ≈ ≠ The Killer Elite (1975) Let's Do It Again (1975) Loose Ends (1975) Love and Death (1975) Lucky Lady (1975) Milestones (1975) Nashville (1975) ≈ ≠ Night Moves (1975) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) ≈ ≠ The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1975) Race with the Devil (1975) Rafferty and the Gold Dust Twins (1975) Rancho Deluxe (1975) Report to the Commissioner (1975) The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) ≈ Rollerball (1975) Shampoo (1975) Smile (1975) The Stepford Wives (1975) The Sunshine Boys (1975) Three Days of the Condor (1975) The Wind and the Lion (1975) 1976–1977 All the President's Men (1976) ≈ ≠ Assault on Precinct 13 (1976) The Bad News Bears (1976) The Big Bus (1976) The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings (1976) Bound for Glory (1976) Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976) Car Wash (1976) Carrie (1976) ≈ Family Plot (1976) Fighting Mad (1976) The First Nudie Musical (1976) The Front (1976) Futureworld (1976) God Told Me To (1976) Harlan County, USA (1976) ≈ Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976) Heartworn Highways (1976) The Killer Inside Me (1976) The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976) The Last Hard Men (1976) The Last Tycoon (1976) Leadbelly (1976) Lifeguard (1976) Logan's Run (1976) Marathon Man (1976) Mikey and Nicky (1976) The Missouri Breaks (1976) Mother, Jugs and Speed (1976) Network (1976) ≈ ≠ Next Stop, Greenwich Village (1976) Nickelodeon (1976) Not a Pretty Picture (1976) Obsession (1976) The Omen (1976) The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) ≈ The Ritz (1976) Rocky (1976) ≈ ≠ The Shootist (1976) Silver Streak (1976) A Star Is Born (1976) Stay Hungry (1976) Sweet Revenge (1976) Taxi Driver (1976) ≈ ≠ Trackdown (1976) Tracks (1976) Underground (1976) Voyage of the Damned (1976) Welcome to L.A. (1976) 3 Women (1977) Alambrista! (1977) ≈ Annie Hall (1977) ≈ ≠ Audrey Rose (1977) Between the Lines (1977) Black Sunday (1977) Bobby Deerfield (1977) Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) ≈ ≠ The Domino Principle (1977) Equus (1977) Eraserhead (1977) ≈ Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977) Fun with Dick and Jane (1977) The Gauntlet (1977) The Goodbye Girl (1977) Grand Theft Auto (1977) Handle with Care (1977) A Hell of a Note (1977) Heroes (1977) High Anxiety (1977) The Hills Have Eyes (1977) I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977) Islands in the Stream (1977) Joyride (1977) Julia (1977) The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977) Last Chants for a Slow Dance (1977) The Late Show (1977) Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977) Martin (1977) New York, New York (1977) Opening Night (1977) The Other Side of Midnight (1977) The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977) Rolling Thunder (1977) Saturday Night Fever (1977) ≈ Semi-Tough (1977) The Sentinel (1977) September 30, 1955 (1977) Short Eyes (1977) Slap Shot (1977) Smokey and the Bandit (1977) Sorcerer (1977) Star Wars (1977) ≈ ≠ The Turning Point (1977) Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977) Which Way Is Up? (1977) Wizards (1977) 1978–1979 American Boy: A Profile of Steven Prince (1978) American Hot Wax (1978) The Big Fix (1978) Big Wednesday (1978) Bloodbrothers (1978) Blue Collar (1978) The Brink's Job (1978) The Buddy Holly Story (1978) California Suite (1978) Capricorn One (1978) Coma (1978) Comes a Horseman (1978) Coming Home (1978) Convoy (1978) Corvette Summer (1978) Dawn of the Dead (1978) Days of Heaven (1978) ≈ The Deer Hunter (1978) ≈ ≠ The Driver (1978) Every Which Way but Loose (1978) Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) Fingers (1978) F.I.S.T. (1978) Foul Play (1978) The Fury (1978) Girlfriends (1978) ≈ Go Tell the Spartans (1978) Goin' South (1978) Grease (1978) ≈ Halloween (1978) ≈ Heaven Can Wait (1978) Ice Castles (1978) Interiors (1978) Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) Killer of Sheep (1978) ≈ King of the Gypsies (1978) The Last Waltz (1978) ≈ The Lord of the Rings (1978) Magic (1978) Midnight Express (1978) Movie Movie (1978) National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) ≈ Northern Lights (1978) On the Yard (1978) Paradise Alley (1978) Remember My Name (1978) Same Time, Next Year (1978) The Scenic Route (1978) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978) Stony Island (1978) Straight Time (1978) Superman (1978) ≈ Uncle Joe Shannon (1978) An Unmarried Woman (1978) A Wedding (1978) The Whole Shootin' Match (1978) Who'll Stop the Rain (1978) The Wiz (1978) 10 (1979) 1941 (1979) Alien (1979) ≈ All That Jazz (1979) ≈ An Almost Perfect Affair (1979) Americathon (1979) ...And Justice for All. (1979) Apocalypse Now (1979) ≈ ≠ Being There (1979) ≈ The Black Stallion (1979) ≈ Breaking Away (1979) Bush Mama (1979) ≈ Chilly Scenes of Winter (1979) The China Syndrome (1979) The Driller Killer (1979) The Electric Horseman (1979) Escape from Alcatraz (1979) Going in Style (1979) Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff (1979) The Great Santini (1979) Hair (1979) Hardcore (1979) The In-Laws (1979) Killing Time (1979) Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) The Lady in Red (1979) Last Embrace (1979) Manhattan (1979) ≈ More American Graffiti (1979) Natural Enemies (1979) Norma Rae (1979) ≈ North Dallas Forty (1979) Old Boyfriends (1979) The Onion Field (1979) Over the Edge (1979) A Perfect Couple (1979) Promises in the Dark (1979) Quintet (1979) Real Life (1979) Rocky II (1979) The Rose (1979) Saint Jack (1979) The Seduction of Joe Tynan (1979) Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) Starting Over (1979) The Wanderers (1979) The Warriors (1979) When a Stranger Calls (1979) When You Comin' Back, Red Ryder? (1979) Winter Kills (1979) Wise Blood (1979) 1980s–1990s 1980–1982 9 to 5 (1980) Airplane! (1980) ≈ American Gigolo (1980) Any Which Way You Can (1980) Atlantic City (1980) ≈ The Blue Lagoon (1980) The Blues Brothers (1980) ≈ Bronco Billy (1980) Brubaker (1980) Can't Stop the Music (1980) Coal Miner's Daughter (1980) ≈ Cruising (1980) Dressed to Kill (1980) The Elephant Man (1980) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) ≈ Fame (1980) ≈ The Fog (1980) Gloria (1980) HealtH (1980) Heaven's Gate (1980) Honeysuckle Rose (1980) Inside Moves (1980) It's My Turn (1980) Just Tell Me What You Want (1980) The Long Riders (1980) Melvin (and Howard) (1980) Night of the Juggler (1980) The Ninth Configuration (1980) One-Trick Pony (1980) Ordinary People (1980) Out of the Blue (1980) Popeye (1980) Private Benjamin (1980) Raging Bull (1980) ≈ ≠ Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980) ≈ Second-Hand Hearts (1980) The Shining (1980) ≈ Stardust Memories (1980) Stir Crazy (1980) The Stunt Man (1980) Superman II (1980) Urban Cowboy (1980) Willie & Phil (1980) Windows (1980) Xanadu (1980) All Night Long (1981) ...All the Marbles (1981) An American Werewolf in London (1981) Arthur (1981) Blow Out (1981) Body Heat (1981) The Cannonball Run (1981) Cutter's Way (1981) Escape from New York (1981) The Evil Dead (1981) Fort Apache, the Bronx (1981) Four Friends (1981) The Funhouse (1981) The Howling (1981) Knightriders (1981) Modern Romance (1981) Mommie Dearest (1981) Ms. 45 (1981) On Golden Pond (1981) Outland (1981) Pennies from Heaven (1981) The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981) Prince of the City (1981) Raggedy Man (1981) Ragtime (1981) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) ≈ ≠ Reds (1981) S.O.B. (1981) Southern Comfort (1981) They All Laughed (1981) Thief (1981) Whose Life Is It Anyway? (1981) Wolfen (1981) 48 Hrs. (1982) Annie (1982) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982) Blade Runner (1982) ≈ ≠ The Border (1982) Cannery Row (1982) Cat People (1982) Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982) Conan the Barbarian (1982) Diner (1982) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) ≈ ≠ Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982) ≈ First Blood (1982) The King of Comedy (1982) Lookin' to Get Out (1982) Losing Ground (1982) ≈ A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (1982) Missing (1982) My Favorite Year (1982) An Officer and a Gentlemen (1982) One from the Heart (1982) Personal Best (1982) Poltergeist (1982) Rocky III (1982) Shoot the Moon (1982) Split Image (1982) Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) ≈ Summer Lovers (1982) The Thing (1982) Tootsie (1982) ≈ ≠ TRON (1982) The Verdict (1982) Victor/Victoria (1982) White Dog (1982) The World According to Garp (1982) 1983–1987 Baby It's You (1983) The Big Chill (1983) Blue Thunder (1983) Breathless (1983) Flashdance (1983) Misunderstood (1983) Mr. Mom (1983) National Lampoon's Vacation (1983) The Outsiders (1983) Return of the Jedi (1983) ≈ The Right Stuff (1983) ≈ Rumble Fish (1983) Silkwood (1983) Star 80 (1983) Suburbia (1983) Tender Mercies (1983) Terms of Endearment (1983) Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) Yentl (1983) Amadeus (1984) ≈ ≠ Beverley Hills Cop (1984) ≈ Blood Simple (1984) Body Double (1984) The Brother from Another Planet (1984) Choose Me (1984) The Cotton Club (1984) Footloose (1984) Gremlins (1984) Heartbreakers (1984) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) Mike's Murder (1984) Moscow on the Hudson (1984) A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) ≈ Paris, Texas (1984) Places in the Heart (1984) Purple Rain (1984) ≈ Repo Man (1984) Sixteen Candles (1984) Splash (1984) Starman (1984) Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) Streets of Fire (1984) Streetwise (1984) The Terminator (1984) ≈ This Is Spinal Tap (1984) ≈ Top Secret! (1984) After Hours (1985) Back to the Future (1985) ≈ The Breakfast Club (1985) ≈ Clue (1985) Day of the Dead (1985) Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) ≈ The Goonies (1985) ≈ The Legend of Billie Jean (1985) Mask (1985) Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985) Out of Africa (1985) Rocky IV (1985) Smooth Talk (1985) To Live and Die in L.A. (1985) Trouble in Mind (1985) Weird Science (1985) Witness (1985) Year of the Dragon (1985) 8 Million Ways to Die (1986) 52 Pick-Up (1986) Aliens (1986) The Big Easy (1986) Blue Velvet (1986) Children of a Lesser God (1986) The Color of Money (1986) Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986) ≈ The Fly (1986) Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) Legal Eagles (1986) Little Shop of Horrors (1986) Manhunter (1986) Parting Glances (1986) Platoon (1986) ≈ ≠ Pretty in Pink (1986) River's Edge (1986) Salvador (1986) She's Gotta Have It (1986) ≈ Stand by Me (1986) Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) Top Gun (1986) ≈ Beverley Hills Cop II (1987) Black Widow (1987) Dirty Dancing (1987) ≈ Fatal Attraction (1987) Full Metal Jacket (1987) The Hidden (1987) Lethal Weapon (1987) The Lost Boys (1987) Moonstruck (1987) Near Dark (1987) No Way Out (1987) Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987) The Princess Bride (1987) ≈ Raising Arizona (1987) Robocop (1987) Some Kind of Wonderful (1987) Someone to Watch Over Me (1987) Tin Men (1987) The Untouchables (1987) Wall Street (1987) 1988–1990 Beetlejuice (1988) Betrayed (1988) Crossing Delancey (1988) Die Hard (1988) ≈ Heathers (1988) Lady in White (1988) The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) Midnight Run (1988) Miracle Mile (1988) The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (1988) Rain Man (1988) Running on Empty (1988) She's Having a Baby (1988) The Thin Blue Line (1988) ≈ Working Girl (1988) The Abyss (1989) Batman (1989) Born on the Fourth of July (1989) Casualties of War (1989) Do the Right Thing (1989) ≈ ≠ Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Gleaming the Cube (1989) Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Look Who's Talking (1989) National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) Parenthood (1989) Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989) ≈ Steel Magnolias (1989) The Unbelievable Truth (1989) Uncle Buck (1989) When Harry Met Sally... (1989) ≈ American Dream (1990) Avalon (1990) Awakenings (1990) Darkman (1990) Days of Thunder (1990) Downtown (1990) Edward Scissorhands (1990) GoodFellas (1990) ≈ ≠ The Grifters (1990) Havana (1990) Home Alone (1990) ≈ House Party (1990) ≈ The Hunt for Red October (1990) Internal Affairs (1990) Jacob's Ladder (1990) Joe Versus the Volcano (1990) King of New York (1990) Metropolitan (1990) Miami Blues (1990) Miller's Crossing (1990) Mo' Better Blues (1990) My Blue Heaven (1990) Paris Is Burining (1990) ≈ Pump Up the Volume (1990) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Slacker (1990) ≈ To Sleep with Anger (1990) ≈ Wild at Heart (1990) 1991–1993 Barton Fink (1991) Boyz n the Hood (1991) ≈ City of Hope (1991) The Commitments (1991) Curly Sue (1991) Daughters of the Dust (1991) ≈ The Doors (1991) The Fisher King (1991) Fried Green Tomatoes (1991) Homicide (1991) JFK (1991) Johnny Suede (1991) Jungle Fever (1991) Mississippi Masala My Own Private Idaho (1991) ≈ New Jack City (1991) Night on Earth (1991) Queen of Diamonds (1991) ≈ A Rage in Harlem (1991) The Rapture (1991) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) ≈ ≠ Sleeping with the Enemy (1991) Terminator 2: Judgement Day (1991) ≈ Thelma & Louise (1991) ≈ Until the End of the World (1991) Army of Darkness (1992) Bad Lieutenant (1992) Bob Roberts (1992) The Bodyguard (1992) Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) Cool World (1992) Deep Cover (1992) Gas Food Lodging (1992) Glengarry Glen Ross (1992) Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992) Husbands and Wives (1992) In the Soup (1992) Juice (1992) The Last of the Mohicans (1992) Laws of Gravity (1992) Light Sleeper (1992) The Living End (1992) Malcolm X (1992) ≈ My Cousin Vinny (1992) One False Move (1992) Passion Fish (1992) The Player (1992) Reservoir Dogs (1992) A River Runs Through It (1992) Singles (1992) Swoon (1992) This is My Life (1992) White Men Can't Jump (1992) Benny & Joon (1993) Boxing Helena (1993) CB4 (1993) Dazed and Confused (1993) Demolition Man (1993) El Mariachi (1993) ≈ Fear of a Black Hat (1993) The Fugitive (1993) Groundhog Day (1993) ≈ Household Saints (1993) The Joy Luck Club (1993) ≈ Jurassic Park (1993) ≈ Kalifornia (1993) Menace II Society (1993) Mi Vida Loca (1993) Poetic Justice (1993) Red Rock West (1993) Ruby in Paradise (1993) Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993) Short Cuts (1993) Sleepless in Seattle (1993) Suture (1993) True Romance (1993) The Wedding Banquet (1993) ≈ What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) 1994–1996 Alma's Rainbow (1994) Clerks (1994) ≈ Crooklyn (1994) The Crow (1994) Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) Forrest Gump (1994) ≈ ≠ Fresh (1994) The Glass Shield (1994) Go Fish (1994) Hoop Dreams (1994) ≈ The Hudsucker Proxy (1994) I Like It Like That (1994) Interview with the Vampire (1994) The Last Seduction (1994) Little Odessa (1994) Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) Natural Born Killers (1994) Pulp Fiction (1994) ≈ ≠ Quiz Show (1994) Reality Bites (1994) River of Grass (1994) Serial Mom (1994) Spanking the Monkey (1994) Speed (1994) Swimming with Sharks (1994) Vanya on 42nd Street (1994) What Happened Was... (1994) Ed Wood (1994) 12 Monkeys (1995) Bad Boys (1995) Before Sunrise (1995) The Basketball Diaries (1995) Boys on the Side (1995) The Brothers McMullen (1995) Clockers (1995) Clueless (1995) Crumb (1995) Dead Man Walking (1995) Dead Presidents (1995) Desperado (1995) Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) The Doom Generation (1995) Empire Records (1995) Get Shorty (1995) Hackers (1995) Heat (1995) Higher Learning (1995) Kicking and Screaming (1995) Kids (1995) Leaving Las Vegas (1995) Living in Oblivion (1995) Mallrats (1995) Mi Familia (1995) ≈ Panther (1995) Party Girl (1995) The Quick and the Dead (1995) Safe (1995) Sense and Sensibility (1995) Se7en (1995) Strange Days (1995) Tank Girl (1995) The Thief and the Cobbler (1995) The Usual Suspects (1995) To Die For (1995) To Wong Foo, Thanks For Everything! Julie Newmar (1995) Toy Story (1995) ≈ ≠ Waiting to Exhale (1995) Basquiat (1996) Beavis and Butthead Do America (1996) Big Night (1996) Bottle Rocket (1996) Bound (1996) Box of Moonlight (1996) The Birdcage (1996) Citizen Ruth (1996) The Daytrippers (1996) The English Patient (1996) Fargo (1996) ≈ ≠ Flirting with Disaster (1996) Four Rooms (1996) From Dusk Till Dawn (1996) Get on the Bus (1996) Hard Eight (1996) I Shot Andy Warhol (1996) Kingpin (1996) Mission: Impossible (1996) Muppet Treasure Island (1996) The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996) Primal Fear (1996) Schizopolis (1996) Scream (1996) Sling Blade (1996) Swingers (1996) Trees Lounge (1996) Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996) Waiting for Guffman (1996) Walking and Talking (1996) The Watermelon Woman (1996) ≈ 1997–1999 4 Little Girls (1997) ≈ The Apostle (1997) Boogie Nights (1997) Chasing Amy (1997) Cop Land (1997) Eve's Bayou (1997) ≈ Fast, Cheap and Out of Control (1997) The Game (1997) Good Will Hunting (1997) Grosse Pointe Blank (1997) Gummo (1997) The Ice Storm (1997) In the Company of Men (1997) Jackie Brown (1997) Liar Liar (1997) Love Jones (1997) Private Parts (1997) Romy and Michelle's High School Reunion (1997) Selena (1997) ≈ Soul Food (1997) Titanic (1997) ≈ ≠ Ulee's Gold (1997) Wag the Dog (1997) Wild Man Blues (1997) American History X (1998) Armageddon (1998) The Big Lebowski (1998) ≈ Buffalo '66 (1998) Dark City (1998) Drylongso (1998) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) Half Baked (1998) Happiness (1998) High Art (1998) The Last Days (1998) The Last Days of Disco (1998) Orgazmo (1998) Out of Sight (1998) Pi (1998) Pleasantville (1998) Rushmore (1998) ≈ Shakespeare in Love (1998) A Simple Plan (1998) Smoke Signals (1998) ≈ The Spanish Prisoner (1998) The Thin Red Line (1998) Velvet Goldmine (1998) 200 Cigarettes (1999) American Beauty (1999) American Movie (1999) Being John Malkovich (1999) The Best Man (1999) The Blair Witch Project (1999) The Boondock Saints (1999) Boys Don't Cry (1999) ≈ But I'm a Cheerleader (1999) Buena Vista Social Club (1999) ≈ The Cider House Rules (film) (1999) Cradle Will Rock (1999) Election (1999) Fight Club (1999) Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999) Girl, Interrupted (1999) Go (1999) Happy, Texas (1999) Judy Berlin (1999) Julien Donkey-Boy (1999) The Limey (1999) Magnolia (1999) The Matrix (1999) ≈ Office Space (1999) Ride with the Devil (1999) The Sixth Sense (1999) ≠ SLC Punk (1999) Summer of Sam (1999) Sweet and Lowdown (1999) The Straight Story (1999) The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) Three Kings (1999) Three Seasons (1999) Titus (1999) Trick (1999) The Virgin Suicides (1999) 2000–2001 American Psycho (2000) Bamboozled (2000) ≈ Best in Show (2000) ° Boiler Room (2000) Cecil B. Demented (2000) Chuck & Buck (2000) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) ± ° Erin Brockovich (2000) Girlfight (2000) Hamlet (2000) High Fidelity (2000) Love & Basketball (2000) ≈ Memento (2000) ≈ Nurse Betty (2000) O Brother, Where Art Thou (2000) ° Our Song (2000) Pollock (2000) Requiem for a Dream (2000) ± Songcatcher (2000) Sugar & Spice (2000) Timecode (2000) Traffic (2000) Wonder Boys (2000) The Yards (2000) You Can Count on Me (2000) The Anniversary Party (2001) Baby Boy (2001) The Believer (2001) Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) Bully (2001) CQ (2001) Dogtown and Z-Boys (2001) Donnie Darko (2001) Evolution (2001) Ghost World (2001) Gosford Park (2001) The Grey Zone (2001) Hedwig and the Angry Inch In the Bedroom (2001) L.I.E. (2001) Lovely & Amazing (2001) The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) Monster's Ball (2001) Mulholland Drive (2001) ± ° O (2001) The Others (2001) Riding in Cars with Boys (2001) The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) ± The Shipping News (2001) Storytelling (2001) Tape (2001) The Tao of Steve (2001) Waking Life (2001)	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T15:56:04Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_considered_as_New_Hollywood	{"title": "List of films considered as New Hollywood", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T15:56:04Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:28Z"}
Salvador González Morales Mexican catholic bishop Salvador González Morales (born December 20, 1971) is an Mexican Catholic prelate serving as the second bishop of the Diocese of Cancún-Chetumal in Mexico since 2025. Morales was previously an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Mexico since 2019. Biography Early Life Morales was born in the Iztacalco borough of Mexico City. He is the second of three children of Salvador González and María de Lourdes Morales. Morales studied food engineering at Mexico's National Polytechnic Institute. In preparing to be a Catholic priest, Morales attended seminary at the Conciliar Seminary of Mexico. Priesthood Morales was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Mexico in Mexico City on May 18, 2002. Morales began a licentiate program immediately following his ordination and completed his studies at the Gregorianum in Rome in 2004. He completed further studies at the Superior Institute of Ecclesiastical Studies in 2005. He spent much of his priesthood supporting higher education, but he also worked in parish ministry. He served as vice-rector of the Conciliar Seminary of Mexico from 2007 to 2011. From 2012 to 2014, he oversaw a bachelor's degree program at the Pontifical University of Mexico and coordinated a master's degree in philosophy at the Universidad Catolica Lumen Gentium from 2014 to 2016. From 2014 until his appointment as auxiliary bishop, he served variously as parochial vicar, pastor, and a dean within the Archdiocese of Mexico. Episcopacy Auxiliary of Mexico In 2019, Pope Francis appointed Morales an auxiliary bishop of Mexico. As an auxiliary bishop, he served as vicar general for the archdiocese. Morales's service in the Archdiocese of Mexico is remembered as a faithful, generous, and responsible, and he received praise from the Episcopal Conference of Mexico. Morales is thought to be in the inner circle of Cardinal Carlos Aguiar Retes. Ordinary of Cancún-Chetumal Pope Leo XIV appointed Morales bishop of Cancún-Chetumal on December 6, 2025, succeeding Pedro Pablo Elizondo Cárdenas, L.C. This appointment comes as Cancún experiences a growing population. Morales is the first bishop of that diocese who is not a member of the Legionaries of Christ. The former Legionary bishop of Cancún-Chetumal, Pedro Pablo, is known to have "rescued" the diocese during a period of cultural change in the Yucatan region and is well regarded. However, Legionaries have been surrounded by controversies, and some reporters take Morales's appointment as signaling change in the diocese. Legionaries make up over a third of all priests in the Diocese of Cancún-Chetumal, and Morales ordained several Mexican Legionary priests and deacons as an auxiliary bishop. Coat of Arms and Motto Morales's coat of arms reflects devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe by its colors and symbols. His arms contain the seal of Iztacalco, his birthplace. His episcopal motto Secundum Verbum tuum (Spanish: Según tu Palabra; English: According to your Word) is from the Annunciation in Luke's Gospel.	Salvador González Morales Mexican catholic bishop Salvador González Morales (born December 20, 1971) is an Mexican Catholic prelate serving as the second bishop of the Diocese of Cancún-Chetumal in Mexico since 2025. Morales was previously an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Mexico since 2019. Biography Early Life Morales was born in the Iztacalco borough of Mexico City. He is the second of three children of Salvador González and María de Lourdes Morales. Morales studied food engineering at Mexico's National Polytechnic Institute. In preparing to be a Catholic priest, Morales attended seminary at the Conciliar Seminary of Mexico. Priesthood Morales was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Mexico in Mexico City on May 18, 2002. Morales began a licentiate program immediately following his ordination and completed his studies at the Gregorianum in Rome in 2004. He completed further studies at the Superior Institute of Ecclesiastical Studies in 2005. He spent much of his priesthood supporting higher education, but he also worked in parish ministry. He served as vice-rector of the Conciliar Seminary of Mexico from 2007 to 2011. From 2012 to 2014, he oversaw a bachelor's degree program at the Pontifical University of Mexico and coordinated a master's degree in philosophy at the Universidad Catolica Lumen Gentium from 2014 to 2016. From 2014 until his appointment as auxiliary bishop, he served variously as parochial vicar, pastor, and a dean within the Archdiocese of Mexico. Episcopacy Auxiliary of Mexico In 2019, Pope Francis appointed Morales an auxiliary bishop of Mexico. As an auxiliary bishop, he served as vicar general for the archdiocese. Morales's service in the Archdiocese of Mexico is remembered as a faithful, generous, and responsible, and he received praise from the Episcopal Conference of Mexico. Morales is thought to be in the inner circle of Cardinal Carlos Aguiar Retes. Ordinary of Cancún-Chetumal Pope Leo XIV appointed Morales bishop of Cancún-Chetumal on December 6, 2025, succeeding Pedro Pablo Elizondo Cárdenas, L.C. This appointment comes as Cancún experiences a growing population. Morales is the first bishop of that diocese who is not a member of the Legionaries of Christ. The former Legionary bishop of Cancún-Chetumal, Pedro Pablo, is known to have "rescued" the diocese during a period of cultural change in the Yucatan region and is well regarded. However, Legionaries have been surrounded by controversies, and some reporters take Morales's appointment as signaling change in the diocese. Legionaries make up over a third of all priests in the Diocese of Cancún-Chetumal, and Morales ordained several Mexican Legionary priests and deacons as an auxiliary bishop. Coat of Arms and Motto Morales's coat of arms reflects devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe by its colors and symbols. His arms contain the seal of Iztacalco, his birthplace. His episcopal motto Secundum Verbum tuum (Spanish: Según tu Palabra; English: According to your Word) is from the Annunciation in Luke's Gospel.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:43:00Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_González_Morales	{"title": "Salvador González Morales", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:43:00Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:29Z"}
Kingsboro Psychiatric Center State psychiatric hospital in Brooklyn, New York Hospital in New York, United States Kingsboro Psychiatric Center (KPC) is a state psychiatric hospital in the East Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, operated by the New York State Office of Mental Health (OMH). It provides inpatient and outpatient mental health services for adults from Brooklyn and the surrounding area. It is part of the statewide OMH hospital network. The hospital occupies a portion of a historic psychiatric campus that originated in the 19th century as the Kings County Lunatic Asylum and later operated as the Long Island State Hospital and Brooklyn State Hospital before taking its present name in the 1970s. As 2025 Kingsboro is listed with 290 inpatient beds, a 70-bed addiction treatment annex, and a transistional residence with 48 beds. In 1998, a staff of 800 was reported. The campus has been recognized by cultural heritage organizations for its historic psychiatric buildings and former nursing school and for associations with figures such as folk musician Woody Guthrie and civil rights figure Betty Shabazz. Part of the Kingsboro campus has been targeted for redevelopment as a large mixed-use affordable housing project under New York State's Vital Brooklyn initiative. History 19th-century origins The institution began as a county-run asylum and almshouse complex in Flatbush in the mid-19th century, commonly referred to as the Kings County Lunatic Asylum. Later accounts describe the asylum as part of a broader county system of poor relief and institutional care, which expanded over the late 19th century as patient numbers grew. In 1895, the asylum complex was transferred to state control and redesignated as the Long Island State Hospital, serving several counties in the region. A farm colony at St. Johnland, later known as Kings Park State Hospital, was developed as an affiliated site to relieve overcrowding. Brooklyn State Hospital and nursing school In the early 20th century, the Flatbush institution became known as Brooklyn State Hospital, one of Brooklyn's principal public psychiatric facilities. A nurses' training school operated on the campus and produced classes of psychiatric nurses who worked in the state hospital system and local health institutions. City Lore's "Place Matters" project describes the hospital as a "historic state psychiatric facility and former nursing school," noting that many of the campus's historic buildings survived into the 21st century. The same profile records that the hospital grounds included a memorial plaque to staff who died during the 1918 influenza pandemic and early landscape work supported by the Brooklyn Garden Club (now the Brooklyn Botanic Garden). Transition to Kingsboro Psychiatric Center In 1974, the State of New York formally renamed the facility Brooklyn Psychiatric Center under Chapter 558 of the state laws. In 1975, it adopted its current name, Kingsboro Psychiatric Center, under Chapter 670. New York State Archives summaries and related OMH materials describe Kingsboro as the legal successor to the earlier Brooklyn State Hospital. Facilities and services Kingsboro Psychiatric Center operates as a state-run psychiatric hospital providing inpatient, outpatient, and community-based mental health services for adults with mental illness. The OMH facility directory lists Kingsboro's executive director as Carlos Rodriguez Perez. The hospital campus also hosts contracted ancillary services and periodic capital projects overseen by the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York (DASNY), including renovations to inpatient units and roof replacements on several buildings. Redevelopment and Vital Brooklyn In 2017, New York State launched the Vital Brooklyn initiative, a multi-billion-dollar program aimed at addressing health, housing, and economic disparities in Central Brooklyn. As part of this initiative, the state sought proposals to redevelop underutilized portions of the Kingsboro campus. In July 2021, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced the selection of a development team led by Almat Urban, Breaking Ground, Brooklyn Community Services, and other partners to transform roughly 7.2 acres on the western portion of the Kingsboro site. Plans described by state officials and coverage in real estate and housing media call for nearly 900 units of affordable, supportive, and senior housing, two new homeless shelters to replace older facilities on the campus, a grocery store, a community hub with classrooms and computer labs, urban farming space, a greenhouse, and outdoor recreational amenities. Cultural significance Kingsboro's predecessor institutions have been noted in cultural history for their association with folk singer and songwriter Woody Guthrie, who spent part of the 1960s hospitalized at Brooklyn State Hospital while being treated for Huntington's disease. City Lore's Place Matters profile links Guthrie's treatment at the hospital to later efforts	Kingsboro Psychiatric Center State psychiatric hospital in Brooklyn, New York Hospital in New York, United States Kingsboro Psychiatric Center (KPC) is a state psychiatric hospital in the East Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, operated by the New York State Office of Mental Health (OMH). It provides inpatient and outpatient mental health services for adults from Brooklyn and the surrounding area. It is part of the statewide OMH hospital network. The hospital occupies a portion of a historic psychiatric campus that originated in the 19th century as the Kings County Lunatic Asylum and later operated as the Long Island State Hospital and Brooklyn State Hospital before taking its present name in the 1970s. As 2025 Kingsboro is listed with 290 inpatient beds, a 70-bed addiction treatment annex, and a transistional residence with 48 beds. In 1998, a staff of 800 was reported. The campus has been recognized by cultural heritage organizations for its historic psychiatric buildings and former nursing school and for associations with figures such as folk musician Woody Guthrie and civil rights figure Betty Shabazz. Part of the Kingsboro campus has been targeted for redevelopment as a large mixed-use affordable housing project under New York State's Vital Brooklyn initiative. History 19th-century origins The institution began as a county-run asylum and almshouse complex in Flatbush in the mid-19th century, commonly referred to as the Kings County Lunatic Asylum. Later accounts describe the asylum as part of a broader county system of poor relief and institutional care, which expanded over the late 19th century as patient numbers grew. In 1895, the asylum complex was transferred to state control and redesignated as the Long Island State Hospital, serving several counties in the region. A farm colony at St. Johnland, later known as Kings Park State Hospital, was developed as an affiliated site to relieve overcrowding. Brooklyn State Hospital and nursing school In the early 20th century, the Flatbush institution became known as Brooklyn State Hospital, one of Brooklyn's principal public psychiatric facilities. A nurses' training school operated on the campus and produced classes of psychiatric nurses who worked in the state hospital system and local health institutions. City Lore's "Place Matters" project describes the hospital as a "historic state psychiatric facility and former nursing school," noting that many of the campus's historic buildings survived into the 21st century. The same profile records that the hospital grounds included a memorial plaque to staff who died during the 1918 influenza pandemic and early landscape work supported by the Brooklyn Garden Club (now the Brooklyn Botanic Garden). Transition to Kingsboro Psychiatric Center In 1974, the State of New York formally renamed the facility Brooklyn Psychiatric Center under Chapter 558 of the state laws. In 1975, it adopted its current name, Kingsboro Psychiatric Center, under Chapter 670. New York State Archives summaries and related OMH materials describe Kingsboro as the legal successor to the earlier Brooklyn State Hospital. Facilities and services Kingsboro Psychiatric Center operates as a state-run psychiatric hospital providing inpatient, outpatient, and community-based mental health services for adults with mental illness. The OMH facility directory lists Kingsboro's executive director as Carlos Rodriguez Perez. The hospital campus also hosts contracted ancillary services and periodic capital projects overseen by the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York (DASNY), including renovations to inpatient units and roof replacements on several buildings. Redevelopment and Vital Brooklyn In 2017, New York State launched the Vital Brooklyn initiative, a multi-billion-dollar program aimed at addressing health, housing, and economic disparities in Central Brooklyn. As part of this initiative, the state sought proposals to redevelop underutilized portions of the Kingsboro campus. In July 2021, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced the selection of a development team led by Almat Urban, Breaking Ground, Brooklyn Community Services, and other partners to transform roughly 7.2 acres on the western portion of the Kingsboro site. Plans described by state officials and coverage in real estate and housing media call for nearly 900 units of affordable, supportive, and senior housing, two new homeless shelters to replace older facilities on the campus, a grocery store, a community hub with classrooms and computer labs, urban farming space, a greenhouse, and outdoor recreational amenities. Cultural significance Kingsboro's predecessor institutions have been noted in cultural history for their association with folk singer and songwriter Woody Guthrie, who spent part of the 1960s hospitalized at Brooklyn State Hospital while being treated for Huntington's disease. City Lore's Place Matters profile links Guthrie's treatment at the hospital to later efforts by his family and advocates to raise awareness of Huntington's disease and improve community-based care. Scenes from the 1990 film Awakenings were shot on the Kingsboro campus, using some of the original hospital buildings and grounds as a backdrop. The nursing school was attended by Betty Shabazz, widow of Malcolm X. Incidents and public debate In 2012, a proposed realignment of state psychiatric services led to public debate over the possible closure or consolidation of Kingsboro Psychiatric Center. New York State Senator Velmanette Montgomery described a "war of words" between Brooklyn and Staten Island lawmakers over the plan and its implications for access to inpatient psychiatric care. In September 2022, local media reported that a 28-year-old man was found fatally injured inside Kingsboro Psychiatric Center and later died at nearby Kings County Hospital; police investigated the death as a homicide. In 2025, it was reported that the incident was one of many drawing attention to safety and security concerns in state psychiatric facilities.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:38:23Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsboro_Psychiatric_Center	{"title": "Kingsboro Psychiatric Center", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:38:23Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:31Z"}
Kabuli Mal Durrani Governor of Lahore (died 1765) Diwan Kabuli Mal (died c. 1765) was the governor of Lahore for the Durrani Empire from December 1762 to May 1765. Biography Kabuli Mal was originally a Brahmin from Kabul or a Kapur Khatri. After his return from the fifth invasion of Hindustan on 12 December 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Zain Khan in Sirhind, Sa'adat Yar Khan in Jullundur Doab, Jahan Khan in the territory between Peshawar and the river Ravi, and Ghamand Chand, the Raja of Kangra, in the hill territory between Beas and Sutlej; with Kabuli Mal as the head of the entire province. Kabuli Mal, who was a Hindu, was appointed by Ahmad Shah in hopes that he could reconcile with the Sikhs who were increasingly getting militant. According to Bhagat Singh Kabuli Mal was a cruel but a weak ruler. In January 1764 Sikhs arose in rebellion and killed the Afghan governor of Sirhind, Zain Khan, followed by the conquest of Jullundur Doab. In February Sikhs commanded by Hari Singh besieged and plundered Lahore itself. Kabuli Mal paid a large sum to Hari Singh to leave the city, which he did so after leaving behind his representative. In October 1764, Ahmad Shah invaded Punjab for the seventh time along with his ally, Nasir Khan of Kalat. Kabuli Mal joined him at Lahore and remained with him during the entire campaign. Jahan Khan accused Kabuli Mal to be conspiring with the Sikhs but Ahmad Shah retained him as the governor after the investigation. In February 1765 Ahmad Shah allowed Kabuli Mal at Rohtas to return and resume his position. Ultimately in May 1765, when Kabul Mal was away at Jammu to recruit soldiers, the Sikhs under Lehna Singh and Gujjar Singh captured Lahore from his deputy and nephew, Amar Singh, who was made a captive. The after details of Kabuli Mal are disputed. According to Hari Ram Gupta he returned to Lahore and died fighting Sikhs at the outskirts of the city, while according to Bhagat Singh he took refuge under the Raja of Jammu, Ranjit Dev, and later at the Durrani camp at Rawalpindi, where he died shortly afterwards. Aftermath In the winter of 1766 Ahmad Shah invaded Punjab for the eighth time. He reached Lahore on 22 December, and having appointed Dadan Khan, the brother of Maulvi Abdullah (who had previously served as a diplomat for Mughal Subahdar Moin-ul-Mulk during the second invasion of Ahmad Shah) as governor, left for his homeland in May 1767. Dadan Khan soon gave up the control of the city to Lehna Singh, and Lahore thereafter remained in control of the Sikh triumvirate until Ranjit Singh conquered it in 1799.	Kabuli Mal Durrani Governor of Lahore (died 1765) Diwan Kabuli Mal (died c. 1765) was the governor of Lahore for the Durrani Empire from December 1762 to May 1765. Biography Kabuli Mal was originally a Brahmin from Kabul or a Kapur Khatri. After his return from the fifth invasion of Hindustan on 12 December 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Zain Khan in Sirhind, Sa'adat Yar Khan in Jullundur Doab, Jahan Khan in the territory between Peshawar and the river Ravi, and Ghamand Chand, the Raja of Kangra, in the hill territory between Beas and Sutlej; with Kabuli Mal as the head of the entire province. Kabuli Mal, who was a Hindu, was appointed by Ahmad Shah in hopes that he could reconcile with the Sikhs who were increasingly getting militant. According to Bhagat Singh Kabuli Mal was a cruel but a weak ruler. In January 1764 Sikhs arose in rebellion and killed the Afghan governor of Sirhind, Zain Khan, followed by the conquest of Jullundur Doab. In February Sikhs commanded by Hari Singh besieged and plundered Lahore itself. Kabuli Mal paid a large sum to Hari Singh to leave the city, which he did so after leaving behind his representative. In October 1764, Ahmad Shah invaded Punjab for the seventh time along with his ally, Nasir Khan of Kalat. Kabuli Mal joined him at Lahore and remained with him during the entire campaign. Jahan Khan accused Kabuli Mal to be conspiring with the Sikhs but Ahmad Shah retained him as the governor after the investigation. In February 1765 Ahmad Shah allowed Kabuli Mal at Rohtas to return and resume his position. Ultimately in May 1765, when Kabul Mal was away at Jammu to recruit soldiers, the Sikhs under Lehna Singh and Gujjar Singh captured Lahore from his deputy and nephew, Amar Singh, who was made a captive. The after details of Kabuli Mal are disputed. According to Hari Ram Gupta he returned to Lahore and died fighting Sikhs at the outskirts of the city, while according to Bhagat Singh he took refuge under the Raja of Jammu, Ranjit Dev, and later at the Durrani camp at Rawalpindi, where he died shortly afterwards. Aftermath In the winter of 1766 Ahmad Shah invaded Punjab for the eighth time. He reached Lahore on 22 December, and having appointed Dadan Khan, the brother of Maulvi Abdullah (who had previously served as a diplomat for Mughal Subahdar Moin-ul-Mulk during the second invasion of Ahmad Shah) as governor, left for his homeland in May 1767. Dadan Khan soon gave up the control of the city to Lehna Singh, and Lahore thereafter remained in control of the Sikh triumvirate until Ranjit Singh conquered it in 1799.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:37:10Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuli_Mal	{"title": "Kabuli Mal", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:37:10Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:31Z"}
Etropole Municipality 42°49′44″N 23°59′33″E / 42.82889°N 23.99250°E / 42.82889; 23.99250 Place in Sofia Province, Bulgaria Etropole Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Етрополе) is a municipality in Sofia Province, western central Bulgaria. Covering a territory of 371.7 km2, it is the seventh largest of the 22 municipalities in the province and takes 5.25% of its total area. Geography The relief of the municipality is mostly mountainous and hilly. To the north lies the hilly fore-Balkan, a mountainous chain straddling north of and in parallel with the Balkan Mountains. To the south rise the northern slopes of the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains that include the highest point of Etropole Municipality, the summit of Sveshtiplaz (1,888 m). In the southern reaches is the northern half of the Zlatitsa Pass that crosses the mountains, leading to the Zlatitsa–Pirdop Valley. Most of the municipality is drained by the river Malki Iskar, a right and also largest tributary of the Iskar of the Danube drainage. Transport Etropole Municipality is served by three roads of the national network with a total length of 57.5 km, as well as local roads, including a 33.6 km stretch of the second class II-37 road Dzhurovo–Panagyurishte–Pazardzhik–Dospat, the last 3.5 km of the third class III-3009 road, and the first 20.4 km of the third class III-3701 road. The municipal center Etropole lies some 87 km northeast of the capital Sofia, 25 km southeast of Botevgrad and 37 km northwest of Zlatitsa. Demography As of 2024 the population of Etropole Municipality is 10,445, living in one town and nine villages: Gallery A landscape of the municipality Etropole Waterfall Etropole Monastery Etropole Museum of Histroy Citations	Etropole Municipality 42°49′44″N 23°59′33″E / 42.82889°N 23.99250°E / 42.82889; 23.99250 Place in Sofia Province, Bulgaria Etropole Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Етрополе) is a municipality in Sofia Province, western central Bulgaria. Covering a territory of 371.7 km2, it is the seventh largest of the 22 municipalities in the province and takes 5.25% of its total area. Geography The relief of the municipality is mostly mountainous and hilly. To the north lies the hilly fore-Balkan, a mountainous chain straddling north of and in parallel with the Balkan Mountains. To the south rise the northern slopes of the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains that include the highest point of Etropole Municipality, the summit of Sveshtiplaz (1,888 m). In the southern reaches is the northern half of the Zlatitsa Pass that crosses the mountains, leading to the Zlatitsa–Pirdop Valley. Most of the municipality is drained by the river Malki Iskar, a right and also largest tributary of the Iskar of the Danube drainage. Transport Etropole Municipality is served by three roads of the national network with a total length of 57.5 km, as well as local roads, including a 33.6 km stretch of the second class II-37 road Dzhurovo–Panagyurishte–Pazardzhik–Dospat, the last 3.5 km of the third class III-3009 road, and the first 20.4 km of the third class III-3701 road. The municipal center Etropole lies some 87 km northeast of the capital Sofia, 25 km southeast of Botevgrad and 37 km northwest of Zlatitsa. Demography As of 2024 the population of Etropole Municipality is 10,445, living in one town and nine villages: Gallery A landscape of the municipality Etropole Waterfall Etropole Monastery Etropole Museum of Histroy Citations	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:26:41Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etropole_Municipality	{"title": "Etropole Municipality", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:26:41Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:33Z"}
Akanksha Grover Indian singer and performer known for her work in Hindustani classical music Akanksha Grover is an Indian singer and performer known for her work in Hindustani classical music and for organising and performing in intimate baithak (sit-down musical gathering) concerts. She has performed at literary and music festivals in India and internationally and has released several singles and live recordings. Early life and education Akanksha Grover was born in Faridabad, India. According to published interviews, she grew up in a musical household and later pursued formal training in Hindustani classical vocal music, including a degree from the University of Delhi. Career Grover performs a repertoire that spans Hindustani classical pieces, ghazals and light-classical/film melodies rendered in a classical idiom. She is particularly noted for reviving and popularising the baithak format informal, conversational musical gatherings intended to recreate the intimate atmosphere of old-school classical mehfils. Notable performances Performed at Sahitya (Sahitya Aaj Tak literature festival) in New Delhi (2022), where she sang classic film songs and ghazals. Regular Baithak live sessions and concerts, including ticketed performances listed for international venues (event listing in Dubai).	Akanksha Grover Indian singer and performer known for her work in Hindustani classical music Akanksha Grover is an Indian singer and performer known for her work in Hindustani classical music and for organising and performing in intimate baithak (sit-down musical gathering) concerts. She has performed at literary and music festivals in India and internationally and has released several singles and live recordings. Early life and education Akanksha Grover was born in Faridabad, India. According to published interviews, she grew up in a musical household and later pursued formal training in Hindustani classical vocal music, including a degree from the University of Delhi. Career Grover performs a repertoire that spans Hindustani classical pieces, ghazals and light-classical/film melodies rendered in a classical idiom. She is particularly noted for reviving and popularising the baithak format informal, conversational musical gatherings intended to recreate the intimate atmosphere of old-school classical mehfils. Notable performances Performed at Sahitya (Sahitya Aaj Tak literature festival) in New Delhi (2022), where she sang classic film songs and ghazals. Regular Baithak live sessions and concerts, including ticketed performances listed for international venues (event listing in Dubai).	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:14:12Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanksha_Grover	{"title": "Akanksha Grover", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:14:12Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:34Z"}
List of cities in the Sinai Peninsula City list in the Sinai Peninsula Egypt's Sinai Peninsula is primarily divided into two governorates: North Sinai and South Sinai. This list contains cities and towns organized as such. View of White Bay in Sharm-El-Sheikh, a major resort hub on the southern tip . North Sinai Arish; The largest city in the entire peninsula and the capital of the North Sinai Governorate. The urban divisions of Arish had a combined population of over 200,000 as of January 2023. Rafah; A town near the border with the Gaza Strip, with an estimated population of approximately 82,793 people in January 2023. Sheikh Zuweid; Located between Arish and Rafah, this town had an estimated population of 65,964 people as of January 2023. Bir-al-Abd; A town further west along the coast, its population was estimated at 60,827 people in January 2023. Rumana; A town in the northwest part of the governorate, with an estimated population of 45,292 people in January 2023. Nekhel; A town located in the arid interior region of the governorate, with an estimated population of 6,662 people in January 2023. El Hassana; Another town in the inland part of the governorate with an estimated population of 21,213 people in January 2023. South Sinai Ras Sedr; Located on the Gulf of Suez coast in the north of South Sinai, with an estimated population of 17,932 people in January 2023. Abou Redis (including Abu Zenima):; An area along the Gulf of Suez coast with a combined population of 12,535 people in January 2023. El Tor; The capital city of the South Sinai Governorate, with an urban population of 45,449 people in January 2023. Saint Catherine; A town located in the high mountainous interior. The population was estimated at 4,863 people in January 2023. Sharm-El-Sheikh; A major resort city on the southern tip, serving as the administrative hub for the governorate. Its permanent urban population across its two divisions was around 15,061 people in January 2023, though the total population, including temporary residents and tourists, is often higher. Dahab; A coastal town north of Sharm El Sheikh on the Gulf of Aqaba, with an estimated population of 3,156 people in January 2023. Nuweiba; A town and port further north on the Gulf of Aqaba, with an estimated population of 7,713 people in January 2023. Taba; The small town at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, near the border with Israel, with a population estimated at 814 people in January 2023.	List of cities in the Sinai Peninsula City list in the Sinai Peninsula Egypt's Sinai Peninsula is primarily divided into two governorates: North Sinai and South Sinai. This list contains cities and towns organized as such. View of White Bay in Sharm-El-Sheikh, a major resort hub on the southern tip . North Sinai Arish; The largest city in the entire peninsula and the capital of the North Sinai Governorate. The urban divisions of Arish had a combined population of over 200,000 as of January 2023. Rafah; A town near the border with the Gaza Strip, with an estimated population of approximately 82,793 people in January 2023. Sheikh Zuweid; Located between Arish and Rafah, this town had an estimated population of 65,964 people as of January 2023. Bir-al-Abd; A town further west along the coast, its population was estimated at 60,827 people in January 2023. Rumana; A town in the northwest part of the governorate, with an estimated population of 45,292 people in January 2023. Nekhel; A town located in the arid interior region of the governorate, with an estimated population of 6,662 people in January 2023. El Hassana; Another town in the inland part of the governorate with an estimated population of 21,213 people in January 2023. South Sinai Ras Sedr; Located on the Gulf of Suez coast in the north of South Sinai, with an estimated population of 17,932 people in January 2023. Abou Redis (including Abu Zenima):; An area along the Gulf of Suez coast with a combined population of 12,535 people in January 2023. El Tor; The capital city of the South Sinai Governorate, with an urban population of 45,449 people in January 2023. Saint Catherine; A town located in the high mountainous interior. The population was estimated at 4,863 people in January 2023. Sharm-El-Sheikh; A major resort city on the southern tip, serving as the administrative hub for the governorate. Its permanent urban population across its two divisions was around 15,061 people in January 2023, though the total population, including temporary residents and tourists, is often higher. Dahab; A coastal town north of Sharm El Sheikh on the Gulf of Aqaba, with an estimated population of 3,156 people in January 2023. Nuweiba; A town and port further north on the Gulf of Aqaba, with an estimated population of 7,713 people in January 2023. Taba; The small town at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, near the border with Israel, with a population estimated at 814 people in January 2023.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:10:43Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Sinai_Peninsula	{"title": "List of cities in the Sinai Peninsula", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:10:43Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:35Z"}
Wysa Digital mental health platform Wysa is a global digital mental health platform offering evidence-based therapeutic support through an emotionally intelligent chatbot, human coaching, and digital healthcare integration. The platform is designed to increase accessibility to mental health tools for individuals, employers, and healthcare systems worldwide. History Wysa was founded in Bengaluru, India, in 2016 by husband-and-wife team Jo Aggarwal and Ramakant Vempati. Both formerly worked in corporate roles at Tata Group and Goldman Sachs before launching Wysa. The platform publicly launched in 2016 on World Mental Health Day, inspired by early chatbots such as ELIZA and designed to create a "safe space" with AI-guided tools based on evidence-based techniques, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), mindfulness, and coaching exercises. In 2017, a pivotal moment occurred when a 13-year-old user contacted Wysa, crediting them with saving her life, prompting the team to focus exclusively on their mental health chatbot. Over the subsequent years, the platform earned clinical safety certifications and privacy validations, and was adopted by the UK’s NHS and Singapore’s Ministry of Health. In 2021, Wysa raised $5.5 million in Series A funding and $20 million in a Series B round in 2022. In 2022, Wysa received the U.S. FDA Breakthrough Device Designation for its AI-based digital therapy for patients with chronic pain, depression, and anxiety. The company was also recognized by the Mozilla Foundation with the Best of Privacy Award in both 2022 and 2023 for its data privacy and security practices. In 2023, Wysa launched the Wysa Navigator employee wellbeing hub, followed in 2024 by the Wysa Gateway digital intake platform and Wysa Copilot, a hybrid clinical workflow integrating AI tools as therapeutic homework. In March 2025, Wysa acquired April Health, a U.S. behavioural health company that integrates virtual psychiatric and care management services into primary care practices, to create a hybrid model combining Wysa’s AI-enabled platform with human-led care coordination under the sub-brand “April Health by Wysa.” In September 2025, Wysa acquired Kins, a U.S. physical-therapy company, to integrate its AI mental-health technology into physical-therapy care pathways and expand digital interventions across musculoskeletal and behavioural-health populations. Wysa partners with enterprises, health insurers, workers' compensation insurers, and public healthcare providers globally, including Vitality, Accenture, Allianz, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS), Swiss RE, Singapore Ministry of Health, and Travelers Insurance. Products and services Wysa’s core product is an AI conversational agent that utilizes CBT, DBT, and meditative exercises to support self-management of mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. Key services: Wysa App has an AI chatbot that is available 24/7, providing anonymous self-help exercises, meditation, and techniques based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, DBT, and other evidence-based methods. Human Coaching, launched in 2022, offers wellbeing coaching via text and video in conjunction with AI-guided self-help. Wysa Navigator is a centralized wellbeing platform for employers and employees, launched in 2023, increasing engagement with benefits and employee assistance programs. Wysa Gateway is a digital referral assistant and patient intake tool implemented at healthcare providers like the NHS from 2022 onward. Wysa Copilot, launched in 2024, is a care platform that enables therapists to assign AI-guided tools, automates assessments, provides secure messaging, and personalizes care pathways to improve patient engagement and extend support between and beyond therapy sessions. Multilingual Support works over 20 languages including Spanish, Hindi, and multiple Indian regional languages, coupled with WhatsApp and voice integrations to reach underserved groups globally. Research Independent and collaborative studies have evaluated Wysa’s AI-enabled, CBT-based conversational agent across multiple populations and settings, reporting statistically significant clinical efficacy on validated measures (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7, PROMIS), and high engagement and retention compared to other DMHIs. The app also demonstrated feasibility and acceptabilityand a measurable therapeutic alliance equivalent to in-person treatment, An empathy-driven AI agent (Wysa) for digital mental well-being: real-world mixed-methods — Higher-engagement users showed greater PHQ-9 improvement vs lower-engagement users; qualitative feedback indicated the app was helpful. JMIR mHealth and uHealth (2018), e12106. Digital mental health in an orthopedic setting: feasibility cohort — High engagement/retention; greater improvement among high users on PROMIS Anxiety at 2 months. JMIR Formative Research (2022), e34889, doi:10.2196/34889 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link) Digital	Wysa Digital mental health platform Wysa is a global digital mental health platform offering evidence-based therapeutic support through an emotionally intelligent chatbot, human coaching, and digital healthcare integration. The platform is designed to increase accessibility to mental health tools for individuals, employers, and healthcare systems worldwide. History Wysa was founded in Bengaluru, India, in 2016 by husband-and-wife team Jo Aggarwal and Ramakant Vempati. Both formerly worked in corporate roles at Tata Group and Goldman Sachs before launching Wysa. The platform publicly launched in 2016 on World Mental Health Day, inspired by early chatbots such as ELIZA and designed to create a "safe space" with AI-guided tools based on evidence-based techniques, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), mindfulness, and coaching exercises. In 2017, a pivotal moment occurred when a 13-year-old user contacted Wysa, crediting them with saving her life, prompting the team to focus exclusively on their mental health chatbot. Over the subsequent years, the platform earned clinical safety certifications and privacy validations, and was adopted by the UK’s NHS and Singapore’s Ministry of Health. In 2021, Wysa raised $5.5 million in Series A funding and $20 million in a Series B round in 2022. In 2022, Wysa received the U.S. FDA Breakthrough Device Designation for its AI-based digital therapy for patients with chronic pain, depression, and anxiety. The company was also recognized by the Mozilla Foundation with the Best of Privacy Award in both 2022 and 2023 for its data privacy and security practices. In 2023, Wysa launched the Wysa Navigator employee wellbeing hub, followed in 2024 by the Wysa Gateway digital intake platform and Wysa Copilot, a hybrid clinical workflow integrating AI tools as therapeutic homework. In March 2025, Wysa acquired April Health, a U.S. behavioural health company that integrates virtual psychiatric and care management services into primary care practices, to create a hybrid model combining Wysa’s AI-enabled platform with human-led care coordination under the sub-brand “April Health by Wysa.” In September 2025, Wysa acquired Kins, a U.S. physical-therapy company, to integrate its AI mental-health technology into physical-therapy care pathways and expand digital interventions across musculoskeletal and behavioural-health populations. Wysa partners with enterprises, health insurers, workers' compensation insurers, and public healthcare providers globally, including Vitality, Accenture, Allianz, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS), Swiss RE, Singapore Ministry of Health, and Travelers Insurance. Products and services Wysa’s core product is an AI conversational agent that utilizes CBT, DBT, and meditative exercises to support self-management of mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. Key services: Wysa App has an AI chatbot that is available 24/7, providing anonymous self-help exercises, meditation, and techniques based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, DBT, and other evidence-based methods. Human Coaching, launched in 2022, offers wellbeing coaching via text and video in conjunction with AI-guided self-help. Wysa Navigator is a centralized wellbeing platform for employers and employees, launched in 2023, increasing engagement with benefits and employee assistance programs. Wysa Gateway is a digital referral assistant and patient intake tool implemented at healthcare providers like the NHS from 2022 onward. Wysa Copilot, launched in 2024, is a care platform that enables therapists to assign AI-guided tools, automates assessments, provides secure messaging, and personalizes care pathways to improve patient engagement and extend support between and beyond therapy sessions. Multilingual Support works over 20 languages including Spanish, Hindi, and multiple Indian regional languages, coupled with WhatsApp and voice integrations to reach underserved groups globally. Research Independent and collaborative studies have evaluated Wysa’s AI-enabled, CBT-based conversational agent across multiple populations and settings, reporting statistically significant clinical efficacy on validated measures (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7, PROMIS), and high engagement and retention compared to other DMHIs. The app also demonstrated feasibility and acceptabilityand a measurable therapeutic alliance equivalent to in-person treatment, An empathy-driven AI agent (Wysa) for digital mental well-being: real-world mixed-methods — Higher-engagement users showed greater PHQ-9 improvement vs lower-engagement users; qualitative feedback indicated the app was helpful. JMIR mHealth and uHealth (2018), e12106. Digital mental health in an orthopedic setting: feasibility cohort — High engagement/retention; greater improvement among high users on PROMIS Anxiety at 2 months. JMIR Formative Research (2022), e34889, doi:10.2196/34889 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link) Digital intervention + usual care vs comparators in orthopedic patients: retrospective cohort — Clinically meaningful gains on PROMIS domains vs usual care and in-person counseling. JMIR Formative Research (2022), e36203. Multi-stakeholder preferences for orthopedic clinic delivery: qualitative analysis — Clinicians and patients viewed a digital modality as feasible, scalable, private, and accessible. BMC Psychiatry (2023), doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04868-9 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link) mindline.sg in a clinical population (Singapore): usability/acceptability — High perceived usability; previously hospitalized participants rated it more positively. JMIR Human Factors (2023), doi:10.2196/42167 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link) Healthcare workers during COVID-19: service evaluation — 80% completed ≥2 sessions; mean 10.9 sessions over ~3.8 weeks; strong reuse of sleep/anxiety tools. JMIR Formative Research (2024), e51858, doi:10.2196/51858 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link) Language adaptations (English vs Spanish) — Spanish users had more sessions, longer messages, and more distress disclosure; greater negative affect/self-harm mentions. Digital Health (2024), doi:10.1177/20552076241255616 Brief web + longitudinal app intervention (Singapore, COVID-19): mixed-methods — Brief web widget increased downstream app engagement; >90% successful cognitive restructuring. (Submitted, J Med Internet Res, doi:10.2196/50641 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link)) Messages about autism spectrum disorder: qualitative analysis — Users frequently discussed ASD diagnosis/help; 80% negative-valence emotion words among self-identified ASD users. Frontiers in Digital Health (2023), 1251016 ASD user utilization patterns — Regular engagement; most-used tools were mindfulness, thought recording, sleep, grounding, social support. Workers’ Compensation: pilot feasibility — High need for psychosocial support; screened-positive injured workers showed higher onboarding/retention/engagement. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine (2023), doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000002762 Therapeutic alliance with a free-text CBT agent: mixed-methods — Alliance bond scores increased over time and were comparable to face-to-face CBT benchmarks. Frontiers in Digital Health (2022), 847991. User feedback analysis (app store reviews): qualitative — Strong acceptability/usability/usefulness themes; majority 5-star ratings. JMIR Human Factors (2022), e35668. Chronic pain users: mixed-methods real-world — Greater engagement vs non-pain users; significant pre–post PHQ-9/GAD-7 improvements (medium effect sizes). JMIR Human Factors (2022), e35671. Chronic pain adherence/engagement: survival analysis — Median retention 51 days; morning check-ins associated with longer retention (p=.001). JMIR Formative Research (2022), e37302. Chronic pain protocol (AI-CBT via Wysa only): pilot design — Prospective 8-week study to assess pain, interference, depression, anxiety, alliance, and adherence. JMIR Research Protocols (2022), e36910, doi:10.2196/36910 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link) Maternal event users: mixed-methods real-world — Higher-engagement group showed significantly greater PHQ-9 reduction; themes included reframing and seeking support. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health (2023), doi:10.3389/fgwh.2023.1084302 {{doi}}: unflagged free DOI (link)	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:05:10Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysa	{"title": "Wysa", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:05:10Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:36Z"}
Dirty Difficult Dangerous Dirty Difficult Dangerous (Arabic: حديد، نحاس، بطّاريات )is a 2022 film directed by Wissam Charaf which premiered in the 2022 Venice Days, a sidebar of the 79th Venice International Film Festival, and won the 2022 Europa Cinemas Label award. Cast and Crew The film stars actor Ziad Jallad as a Syrian refugee named Ahmed and actress Clara Couturet as an Ethiopian named Medhia. The two were chosen in part because they were attractive despite the characters’ marginal roles in society. In an interview with Arab News, Charaf said, “I wanted to assert that because you’re poor or a refugee doesn’t mean you’re necessarily going to be ugly or (look exhausted). I got the most handsome refugee and the most beautiful housemaid in the world.” It was produced by Charlotte Vincent and Katia Khazak, with Marco Valerio Fusco, Micaela Fusco and Pierre Saraf as co-producers. Plot Set in Beirut, the film tells the story of a Syrian refugee named Ahmed and an Ethiopian woman named Mehdia who works as a housemaid who are in love. Mehdia tries to free herself from her employers, an elderly couple, while Ahmed struggles to survive by selling scrap metal. Ahmed is affected by a mysterious disease.	Dirty Difficult Dangerous Dirty Difficult Dangerous (Arabic: حديد، نحاس، بطّاريات )is a 2022 film directed by Wissam Charaf which premiered in the 2022 Venice Days, a sidebar of the 79th Venice International Film Festival, and won the 2022 Europa Cinemas Label award. Cast and Crew The film stars actor Ziad Jallad as a Syrian refugee named Ahmed and actress Clara Couturet as an Ethiopian named Medhia. The two were chosen in part because they were attractive despite the characters’ marginal roles in society. In an interview with Arab News, Charaf said, “I wanted to assert that because you’re poor or a refugee doesn’t mean you’re necessarily going to be ugly or (look exhausted). I got the most handsome refugee and the most beautiful housemaid in the world.” It was produced by Charlotte Vincent and Katia Khazak, with Marco Valerio Fusco, Micaela Fusco and Pierre Saraf as co-producers. Plot Set in Beirut, the film tells the story of a Syrian refugee named Ahmed and an Ethiopian woman named Mehdia who works as a housemaid who are in love. Mehdia tries to free herself from her employers, an elderly couple, while Ahmed struggles to survive by selling scrap metal. Ahmed is affected by a mysterious disease.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:03:35Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Difficult_Dangerous	{"title": "Dirty Difficult Dangerous", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:03:35Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:36Z"}
Black Gorilla British/German dance band Black Gorilla was a dance music group, originally made up of session musicians, which released a handful of singles in the 1970s. History The group's origin was in the song "Gimme Dat Banana", written by Rainer Petsch, Ekkehard Stein, and Bernd Dietrich, and which the trio - plus producer Michael Holm - had recorded by session musicians. CBS Records released the single in Germany in 1976, albeit without success, but it created enough of a buzz in nightclubs in the United Kingdom that Pye Records picked up the rights and released it on the Response Records imprint. In order to promote the single, Pye recruited Fascination, a band from Leicester (other than guitarist Victor Watson, who was from from Wolverhampton), to front the single and appear for performances. "Gimme Dat Banana" reached number 29 in the UK singles chart in September 1977 (as well as number 31 on the Record Mirror disco charts), and earned the group a spot on Top of the Pops. The song also reached number 20 in the Swedish pop charts the following April. It was Black Gorilla's only charting single. A number of releases followed until 1979, including the band's only album, Private Collection. Drummer Dean Sargent - also a trumpeter - and saxophonist John Barrow formed the Swinging Laurels, who backed Fun Boy Three on "The Telephone Always Rings", and Barrow later worked with Crazyhead.	Black Gorilla British/German dance band Black Gorilla was a dance music group, originally made up of session musicians, which released a handful of singles in the 1970s. History The group's origin was in the song "Gimme Dat Banana", written by Rainer Petsch, Ekkehard Stein, and Bernd Dietrich, and which the trio - plus producer Michael Holm - had recorded by session musicians. CBS Records released the single in Germany in 1976, albeit without success, but it created enough of a buzz in nightclubs in the United Kingdom that Pye Records picked up the rights and released it on the Response Records imprint. In order to promote the single, Pye recruited Fascination, a band from Leicester (other than guitarist Victor Watson, who was from from Wolverhampton), to front the single and appear for performances. "Gimme Dat Banana" reached number 29 in the UK singles chart in September 1977 (as well as number 31 on the Record Mirror disco charts), and earned the group a spot on Top of the Pops. The song also reached number 20 in the Swedish pop charts the following April. It was Black Gorilla's only charting single. A number of releases followed until 1979, including the band's only album, Private Collection. Drummer Dean Sargent - also a trumpeter - and saxophonist John Barrow formed the Swinging Laurels, who backed Fun Boy Three on "The Telephone Always Rings", and Barrow later worked with Crazyhead.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:57:38Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Gorilla	{"title": "Black Gorilla", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:57:38Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:37Z"}
List of 2025–26 Champ Rugby transfers This is a list of player transfers involving Champ Rugby teams before or during the 2025–26 season. The list is of deals that are confirmed and are either from or to a rugby union team in the Championship during the 2025–26 season. It is not unknown for confirmed deals to be cancelled at a later date. No clubs were promoted to the Gallagher Premiership for the 2024–25 season. No clubs were relegated for the 2024–25 season. On 7 April 2025, Richmond won National League 1 for the 2024-25 season, therefore promoted to the Champ Rugby for the 2025-26 season. After a period in adinistration, Worcester Warriors will return to professional competition in the Champ Rugby for the 2025-26 season. Ampthill Main article: Ampthill RUFC Bedford Blues Main article: Bedford Blues Caldy Main article: Caldy Rugby Football Club Cambridge Main article: Cambridge R.U.F.C. Chinnor Main article: Chinnor R.F.C. Cornish Pirates Main article: Cornish Pirates Coventry Main article: Coventry R.F.C. Doncaster Knights Main article: Doncaster Knights Ealing Trailfinders Main article: Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club Hartpury University Main article: Hartpury University R.F.C. London Scottish Main article: London Scottish F.C. Nottingham Main article: Nottingham R.F.C. Richmond Main article: Richmond F.C. Worcester Warriors Main article: Worcester Warriors	List of 2025–26 Champ Rugby transfers This is a list of player transfers involving Champ Rugby teams before or during the 2025–26 season. The list is of deals that are confirmed and are either from or to a rugby union team in the Championship during the 2025–26 season. It is not unknown for confirmed deals to be cancelled at a later date. No clubs were promoted to the Gallagher Premiership for the 2024–25 season. No clubs were relegated for the 2024–25 season. On 7 April 2025, Richmond won National League 1 for the 2024-25 season, therefore promoted to the Champ Rugby for the 2025-26 season. After a period in adinistration, Worcester Warriors will return to professional competition in the Champ Rugby for the 2025-26 season. Ampthill Main article: Ampthill RUFC Bedford Blues Main article: Bedford Blues Caldy Main article: Caldy Rugby Football Club Cambridge Main article: Cambridge R.U.F.C. Chinnor Main article: Chinnor R.F.C. Cornish Pirates Main article: Cornish Pirates Coventry Main article: Coventry R.F.C. Doncaster Knights Main article: Doncaster Knights Ealing Trailfinders Main article: Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club Hartpury University Main article: Hartpury University R.F.C. London Scottish Main article: London Scottish F.C. Nottingham Main article: Nottingham R.F.C. Richmond Main article: Richmond F.C. Worcester Warriors Main article: Worcester Warriors	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T14:03:12Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2025–26_Champ_Rugby_transfers	{"title": "List of 2025–26 Champ Rugby transfers", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T14:03:12Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:39Z"}
Yabchanka Yabchanka (Ukrainian: ябчанка, яблучанка) is a cold Ukrainian apple dessert resembling mousse, it can also refer to a cold fruit soup. Ingredients and preparation Mousse Apples are baked in the oven (apple jam can be used), the pulp is pressed through a sieve, sugar and raw egg whites are added, and then whisked with a whisk until a thick white mass forms. After this, the mousse is placed in a mold and placed in a cool place (on ice) to cool. Sour cream mousse is also prepared by adding a little white wine or rum, mixing it with whipped cream or sour cream, and cooling. Soup Boil the peeled apples in a small amount of water and strain through a colander or sieve. Add a little water, add sugar to taste, and bring to a simmer over low heat. Whisk 2 tablespoons of flour into half a liter of milk or a cup of sour cream, add a pinch of cinnamon, and vanilla sugar. When the apples begin to boil, add the milk (or sour cream) and flour, and bring to a boil, stirring. Cool down. Serve with cinnamon and croutons. Some recipes call for boiled beans instead of croutons.	Yabchanka Yabchanka (Ukrainian: ябчанка, яблучанка) is a cold Ukrainian apple dessert resembling mousse, it can also refer to a cold fruit soup. Ingredients and preparation Mousse Apples are baked in the oven (apple jam can be used), the pulp is pressed through a sieve, sugar and raw egg whites are added, and then whisked with a whisk until a thick white mass forms. After this, the mousse is placed in a mold and placed in a cool place (on ice) to cool. Sour cream mousse is also prepared by adding a little white wine or rum, mixing it with whipped cream or sour cream, and cooling. Soup Boil the peeled apples in a small amount of water and strain through a colander or sieve. Add a little water, add sugar to taste, and bring to a simmer over low heat. Whisk 2 tablespoons of flour into half a liter of milk or a cup of sour cream, add a pinch of cinnamon, and vanilla sugar. When the apples begin to boil, add the milk (or sour cream) and flour, and bring to a boil, stirring. Cool down. Serve with cinnamon and croutons. Some recipes call for boiled beans instead of croutons.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:44:36Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabchanka	{"title": "Yabchanka", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:44:36Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:39Z"}
Kabyles hadra The Kabyles Hadra or Kabyles el Hadra are terms that were invented by the French in the 19th century to refer to the group of Arabic-speaking mountain dwellers of North Constantine who speak a sedentary Arabic dialect. Their region corresponded the land of the Kutama Berbers who have become Arabized. They were found throughout the Jijel province, the north of the Mila province, and the west of the Skikda province (Collo). Origin of the name The expression was originally the name given to the Arabized Berber mountain people of North Constantine who had abandoned mountain life to settle in the plains and in the cities. As Maghreb cities developed and became Arabized, they referred to the hinterland as "qbail," meaning "tribe". Strangely, the term "Had'ra" seems to have originally had the opposite connotation. According to Mármol, it was used in the 16th century "among the tribes, among the Kbail" to designate, with a disdainful connotation, the Arabs "who live in African cities are commonly called Hadara, that is to say, courtiers and mostly involved in trade ". The historian Moussa Lakbal offers an explanation that supports what Marmol writes; according to him, the neologism "Kabaile El Had'ra" was coined to designate the descendants of the Kutama tribes who abandoned mountain life to settle in the plains and cities. In local tradition, the name used to designate the Arabic-speaking tribes of northern Constantine seems to have been "Qabail El Had'ra", as opposed to the "Qabail En-nighass" or Qabail (Berber-speaking tribes). Hadra would come from the Arabic word hadara which means civilization or urbanity; it would also have been used to designate the Arabs who remain in the cities of the Maghreb and who are called Hadara, that is to say courtiers (urbanized). Society The region of the Kabyle Hadra corresponds to that of the Kutama Berbers who have become Arabized. The name Qabail El Had'ra is accepted by the inhabitants themselves. The term is thought to come from the Arabic word hadara (civilization, urbanity). It was used in Constantine until the end of the 19th century to distinguish the Kabyles of the Djurdjura or of northern Constantine. In the 19th century, attempts were made to identify characteristics of eastern Kabylia: independence from Turkish rule, the use of a particular Arabic, dwellings in clearings with an absence of "block" villages, and fruit tree cultivation. Dialectology The Arabic spoken in Jijel, which Philippe Marçais rightly considers "one of the types furthest removed from that on which the literary language is based," is distinguished precisely by this distance. According to the author, this is attributable to the influence of the Berber substrate, which, in many cases, constitutes the direct cause of a number of innovations specific to this dialect. The particularity of the Jijel dialect is thus explained by the fact that it probably represents one of the Arabic dialects most profoundly marked by the influence of the Berber substrate. From a grammatical point of view, we note certain structures borrowed from Berbers, particularly outside the city of Jijel, in the mountains, such as plurals with the suffix -en: "aqtot" (cat) becomes "aqtoten", "aurez" (heel) becomes "awerzen", "aɣrum" (bread) becomes "aɣrumen" and "aɣunga" (spoon) becomes "iɣengiwen". To form a name of profession, the dialect of Jijel, like some in Morocco, frames a root with the complex Berber morpheme "ta-. .. t": taserrâjt (saddlery), taxerraz(e)t (shoemaking), tabennay(e)t (masonry), tabeqqal(e)t (trade), taberrah(e)t (public crier's profession).	Kabyles hadra The Kabyles Hadra or Kabyles el Hadra are terms that were invented by the French in the 19th century to refer to the group of Arabic-speaking mountain dwellers of North Constantine who speak a sedentary Arabic dialect. Their region corresponded the land of the Kutama Berbers who have become Arabized. They were found throughout the Jijel province, the north of the Mila province, and the west of the Skikda province (Collo). Origin of the name The expression was originally the name given to the Arabized Berber mountain people of North Constantine who had abandoned mountain life to settle in the plains and in the cities. As Maghreb cities developed and became Arabized, they referred to the hinterland as "qbail," meaning "tribe". Strangely, the term "Had'ra" seems to have originally had the opposite connotation. According to Mármol, it was used in the 16th century "among the tribes, among the Kbail" to designate, with a disdainful connotation, the Arabs "who live in African cities are commonly called Hadara, that is to say, courtiers and mostly involved in trade ". The historian Moussa Lakbal offers an explanation that supports what Marmol writes; according to him, the neologism "Kabaile El Had'ra" was coined to designate the descendants of the Kutama tribes who abandoned mountain life to settle in the plains and cities. In local tradition, the name used to designate the Arabic-speaking tribes of northern Constantine seems to have been "Qabail El Had'ra", as opposed to the "Qabail En-nighass" or Qabail (Berber-speaking tribes). Hadra would come from the Arabic word hadara which means civilization or urbanity; it would also have been used to designate the Arabs who remain in the cities of the Maghreb and who are called Hadara, that is to say courtiers (urbanized). Society The region of the Kabyle Hadra corresponds to that of the Kutama Berbers who have become Arabized. The name Qabail El Had'ra is accepted by the inhabitants themselves. The term is thought to come from the Arabic word hadara (civilization, urbanity). It was used in Constantine until the end of the 19th century to distinguish the Kabyles of the Djurdjura or of northern Constantine. In the 19th century, attempts were made to identify characteristics of eastern Kabylia: independence from Turkish rule, the use of a particular Arabic, dwellings in clearings with an absence of "block" villages, and fruit tree cultivation. Dialectology The Arabic spoken in Jijel, which Philippe Marçais rightly considers "one of the types furthest removed from that on which the literary language is based," is distinguished precisely by this distance. According to the author, this is attributable to the influence of the Berber substrate, which, in many cases, constitutes the direct cause of a number of innovations specific to this dialect. The particularity of the Jijel dialect is thus explained by the fact that it probably represents one of the Arabic dialects most profoundly marked by the influence of the Berber substrate. From a grammatical point of view, we note certain structures borrowed from Berbers, particularly outside the city of Jijel, in the mountains, such as plurals with the suffix -en: "aqtot" (cat) becomes "aqtoten", "aurez" (heel) becomes "awerzen", "aɣrum" (bread) becomes "aɣrumen" and "aɣunga" (spoon) becomes "iɣengiwen". To form a name of profession, the dialect of Jijel, like some in Morocco, frames a root with the complex Berber morpheme "ta-. .. t": taserrâjt (saddlery), taxerraz(e)t (shoemaking), tabennay(e)t (masonry), tabeqqal(e)t (trade), taberrah(e)t (public crier's profession).	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:26:41Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyles_hadra	{"title": "Kabyles hadra", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:26:41Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:40Z"}
Tabletom Tabletom is a Spanish musical group formed in Málaga in 1976. Their music blends elements of jazz, rock, reggae, blues, and flamenco, making them one of the most eclectic and unconventional bands in the Andalusian rock scene. History Tabletom was created in 1976 by vocalist Roberto "Rockberto" González, Ortiz Morales (bass, violin), Javier Denis (oboe, sax), Paco Oliver (drums) and brothers Pedro "Perico" (guitar) and José Manuel "Pepillo" Ramírez (flute). The band, who lived in an anarcho-hippie rural commune, became part of the musical counterculture of Málaga during the late 1970s. The group released its debut album, Mezclalina, in 1980. The recording was produced by Ricardo Pachón and presented a mixture of jazz, rock, reggae, blues and flamenco influences, wich become a defining characteristic of the group. Contemporary commentary describes the album as representative of the experimental rock scene in Málaga. Throughout the 1980s, the band struggled with poor record label support and financial limitations (because it does not have an easily marketable and sellable "label" in its complex musical style) leading to reduced activity. They temporarily disbanded in 1985. Tabletom reformed in 1990. A later song, "Me estoy quitando," first released by the band, gained additional recognition when the Spanish rock group Extremoduro recorded a version of it on their 1996 album Agila. In May 2011, the band's original singer, Roberto "Rockberto" González, died in Málaga after a long illness. A biography about his life and musical work was later published. Following Rockberto's death, the band continued performing with new vocalist Salva Marina. Musical style Tabletom’s music incorporates progressive rock structures with Andalusian musical traditions and elements of jazz improvisation, reggae rhythms, blues, and flamenco phrasing. Members Current members Salva Marina – vocals Pedro “Perico” Ramírez – guitar José “Pepillo” Ramírez – saxophone, flute Jorge Blanco Montes – bass Manuel Nocete – keyboards Carlos Campos Palomo – drums Former members Roberto “Rockberto” González – vocals (1976–2011) Ortiz Morales – bass, violin (1976–1985) Javier Denis – oboe, saxophones (1976–1981) Salvador Zurita – drums (1976–1982) Discography Studio albums Mezclalina (1980) Rayya (1983) Inoxidable (1992) La parte chunga (1998) 7.000 kilos (2002) Sigamos en las nubes (2008) Luna de Mayo (2016) Clara (2025) EPs Recuerdos del futuro (1985) Live albums Vivitos... y coleando (1996) Cantes de ida y vuelta (2014) External links Official website	Tabletom Tabletom is a Spanish musical group formed in Málaga in 1976. Their music blends elements of jazz, rock, reggae, blues, and flamenco, making them one of the most eclectic and unconventional bands in the Andalusian rock scene. History Tabletom was created in 1976 by vocalist Roberto "Rockberto" González, Ortiz Morales (bass, violin), Javier Denis (oboe, sax), Paco Oliver (drums) and brothers Pedro "Perico" (guitar) and José Manuel "Pepillo" Ramírez (flute). The band, who lived in an anarcho-hippie rural commune, became part of the musical counterculture of Málaga during the late 1970s. The group released its debut album, Mezclalina, in 1980. The recording was produced by Ricardo Pachón and presented a mixture of jazz, rock, reggae, blues and flamenco influences, wich become a defining characteristic of the group. Contemporary commentary describes the album as representative of the experimental rock scene in Málaga. Throughout the 1980s, the band struggled with poor record label support and financial limitations (because it does not have an easily marketable and sellable "label" in its complex musical style) leading to reduced activity. They temporarily disbanded in 1985. Tabletom reformed in 1990. A later song, "Me estoy quitando," first released by the band, gained additional recognition when the Spanish rock group Extremoduro recorded a version of it on their 1996 album Agila. In May 2011, the band's original singer, Roberto "Rockberto" González, died in Málaga after a long illness. A biography about his life and musical work was later published. Following Rockberto's death, the band continued performing with new vocalist Salva Marina. Musical style Tabletom’s music incorporates progressive rock structures with Andalusian musical traditions and elements of jazz improvisation, reggae rhythms, blues, and flamenco phrasing. Members Current members Salva Marina – vocals Pedro “Perico” Ramírez – guitar José “Pepillo” Ramírez – saxophone, flute Jorge Blanco Montes – bass Manuel Nocete – keyboards Carlos Campos Palomo – drums Former members Roberto “Rockberto” González – vocals (1976–2011) Ortiz Morales – bass, violin (1976–1985) Javier Denis – oboe, saxophones (1976–1981) Salvador Zurita – drums (1976–1982) Discography Studio albums Mezclalina (1980) Rayya (1983) Inoxidable (1992) La parte chunga (1998) 7.000 kilos (2002) Sigamos en las nubes (2008) Luna de Mayo (2016) Clara (2025) EPs Recuerdos del futuro (1985) Live albums Vivitos... y coleando (1996) Cantes de ida y vuelta (2014) External links Official website	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:20:12Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletom	{"title": "Tabletom", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:20:12Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:41Z"}
List of packet-switched networks This list of packet-switched networks is divided into three overlapping eras: early, isolated, networks before the introduction of X.25; the X.25 era when many postal, telephone, and telegraph (PTT) companies provided public data networks with worldwide reach; and the modern Internet era, which initially competed with the OSI model. The work of Donald Davies in the late 1960s on data communication and computer network design became well known in the United States, Europe and Japan. This was the "cornerstone" that inspired numerous packet switching networks in the decade following. Early networks The research and development of packet switching at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom began with a proposal for a wide-area computer network in 1965, and a local-area network in 1966. In the United States, ARPANET funding was secured in 1966 by Bob Taylor, and planning began in 1967 when he hired Larry Roberts. Packeting switching was incorporated following the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in 1967. The NPL network, followed by the ARPANET, became operational in 1969, the first two networks to use packet switching. Larry Roberts said many of the packet switching networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Donald Davies' original 1965 design. The ARPANET and Louis Pouzin's CYCLADES were the primary precursor networks of the modern Internet. CYCLADES, unlike ARPANET, was explicitly designed to research internetworking. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram, or connectionless, system, operating according to the end-to-end principle, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. In the virtual circuit, or connection-oriented, system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface but complicates the network. AppleTalk AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system. AppleTalk implementations were also released for the IBM PC and compatibles, and the Apple IIGS. AppleTalk support was available in most networked printers, especially laser printers, some file servers and routers. The protocol was designed to be simple, autoconfiguring, and not require servers or other specialized services to work. These benefits also created drawbacks, as Appletalk tended not to use bandwidth efficiently. AppleTalk support was terminated in 2009. ARPANET The ARPANET was a progenitor network of the Internet and one of the first networks, along with ARPA's SATNET, to run the TCP/IP suite using packet switching technologies. BNRNET BNRNET was a network which Bell-Northern Research developed for internal use. It initially had only one host but was designed to support many hosts. BNR later made major contributions to the CCITT X.25 project. Cambridge Ring The Cambridge Ring was an experimental ring network developed at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. It operated from 1974 until the 1980s. CompuServe CompuServe developed its own packet switching network, implemented on DEC PDP-11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the US (and later, in other countries) and interconnected. Over time, the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi-tiered network incorporating ATM, Frame Relay, IP and X.25 technologies. CYCLADES The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to use the end-to-end principle and make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture. DECnet DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several	List of packet-switched networks This list of packet-switched networks is divided into three overlapping eras: early, isolated, networks before the introduction of X.25; the X.25 era when many postal, telephone, and telegraph (PTT) companies provided public data networks with worldwide reach; and the modern Internet era, which initially competed with the OSI model. The work of Donald Davies in the late 1960s on data communication and computer network design became well known in the United States, Europe and Japan. This was the "cornerstone" that inspired numerous packet switching networks in the decade following. Early networks The research and development of packet switching at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom began with a proposal for a wide-area computer network in 1965, and a local-area network in 1966. In the United States, ARPANET funding was secured in 1966 by Bob Taylor, and planning began in 1967 when he hired Larry Roberts. Packeting switching was incorporated following the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in 1967. The NPL network, followed by the ARPANET, became operational in 1969, the first two networks to use packet switching. Larry Roberts said many of the packet switching networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Donald Davies' original 1965 design. The ARPANET and Louis Pouzin's CYCLADES were the primary precursor networks of the modern Internet. CYCLADES, unlike ARPANET, was explicitly designed to research internetworking. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram, or connectionless, system, operating according to the end-to-end principle, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. In the virtual circuit, or connection-oriented, system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface but complicates the network. AppleTalk AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system. AppleTalk implementations were also released for the IBM PC and compatibles, and the Apple IIGS. AppleTalk support was available in most networked printers, especially laser printers, some file servers and routers. The protocol was designed to be simple, autoconfiguring, and not require servers or other specialized services to work. These benefits also created drawbacks, as Appletalk tended not to use bandwidth efficiently. AppleTalk support was terminated in 2009. ARPANET The ARPANET was a progenitor network of the Internet and one of the first networks, along with ARPA's SATNET, to run the TCP/IP suite using packet switching technologies. BNRNET BNRNET was a network which Bell-Northern Research developed for internal use. It initially had only one host but was designed to support many hosts. BNR later made major contributions to the CCITT X.25 project. Cambridge Ring The Cambridge Ring was an experimental ring network developed at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. It operated from 1974 until the 1980s. CompuServe CompuServe developed its own packet switching network, implemented on DEC PDP-11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the US (and later, in other countries) and interconnected. Over time, the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi-tiered network incorporating ATM, Frame Relay, IP and X.25 technologies. CYCLADES The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to use the end-to-end principle and make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture. DECnet DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux. DDX-1 DDX-1 was an experimental network from Nippon PTT. It mixed circuit switching and packet switching. It was succeeded by DDX-2. EIN The European Informatics Network (EIN), originally called COST 11, was a project beginning in 1971 to link networks in Britain, France, Italy, Switzerland and Euratom. Six other European countries also participated in the research on network protocols. Derek Barber directed the project, and Roger Scantlebury led the UK technical contribution; both were from NPL. The contract for its implementation was awarded to an Anglo French consortium led by the UK systems house Logica and Sesa and managed by Andrew Karney. Work began in 1973 and it became operational in 1976 including nodes linking the NPL network and CYCLADES. Barber proposed and implemented a mail protocol for EIN. The transport protocol of the EIN helped to launch the INWG and X.25 protocols. EIN was replaced by Euronet in 1979. EPSS The Experimental Packet Switched Service (EPSS) was an experiment of the UK Post Office Telecommunications. It was the first public data network in the UK when it began operating in 1976. Ferranti supplied the hardware and software. The handling of link control messages (acknowledgements and flow control) was different from that of most other networks. GEIS As General Electric Information Services (GEIS), General Electric was a major international provider of information services. The company originally designed a telephone network to serve as its internal (albeit continent-wide) voice telephone network. In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, New York, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service. After going international some years later, GEIS created a network data center near Cleveland, Ohio. Very little has been published about the internal details of their network. The design was hierarchical with redundant communication links. IPSANET IPSANET was a semi-private network constructed by I. P. Sharp Associates to serve their time-sharing customers. It became operational in May 1976. IPX/SPX The Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) are Novell networking protocols from the 1980s derived from Xerox Network Systems' IDP and SPP protocols, respectively which date back to the 1970s. IPX/SPX was used primarily on networks using the Novell NetWare operating systems. Merit Network Merit Network, an independent nonprofit organization governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host-to-host connection was made between the IBM mainframe systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit. In October 1972, connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years, in addition to host-to-host interactive connections, the network was enhanced to support terminal-to-host connections, host-to-host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP; additionally, public universities in Michigan joined the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s. NPL Donald Davies of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) designed and proposed a national commercial data network based on packet switching in 1965. The proposal was not taken up nationally but the following year, he designed a local network using "interface computers", today known as routers, to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. By 1968 Davies had begun building the NPL network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions. In 1969, the NPL, followed by the ARPANET, were the first two networks to use packet switching. By 1976, 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached, and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986. NPL was the first to use high-speed links. Octopus Octopus was a local network at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It connected sundry hosts at the lab to interactive terminals and various computer peripherals including a bulk storage system. Philips Research Philips Research Laboratories in Redhill, Surrey developed a packet switching network for internal use. It was a datagram network with a single switching node. PUP PARC Universal Packet (PUP or Pup) was one of the two earliest internetworking protocol suites; it was created by researchers at Xerox PARC in the mid-1970s. The entire suite provided routing and packet delivery, as well as higher level functions such as a reliable byte stream, along with numerous applications. Further developments led to Xerox Network Systems (XNS). RCP RCP was an experimental network created by the French PTT. It was used to gain experience with packet switching technology before the specification of the TRANSPAC public network was frozen. RCP was a virtual-circuit network in contrast to CYCLADES which was based on datagrams. RCP emphasised terminal-to-host and terminal-to-terminal connection; CYCLADES was concerned with host-to-host communication. RCP influenced the X.25 specification, which was deployed on TRANSPAC and other public data networks. RETD Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos (RETD) was a network developed by Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España. It became operational in 1972 and thus was the first public network. SCANNET "The experimental packet-switched Nordic telecommunication network SCANNET was implemented in Nordic technical libraries in the 1970s, and it included first Nordic electronic journal Extemplo. Libraries were also among first ones in universities to accommodate microcomputers for public use in the early 1980s." SITA HLN SITA is a consortium of airlines. Its High Level Network (HLN) became operational in 1969. Although organised to act like a packet-switching network, it still used message switching. As with many non-academic networks, very little has been published about it. SRCnet/SERCnet A number of computer facilities serving the Science Research Council (SRC) community in the United Kingdom developed beginning in the early 1970s. Each had their own star network (ULCC London, UMRCC Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory). There were also regional networks centred on Bristol (on which work was initiated in the late 1960s) followed in the mid-late 1970s by Edinburgh, the Midlands and Newcastle. These groups of institutions shared resources to provide better computing facilities than could be afforded individually. The networks were each based on one manufacturer's standards and were mutually incompatible and overlapping. In 1981, the SRC was renamed the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC). In the early 1980s a standardisation and interconnection effort started, hosted on an expansion of the SERCnet research network and based on the Coloured Book protocols, later evolving into JANET. Systems Network Architecture Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is IBM's proprietary networking architecture created in 1974. An IBM customer could acquire hardware and software from IBM and lease private lines from a common carrier to construct a private network. Telenet Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It was founded by Bolt Beranek & Newman with Larry Roberts as CEO as a means of making packet switching technology public. Telenet initially used a proprietary Virtual circuit host interface, but changed it to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29 after their standardization in CCITT. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE. Tymnet Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, California. In 1969, it began install a network based on minicomputers to connect timesharing terminals to its central computers. The network used store-and-forward and voice-grade lines. Routing was not distributed, rather it was established by a central supervisor on a call-by-call basis. X.25 era	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:33:41Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_packet-switched_networks	{"title": "List of packet-switched networks", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:33:41Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:41Z"}
Auto-enrolment in the Republic of Ireland Pension system in Ireland Auto-enrolment in the Republic of Ireland (short for Automatic enrolment), formally named My Future Fund, is a scheme similar to in other developed countries to provide private pensions for employed persons within the state to supplement the state pensions system and provide an easier and cheaper way of contributing outside of other private pension products such as a Personal Retirement Savings Account and occupational pension schemes. This occurs by way of a non tax-deductible contribution of a percentage of an employee's income, along with an equal monetary contribution from the employer and a smaller prescribed percentage contribution from the government. One of the core aims of the scheme is to provide pensions for those outside of the current net, i.e. lower earners without access to or knowledge of occupational pension schemes. Overview The scheme officially commenced in July 2024, when automatic enrolment legislation was enacted by way of the Automatic Enrolment Retirement Savings System Bill 2024 which was passed through the Dáil by minister Heather Humphreys. The scheme will be overseen by the National Automatic Enrolment Retirement Savings Authority (NAERSA) and Tata Consultancy Services was selected as the preferred bidder to run the system. The system commences on 1 January 2026 with employees between the age of 23 - 60, earning over €20,000 and not in a pension scheme (paying into a pension via payroll) will be automatically enrolled. Workers can opt out between months 6-8 and can get a refund of their contributions but will be automatically re-enrolled every 2 years if they meet the eligibility criteria. Employees who start paying into another private pension scheme will automatically see their contributions cease to the My Future Fund scheme. The employer's and government's contribution are capped based on an annual gross salary of €80,000 although employees can still contribute to the scheme over this level of income. The scheme has been criticised as contributions to the scheme are not tax deductible, unlike contributions to a PRSA or occupational pension scheme with the scheme seen as initially penalising those who are less knowledgeable, younger or on a lower income. Contributions The table below contains details of the mandatory contributions made relating to the percentage of the employee's gross salary (before any tax is deducted by the Revenue Commissioners) over the course of the scheme. For example, for someone earning €50,000 in 2026, €750 will be contributed by them in the first year (2026), €750 will be contributed by their employer and €250 will be contributed by the Irish government. In total this will result in an annual pension contribution of €1,750. The table below sets out illustrative examples of contributions for those earning €20,000 and €50,000 in 2026. Employee portal An employee portal has been created where users will be able to see their contributions (savings), administration fees deducted from their account, investment returns and choose their desired high-level investment options, be they high, medium or low risk. Users will be able to login by using their MyGovID however as of 12 December 2025, the public have not been given access to the employee portal.	Auto-enrolment in the Republic of Ireland Pension system in Ireland Auto-enrolment in the Republic of Ireland (short for Automatic enrolment), formally named My Future Fund, is a scheme similar to in other developed countries to provide private pensions for employed persons within the state to supplement the state pensions system and provide an easier and cheaper way of contributing outside of other private pension products such as a Personal Retirement Savings Account and occupational pension schemes. This occurs by way of a non tax-deductible contribution of a percentage of an employee's income, along with an equal monetary contribution from the employer and a smaller prescribed percentage contribution from the government. One of the core aims of the scheme is to provide pensions for those outside of the current net, i.e. lower earners without access to or knowledge of occupational pension schemes. Overview The scheme officially commenced in July 2024, when automatic enrolment legislation was enacted by way of the Automatic Enrolment Retirement Savings System Bill 2024 which was passed through the Dáil by minister Heather Humphreys. The scheme will be overseen by the National Automatic Enrolment Retirement Savings Authority (NAERSA) and Tata Consultancy Services was selected as the preferred bidder to run the system. The system commences on 1 January 2026 with employees between the age of 23 - 60, earning over €20,000 and not in a pension scheme (paying into a pension via payroll) will be automatically enrolled. Workers can opt out between months 6-8 and can get a refund of their contributions but will be automatically re-enrolled every 2 years if they meet the eligibility criteria. Employees who start paying into another private pension scheme will automatically see their contributions cease to the My Future Fund scheme. The employer's and government's contribution are capped based on an annual gross salary of €80,000 although employees can still contribute to the scheme over this level of income. The scheme has been criticised as contributions to the scheme are not tax deductible, unlike contributions to a PRSA or occupational pension scheme with the scheme seen as initially penalising those who are less knowledgeable, younger or on a lower income. Contributions The table below contains details of the mandatory contributions made relating to the percentage of the employee's gross salary (before any tax is deducted by the Revenue Commissioners) over the course of the scheme. For example, for someone earning €50,000 in 2026, €750 will be contributed by them in the first year (2026), €750 will be contributed by their employer and €250 will be contributed by the Irish government. In total this will result in an annual pension contribution of €1,750. The table below sets out illustrative examples of contributions for those earning €20,000 and €50,000 in 2026. Employee portal An employee portal has been created where users will be able to see their contributions (savings), administration fees deducted from their account, investment returns and choose their desired high-level investment options, be they high, medium or low risk. Users will be able to login by using their MyGovID however as of 12 December 2025, the public have not been given access to the employee portal.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:25:08Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-enrolment_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland	{"title": "Auto-enrolment in the Republic of Ireland", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:25:08Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:41Z"}
Guy Pessiot French journalist and politician (1949–2025) Guy Pessiot (7 May 1949 – 11 December 2025) was a French journalist, editor, historian and local politician. He was the co–founder of Éditions Génération and the monthly magazine L'Étudiant. Life and career Guy Pessiot was born in Rouen, France on 7 May 1949. He studied in Lycée Pierre-Corneille and then later changed to Neoma Business School. Pessiot co-founded Éditions Génération and the monthly magazine L'Étudiant in 1971 with René Silvestre, serving as its editor-in-chief. In 1976, he created Le P'tit Normand , a practical guide to the Rouen metropolitan area and Éditions du P'tit Normand (which became PTC in 1999) in 1979. He was Michel Bussi's first publisher. He became the city councillor for Rouen, then he was elected, in March 2008, third deputy to Valérie Fourneyron. From 2012 to 2020, he was a municipal councillor. Pessiot was president of the Rouen Seine Valley Normandy Tourist and Convention Bureau from 2008 to 2018 and vice-president of the Tourist Offices of France from 2014 to 2018. In 2019, he was a member of the board of the Rouen Normandy metropolitan area. Pessiot died on 11 December 2025, at the age of 76.	Guy Pessiot French journalist and politician (1949–2025) Guy Pessiot (7 May 1949 – 11 December 2025) was a French journalist, editor, historian and local politician. He was the co–founder of Éditions Génération and the monthly magazine L'Étudiant. Life and career Guy Pessiot was born in Rouen, France on 7 May 1949. He studied in Lycée Pierre-Corneille and then later changed to Neoma Business School. Pessiot co-founded Éditions Génération and the monthly magazine L'Étudiant in 1971 with René Silvestre, serving as its editor-in-chief. In 1976, he created Le P'tit Normand , a practical guide to the Rouen metropolitan area and Éditions du P'tit Normand (which became PTC in 1999) in 1979. He was Michel Bussi's first publisher. He became the city councillor for Rouen, then he was elected, in March 2008, third deputy to Valérie Fourneyron. From 2012 to 2020, he was a municipal councillor. Pessiot was president of the Rouen Seine Valley Normandy Tourist and Convention Bureau from 2008 to 2018 and vice-president of the Tourist Offices of France from 2014 to 2018. In 2019, he was a member of the board of the Rouen Normandy metropolitan area. Pessiot died on 11 December 2025, at the age of 76.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:14:56Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Pessiot	{"title": "Guy Pessiot", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:14:56Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:41Z"}
Hope (Lionel Loueke and Kevin Hays album) 2017 studio album by Lionel Loueke and Kevin Hays Hope is a studio collaborative album by Beninese guitarist Lionel Loueke and American jazz pianist Kevin Hays. Background The album was initially released as a vinyl pressing by Newvelle Records in Europe in 2017. Nonetheless, a slot with Edition Records offered both musiscians a chance to revisit the work and give it a wider release in 2019. Reception Geno Thackara of All About Jazz wrote: "It would have been easy to leave well enough alone. Kevin Hays and Lionel Loueke made a delightful recording the first time around—a most happy clash of hemispheres blending urban jazz and world-folk balladry, crossing upbeat piano with lively scat-singing, frisky African rhythm play and much more." Kevin Le Gendre of Jazzwise stated: "Established bandleaders and in-demand sidemen, pianist Hays and guitarist Loueke, make a formidable combination. They strike a good balance in terms of both the number of songs each contributes to this set and the solo space allocated on every piece, so that the performance feels like much more of a union than a negotiation for centre stage, as can sometimes be the case if the players are lacking real chemistry." Track listing Personnel Kevin Hays – vocals, piano Lionel Loueke – guitar, vocals	Hope (Lionel Loueke and Kevin Hays album) 2017 studio album by Lionel Loueke and Kevin Hays Hope is a studio collaborative album by Beninese guitarist Lionel Loueke and American jazz pianist Kevin Hays. Background The album was initially released as a vinyl pressing by Newvelle Records in Europe in 2017. Nonetheless, a slot with Edition Records offered both musiscians a chance to revisit the work and give it a wider release in 2019. Reception Geno Thackara of All About Jazz wrote: "It would have been easy to leave well enough alone. Kevin Hays and Lionel Loueke made a delightful recording the first time around—a most happy clash of hemispheres blending urban jazz and world-folk balladry, crossing upbeat piano with lively scat-singing, frisky African rhythm play and much more." Kevin Le Gendre of Jazzwise stated: "Established bandleaders and in-demand sidemen, pianist Hays and guitarist Loueke, make a formidable combination. They strike a good balance in terms of both the number of songs each contributes to this set and the solo space allocated on every piece, so that the performance feels like much more of a union than a negotiation for centre stage, as can sometimes be the case if the players are lacking real chemistry." Track listing Personnel Kevin Hays – vocals, piano Lionel Loueke – guitar, vocals	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:10:17Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_(Lionel_Loueke_and_Kevin_Hays_album)	{"title": "Hope (Lionel Loueke and Kevin Hays album)", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:10:17Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:41Z"}
Elin Pelin Municipality 42°40′23″N 23°36′7″E / 42.67306°N 23.60194°E / 42.67306; 23.60194 Place in Sofia Province, Bulgaria Elin Pelin Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Елин Пелин) is a municipality in Sofia Province, western Bulgaria. Covering a territory of 452.1 km2, it is the fifth largest of the 22 municipalities in the province and takes 6.38% of its total area. Geography The relief of the municipality is varied. To the north lies a short stretch of the Balkan Mountains topped by the summit of Murgash (1,687 m), which is the highest point of the administrative division. In its center are the eastern reaches of the Sofia Valley and further south rise the northern slopes of the Sredna Gora mountain range. The most important river is the Lesnovska reka, a right tributary of the Iskar of the Danube drainage. Its tributaries, the Eleshnitsa and the Makotsevska reka, drain the remained of the municipal territory. In the upper course of the Lesnovska reka is the Ognyanovo Reservoir. Transport Elin Pelin Municipality has a strategic location in terms of connectivity and is traversed by major national and international routes. There are seven roads of the national network with a total length of 86.9 km, as well as local road, including an 8.1 km section of the Trakiya motorway (A1), a 16 km section of the Hemus motorway (A2), an 18.8 km stretch of the first class I-1 road Vidin–Sofia–Blagoevgrad–Kulata, an 11.8 km section of the first class I-6 road Gyueshevo–Sofia–Karlovo–Burgas, a 10.1 km stretch of the first class I-8 road Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, the whole 17.4 km length of the third class III-105 road, and the last 4.7 km of the third class III-6002 road. It is also traversed by a 15.6 km section of railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, a 5.7 km stretch of railway line No. 3 Sofia–Karlovo–Sliven–Karnobat–Varna, and the final 6.5 km of the railway between Vakarel and Garba. Demography As of 2024 the population of Elin Pelin Municipality is 22,841, living in one town and 18 villages: Gallery Elin Pelin Town Hall A church in Elin Pelin (village) Gabra Bogdanlia Citations	Elin Pelin Municipality 42°40′23″N 23°36′7″E / 42.67306°N 23.60194°E / 42.67306; 23.60194 Place in Sofia Province, Bulgaria Elin Pelin Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Елин Пелин) is a municipality in Sofia Province, western Bulgaria. Covering a territory of 452.1 km2, it is the fifth largest of the 22 municipalities in the province and takes 6.38% of its total area. Geography The relief of the municipality is varied. To the north lies a short stretch of the Balkan Mountains topped by the summit of Murgash (1,687 m), which is the highest point of the administrative division. In its center are the eastern reaches of the Sofia Valley and further south rise the northern slopes of the Sredna Gora mountain range. The most important river is the Lesnovska reka, a right tributary of the Iskar of the Danube drainage. Its tributaries, the Eleshnitsa and the Makotsevska reka, drain the remained of the municipal territory. In the upper course of the Lesnovska reka is the Ognyanovo Reservoir. Transport Elin Pelin Municipality has a strategic location in terms of connectivity and is traversed by major national and international routes. There are seven roads of the national network with a total length of 86.9 km, as well as local road, including an 8.1 km section of the Trakiya motorway (A1), a 16 km section of the Hemus motorway (A2), an 18.8 km stretch of the first class I-1 road Vidin–Sofia–Blagoevgrad–Kulata, an 11.8 km section of the first class I-6 road Gyueshevo–Sofia–Karlovo–Burgas, a 10.1 km stretch of the first class I-8 road Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, the whole 17.4 km length of the third class III-105 road, and the last 4.7 km of the third class III-6002 road. It is also traversed by a 15.6 km section of railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, a 5.7 km stretch of railway line No. 3 Sofia–Karlovo–Sliven–Karnobat–Varna, and the final 6.5 km of the railway between Vakarel and Garba. Demography As of 2024 the population of Elin Pelin Municipality is 22,841, living in one town and 18 villages: Gallery Elin Pelin Town Hall A church in Elin Pelin (village) Gabra Bogdanlia Citations	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T13:15:29Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Pelin_Municipality	{"title": "Elin Pelin Municipality", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T13:15:29Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:42Z"}
James Gunu Ghanaian politician (born 1972) James Gunu (born 21 September 1972) is a Ghanaian politician, local governance specialist, and communication professional. He currently serves as the Volta Regional Minister, appointed in January 2025 by President John Dramani Mahama. He has been the Regional Secretary of the National Democratic Congress (NDC) in the Volta Region since 2018 and previously served as District Chief Executive for the Akatsi North District Assembly. Career Before becoming Regional Minister, Gunu served as Regional Secretary of the NDC in the Volta Region. His work included coordinating regional party strategy, supporting communication efforts, and strengthening grassroots structures. He contributed to the party's electoral performance in the region during the 2024 elections. Gunu was appointed Volta Regional Minister in January 2025 by President John Dramani Mahama. In this role, he oversees regional administration, development planning, inter-governmental coordination, and the implementation of national policy at the regional level. Gunu served as District Chief Executive for Akatsi North, where he chaired the District Security Council and supported district-level development and community engagement initiatives.	James Gunu Ghanaian politician (born 1972) James Gunu (born 21 September 1972) is a Ghanaian politician, local governance specialist, and communication professional. He currently serves as the Volta Regional Minister, appointed in January 2025 by President John Dramani Mahama. He has been the Regional Secretary of the National Democratic Congress (NDC) in the Volta Region since 2018 and previously served as District Chief Executive for the Akatsi North District Assembly. Career Before becoming Regional Minister, Gunu served as Regional Secretary of the NDC in the Volta Region. His work included coordinating regional party strategy, supporting communication efforts, and strengthening grassroots structures. He contributed to the party's electoral performance in the region during the 2024 elections. Gunu was appointed Volta Regional Minister in January 2025 by President John Dramani Mahama. In this role, he oversees regional administration, development planning, inter-governmental coordination, and the implementation of national policy at the regional level. Gunu served as District Chief Executive for Akatsi North, where he chaired the District Security Council and supported district-level development and community engagement initiatives.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:55:09Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gunu	{"title": "James Gunu", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:55:09Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:42Z"}
New Shillong Planned twin city and urban development project adjacent to Shillong, Meghalaya, India Planned city / Township in Meghalaya, India New Shillong is a planned twin city and urban development project adjacent to Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, India. It is envisioned as a modern administrative and knowledge city designed to decongest Shillong and support sustainable urban growth with strategic infrastructure, public services, and institutional zones. The project includes areas such as Umsawli, Mawpdang, and Mawkhanu and has been designated by the state government as a major growth centre for governance, education, innovation and economic activity. History and vision The concept of New Shillong emerged as part of state government efforts to manage rapid urbanisation of the Shillong metropolitan area and plan for future growth. The Government of Meghalaya, led by Chief Minister Conrad Sangma, announced the development of New Shillong as a twin city to provide planned infrastructure, amenities and opportunities for residents and businesses, aiming to transform it into a sustainable and integrated urban hub. In January 2025, the foundation stone for a new Secretariat complex in Umsawli within New Shillong Township was laid by the chief minister on the occasion of Meghalaya’s 53rd Statehood Day. The project, estimated at ₹1,188 crore, will be built on a 53‑acre plot and executed in phases to house government offices, staff facilities and auditoriums, marking a key milestone in the planned development of New Shillong. The chief minister described the project as part of the city’s expansion and a symbol of aspirations for a broader growth centre for the state. Urban planning and infrastructure New Shillong’s master plan focuses on two major zones: The Administrative City, centred on the new Secretariat complex and related government facilities, aimed at relocating administrative functions currently spread across Shillong to a planned environment. The Knowledge City, involving the development of approximately 807 acres at Mawpdang and Mawkhanu to host educational institutions, research facilities, cultural hubs and associated infrastructure. In November 2025, the Meghalaya Cabinet approved acquisition of an additional 35 acres of land at Tynring in New Shillong Township to develop a corridor linking the Administrative City and the Knowledge City. This corridor will also support relocation of the central jail from its current site to the New Shillong area, facilitating smoother connectivity and integrated planning within the township. Major projects New Secretariat Complex The New Secretariat Complex at Umsawli is a flagship development of New Shillong. Spread across 53 acres, it is designed to include administrative offices, auditoriums and facilities for multiple staff members. Upon completion, it will serve as the primary seat of government operations in New Shillong and play a central role in decongesting administrative functions from old Shillong. Security and civic infrastructure A police assistance booth was established at the North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS) in New Shillong to enhance safety and law enforcement support within the medical institute campus, reflecting efforts to improve public services as part of the township’s development. Governance and administration The development and management of New Shillong are overseen by the New Shillong Township Development Authority (NSTDA), an agency under the Government of Meghalaya’s Urban Affairs Department responsible for land allocation, infrastructure planning and coordination with central and state government entities for implementation of the township’s development plans. Economy and demographics As a planned urban hub, New Shillong is projected to drive economic activity through sectors such as public administration, education, research, cultural industries and civic services. Large‑scale investment initiatives and infrastructure projects aim to attract professionals, institutions and businesses, with expectations of future population growth as facilities and services expand.	New Shillong Planned twin city and urban development project adjacent to Shillong, Meghalaya, India Planned city / Township in Meghalaya, India New Shillong is a planned twin city and urban development project adjacent to Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, India. It is envisioned as a modern administrative and knowledge city designed to decongest Shillong and support sustainable urban growth with strategic infrastructure, public services, and institutional zones. The project includes areas such as Umsawli, Mawpdang, and Mawkhanu and has been designated by the state government as a major growth centre for governance, education, innovation and economic activity. History and vision The concept of New Shillong emerged as part of state government efforts to manage rapid urbanisation of the Shillong metropolitan area and plan for future growth. The Government of Meghalaya, led by Chief Minister Conrad Sangma, announced the development of New Shillong as a twin city to provide planned infrastructure, amenities and opportunities for residents and businesses, aiming to transform it into a sustainable and integrated urban hub. In January 2025, the foundation stone for a new Secretariat complex in Umsawli within New Shillong Township was laid by the chief minister on the occasion of Meghalaya’s 53rd Statehood Day. The project, estimated at ₹1,188 crore, will be built on a 53‑acre plot and executed in phases to house government offices, staff facilities and auditoriums, marking a key milestone in the planned development of New Shillong. The chief minister described the project as part of the city’s expansion and a symbol of aspirations for a broader growth centre for the state. Urban planning and infrastructure New Shillong’s master plan focuses on two major zones: The Administrative City, centred on the new Secretariat complex and related government facilities, aimed at relocating administrative functions currently spread across Shillong to a planned environment. The Knowledge City, involving the development of approximately 807 acres at Mawpdang and Mawkhanu to host educational institutions, research facilities, cultural hubs and associated infrastructure. In November 2025, the Meghalaya Cabinet approved acquisition of an additional 35 acres of land at Tynring in New Shillong Township to develop a corridor linking the Administrative City and the Knowledge City. This corridor will also support relocation of the central jail from its current site to the New Shillong area, facilitating smoother connectivity and integrated planning within the township. Major projects New Secretariat Complex The New Secretariat Complex at Umsawli is a flagship development of New Shillong. Spread across 53 acres, it is designed to include administrative offices, auditoriums and facilities for multiple staff members. Upon completion, it will serve as the primary seat of government operations in New Shillong and play a central role in decongesting administrative functions from old Shillong. Security and civic infrastructure A police assistance booth was established at the North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS) in New Shillong to enhance safety and law enforcement support within the medical institute campus, reflecting efforts to improve public services as part of the township’s development. Governance and administration The development and management of New Shillong are overseen by the New Shillong Township Development Authority (NSTDA), an agency under the Government of Meghalaya’s Urban Affairs Department responsible for land allocation, infrastructure planning and coordination with central and state government entities for implementation of the township’s development plans. Economy and demographics As a planned urban hub, New Shillong is projected to drive economic activity through sectors such as public administration, education, research, cultural industries and civic services. Large‑scale investment initiatives and infrastructure projects aim to attract professionals, institutions and businesses, with expectations of future population growth as facilities and services expand.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:52:39Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Shillong	{"title": "New Shillong", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:52:39Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:43Z"}
I maniaci 1964 Italian film I maniaci (lit. 'The maniacs') is a 1964 Italian film directed by Lucio Fulci. The film was part of an Italian cycle of film a episodi (it), which were portmanteau multi-story comedy films that were popular in Italy from the 1950s to 1960s. The film features several short stories dedicated to various "maniacs" ranging from couples cheating on their partners, people taking advantage of each other in the workplace, and other quirky individuals. The film was Fulci's second episodic comedy following Gli imbroglioni (1963), it was announced as forthcoming in December 1963 and was shot in January 1964. l'Unità gave the film a lukewarm review saying it occasionally showed original ideas while praising cast members performances as highlights. Plot Barbara Steele and Gaia Germani in the 'L'Hobby' segment of the film. I maniaci is a film in 13 parts. The first is L'elaborazione (lit. 'Processing') about a hearse driver who is obsessed with ensuring his vehicles give his passengers comfortable rides. Lo sport (lit. 'Sport') features a bullying office manager who loses a bet and puts his wife out on the street. When one of his employees discovers this, he uses it against the boss. The third is Il sorpasso (lit. 'Overtaking') about a motorist obsessed with other drivers speeding and refuses to let anyone overtake him. Next is L'hobby (lit. 'The hobby'), where a wife becomes anxious that her rich husband has another woman, even though she already accepts that he has another lover with a woman named Carla. La protesta (lit. 'The protest') features two friends over different historical periods, with each expressing dissatisfaction with the status quo, but never making any attempt to change anything. Il pezzo antico (lit. 'The antique item') features a couple obsessed with buying antiques near a monastery where Monks play into the couple's demands. La parolaccia (lit. 'The swear word') is about a writer having difficulty writing his first novel, and visits a successful author who suggests dredging his imagination for his most depraved fantasies. When presenting it to a literary society, the established author who suggested he do this humiliates the writer. Lo strip (lit. 'The strip') is about a man obsessed with strippers for non-straight forward reasons. Le interviste (lit. 'Interviews') is about a career politician who finds that his vague non-answers to situations can work in all situations. L'autostop (lit. 'Hitchhiking') is about a poor Southern worker who gets a ride from a Milanese businessman. Though neither does anything wrong, they both become increasingly paranoid and hostile. La cmabiale (lit. 'The promissory note'), two middle-class couples become obsessed with appearing wealthier than each other, and become increasingly involved in debt. The last segment is La comica finale: IL weekend (lit. 'The final joke: the weekend') which features two thieves breaking into a mansion believing that the owners are away, but find it buzzing with activity, including both a husband and wife sneaking back into the home as they were both out with their other lovers. Cast Loris Bazzocchi as a Mechanic (L'elaborazione) Silla Bettini as hearse driver (L'elaborazione) Raimondo Vianello as Giulio Errani (Lo sport) Franco Fabrizi as Sita (Lo sport) Edy Biagetti as Biagetti (Lo sport) Ignazio Leone as Migliardi (Lo sport) Salvo Libassi as Errani (Lo sport) Lisa Gastoni as Mrs. Errani (Lo sport) Walter Chiari as the motorist (Il sorpasso) Barbara Steele as Barbara (L'hobby) Mary Arden as the party guest (L'hobby) Gigi Ballista as the count (L'hobby) Gaia Germani as Carla (L'hobby) Production Following Gli imbroglioni (1963), I maniaci was the second of Fulci's film a episodi (it), a term used for portmanteau multi-story comedy films that were popular in Italy from the 1950s to 1960s. Among the returning cast from the previously mentioned film was Walter Chiari. I maniaci was announced a forthcoming film in Variety in December 1963 and was shot in January 1964. The music in I maniaci was composed by Ennio Morricone. It was among the six films he scored that were released in 1964, including Fulci's I due evasi da Sing Sing (1964). Stephen Thrower said Fulci's score for both films was of "minor interest", with Morricone's contributions to I maniaci being limited to the title song and some comedy cues and a piece of music for the strip club scene. Thrower said that Morricone's work on the film was "not so different here from that of any other jobbing composer of the day." Morricone would only return to work on one more of Fulci's films, A Lizard in a Woman's Skin (1971). Release and reception I maniaci was distributed theatrically in Italy by Cinedistribuzione Astoria. It was released in Rome on March 28, followed by releases in Lecce and Brindisi on April 2 and Turin on April 30, 1964. It grossed a total of 255 million Italian lire in Italy. In l'Unità, the reviewer said that Fulci's film followed	I maniaci 1964 Italian film I maniaci (lit. 'The maniacs') is a 1964 Italian film directed by Lucio Fulci. The film was part of an Italian cycle of film a episodi (it), which were portmanteau multi-story comedy films that were popular in Italy from the 1950s to 1960s. The film features several short stories dedicated to various "maniacs" ranging from couples cheating on their partners, people taking advantage of each other in the workplace, and other quirky individuals. The film was Fulci's second episodic comedy following Gli imbroglioni (1963), it was announced as forthcoming in December 1963 and was shot in January 1964. l'Unità gave the film a lukewarm review saying it occasionally showed original ideas while praising cast members performances as highlights. Plot Barbara Steele and Gaia Germani in the 'L'Hobby' segment of the film. I maniaci is a film in 13 parts. The first is L'elaborazione (lit. 'Processing') about a hearse driver who is obsessed with ensuring his vehicles give his passengers comfortable rides. Lo sport (lit. 'Sport') features a bullying office manager who loses a bet and puts his wife out on the street. When one of his employees discovers this, he uses it against the boss. The third is Il sorpasso (lit. 'Overtaking') about a motorist obsessed with other drivers speeding and refuses to let anyone overtake him. Next is L'hobby (lit. 'The hobby'), where a wife becomes anxious that her rich husband has another woman, even though she already accepts that he has another lover with a woman named Carla. La protesta (lit. 'The protest') features two friends over different historical periods, with each expressing dissatisfaction with the status quo, but never making any attempt to change anything. Il pezzo antico (lit. 'The antique item') features a couple obsessed with buying antiques near a monastery where Monks play into the couple's demands. La parolaccia (lit. 'The swear word') is about a writer having difficulty writing his first novel, and visits a successful author who suggests dredging his imagination for his most depraved fantasies. When presenting it to a literary society, the established author who suggested he do this humiliates the writer. Lo strip (lit. 'The strip') is about a man obsessed with strippers for non-straight forward reasons. Le interviste (lit. 'Interviews') is about a career politician who finds that his vague non-answers to situations can work in all situations. L'autostop (lit. 'Hitchhiking') is about a poor Southern worker who gets a ride from a Milanese businessman. Though neither does anything wrong, they both become increasingly paranoid and hostile. La cmabiale (lit. 'The promissory note'), two middle-class couples become obsessed with appearing wealthier than each other, and become increasingly involved in debt. The last segment is La comica finale: IL weekend (lit. 'The final joke: the weekend') which features two thieves breaking into a mansion believing that the owners are away, but find it buzzing with activity, including both a husband and wife sneaking back into the home as they were both out with their other lovers. Cast Loris Bazzocchi as a Mechanic (L'elaborazione) Silla Bettini as hearse driver (L'elaborazione) Raimondo Vianello as Giulio Errani (Lo sport) Franco Fabrizi as Sita (Lo sport) Edy Biagetti as Biagetti (Lo sport) Ignazio Leone as Migliardi (Lo sport) Salvo Libassi as Errani (Lo sport) Lisa Gastoni as Mrs. Errani (Lo sport) Walter Chiari as the motorist (Il sorpasso) Barbara Steele as Barbara (L'hobby) Mary Arden as the party guest (L'hobby) Gigi Ballista as the count (L'hobby) Gaia Germani as Carla (L'hobby) Production Following Gli imbroglioni (1963), I maniaci was the second of Fulci's film a episodi (it), a term used for portmanteau multi-story comedy films that were popular in Italy from the 1950s to 1960s. Among the returning cast from the previously mentioned film was Walter Chiari. I maniaci was announced a forthcoming film in Variety in December 1963 and was shot in January 1964. The music in I maniaci was composed by Ennio Morricone. It was among the six films he scored that were released in 1964, including Fulci's I due evasi da Sing Sing (1964). Stephen Thrower said Fulci's score for both films was of "minor interest", with Morricone's contributions to I maniaci being limited to the title song and some comedy cues and a piece of music for the strip club scene. Thrower said that Morricone's work on the film was "not so different here from that of any other jobbing composer of the day." Morricone would only return to work on one more of Fulci's films, A Lizard in a Woman's Skin (1971). Release and reception I maniaci was distributed theatrically in Italy by Cinedistribuzione Astoria. It was released in Rome on March 28, followed by releases in Lecce and Brindisi on April 2 and Turin on April 30, 1964. It grossed a total of 255 million Italian lire in Italy. In l'Unità, the reviewer said that Fulci's film followed "well-trodden paths and only occasionally captures a few happy and original ideas." The reviewer said the film was sustained by only some of its performances, namely that of Enrico Maria Salerno, Vittorio Caprioli, Franca Valeri, Aroldo Tieri, Raimondo Vianello, and Walter Chiari.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:58:59Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_maniaci	{"title": "I maniaci", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:58:59Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:43Z"}
Portrait of Augustus Hervey 1767 painting by Thomas Gainsborough Portrait of Augustus Hervey is a 1767 portrait painting by the British artist Thomas Gainsborough. It depicts the Royal Navy officer and politician Augustus Hervey. He is shown at full-length in the uniform of a commodore. He later succeeded his brother as Earl of Bristol in 1775. The painting, produced in the grand manner style, makes reference to his device during the 1762 Siege of Havana during the Seven Years War. Hervey is shown on a seashore leaning on an anchor, with a captured Spainish naval flag at his feet, Behind him is the HMS Dragon, the ship of the line he had commanded, and in the distance is the Morro fortress of Havana which was bombarded and stormed by the British in 1762. The work was likely to have been produced in the fashionable spa town of Bath where Gainsborough had his studio at the time.The painting was displayed at the Exhibition of 1768 held by the Society of Artists in London. The American artist Charles Willson Peale, who also exhibited at the society that year, used the stance as the model for his 1779 portrait Washington at Princeton. Today the painting is in the collection of Ickworth House in Sussex, the historic residence of the Earls of Bristol now in the control of the National Trust.	Portrait of Augustus Hervey 1767 painting by Thomas Gainsborough Portrait of Augustus Hervey is a 1767 portrait painting by the British artist Thomas Gainsborough. It depicts the Royal Navy officer and politician Augustus Hervey. He is shown at full-length in the uniform of a commodore. He later succeeded his brother as Earl of Bristol in 1775. The painting, produced in the grand manner style, makes reference to his device during the 1762 Siege of Havana during the Seven Years War. Hervey is shown on a seashore leaning on an anchor, with a captured Spainish naval flag at his feet, Behind him is the HMS Dragon, the ship of the line he had commanded, and in the distance is the Morro fortress of Havana which was bombarded and stormed by the British in 1762. The work was likely to have been produced in the fashionable spa town of Bath where Gainsborough had his studio at the time.The painting was displayed at the Exhibition of 1768 held by the Society of Artists in London. The American artist Charles Willson Peale, who also exhibited at the society that year, used the stance as the model for his 1779 portrait Washington at Princeton. Today the painting is in the collection of Ickworth House in Sussex, the historic residence of the Earls of Bristol now in the control of the National Trust.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:51:39Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Augustus_Hervey	{"title": "Portrait of Augustus Hervey", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:51:39Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:43Z"}
TVRI Central Kalimantan Television station in Palangka Raya, Indonesia TVRI Central Kalimantan (Indonesian: TVRI Kalimantan Tengah, often shortened to TVRI Kalteng) is a regional television station owned by TVRI, based in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. History TVRI established a local production center on 17 February 1995. Local programming did not begin in earnest until 9 September 1999, using a playback system, from 5pm to 6pm, three times a week (Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays), from a transmitter located at Jalan Yos Sudarso. On 14 May 2002, a fourth day of local programming was introduced, adding Mondays to the existing schedule. From 1 October 2003, the daily airtime moved to 4:30-5:30pm, then in 2006, expanded to a three-hour schedule, reaching at least ten regencies. In 2013, the terrestrial coverage expanded to Palangka Raya, Pulang Pisau, Sampit, Kuala Kurun, Pangkalan Bun, Kuala Pembuang, Buntok, Ampah, Muara Teweh and via overspill to some areas outside of Kalimantan. On the afternoon of 15 June 2022, a fire broke out at TVRI Kalteng. In 2023, during its anniversary celebrations, the station announced that it would improve the quality of its local programs, in anticipation for the next year's elections, in line with TVRI's tagline of being the "home of democracy". The improvements were also justified on the conversion of its signal from analog to digital.	TVRI Central Kalimantan Television station in Palangka Raya, Indonesia TVRI Central Kalimantan (Indonesian: TVRI Kalimantan Tengah, often shortened to TVRI Kalteng) is a regional television station owned by TVRI, based in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. History TVRI established a local production center on 17 February 1995. Local programming did not begin in earnest until 9 September 1999, using a playback system, from 5pm to 6pm, three times a week (Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays), from a transmitter located at Jalan Yos Sudarso. On 14 May 2002, a fourth day of local programming was introduced, adding Mondays to the existing schedule. From 1 October 2003, the daily airtime moved to 4:30-5:30pm, then in 2006, expanded to a three-hour schedule, reaching at least ten regencies. In 2013, the terrestrial coverage expanded to Palangka Raya, Pulang Pisau, Sampit, Kuala Kurun, Pangkalan Bun, Kuala Pembuang, Buntok, Ampah, Muara Teweh and via overspill to some areas outside of Kalimantan. On the afternoon of 15 June 2022, a fire broke out at TVRI Kalteng. In 2023, during its anniversary celebrations, the station announced that it would improve the quality of its local programs, in anticipation for the next year's elections, in line with TVRI's tagline of being the "home of democracy". The improvements were also justified on the conversion of its signal from analog to digital.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:49:42Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI_Central_Kalimantan	{"title": "TVRI Central Kalimantan", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:49:42Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:44Z"}
Masedi ZA South African hip-hop recording artist Musical artist Masedi ZA (born Masedi Mokhothu) is a South African hip-hop recording artist and rapper from the Vaal Triangle region. He is known for blending contemporary trap music with local vernacular influences. In 2025, he signed a distribution deal with Universal Music to expand the reach of his music. Early life and education Masedi ZA was born on 31 July 1991 and raised in the Vaal Triangle in South Africa. He attended Selbourne Primary School in Vereeniging and matriculated at Suncrest High School in Vanderbijlpark. Masedi holds a BCom Accounting degree from the University of Johannesburg. Career Masedi began making music as a teenager and developed his lyrical style from township influences and local storytelling traditions. He then began to releasing music publicly in 2014. His early breakthrough came from the single Sho! which gained local radio attention and online momentum.He has been credited with helping spotlight the Vaal hip-hop movement through his energetic trap-driven sound and his representation of local cultural identity.In 2025, he premiered his mixtape Trap Ya Milano using a cinematic format at Ster-Kinekor, Vaal Mall, blending film and live performance. Masedi later secured a distribution deal with Universal Music, which he described as a strategic step that would elevate the Vaal music scene internationally. Artistry Masedi is known for blending trap beats with Sesotho and township idioms. His musical style is described as energetic, narrative-driven, and reflective of Vaal urban culture. Discography Mixtapes Sedi Laka 2023 Trap Ya Milano (2025) Singles Sho! (2018)	Masedi ZA South African hip-hop recording artist Musical artist Masedi ZA (born Masedi Mokhothu) is a South African hip-hop recording artist and rapper from the Vaal Triangle region. He is known for blending contemporary trap music with local vernacular influences. In 2025, he signed a distribution deal with Universal Music to expand the reach of his music. Early life and education Masedi ZA was born on 31 July 1991 and raised in the Vaal Triangle in South Africa. He attended Selbourne Primary School in Vereeniging and matriculated at Suncrest High School in Vanderbijlpark. Masedi holds a BCom Accounting degree from the University of Johannesburg. Career Masedi began making music as a teenager and developed his lyrical style from township influences and local storytelling traditions. He then began to releasing music publicly in 2014. His early breakthrough came from the single Sho! which gained local radio attention and online momentum.He has been credited with helping spotlight the Vaal hip-hop movement through his energetic trap-driven sound and his representation of local cultural identity.In 2025, he premiered his mixtape Trap Ya Milano using a cinematic format at Ster-Kinekor, Vaal Mall, blending film and live performance. Masedi later secured a distribution deal with Universal Music, which he described as a strategic step that would elevate the Vaal music scene internationally. Artistry Masedi is known for blending trap beats with Sesotho and township idioms. His musical style is described as energetic, narrative-driven, and reflective of Vaal urban culture. Discography Mixtapes Sedi Laka 2023 Trap Ya Milano (2025) Singles Sho! (2018)	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:49:10Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedi_ZA	{"title": "Masedi ZA", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:49:10Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:44Z"}
Erwin Schneider Austrian mountaineer and cartographer (1906-1987) Erwin Schneider (1906-1987) was an Austrian mountaineer and cartographer. He made the first ascent of Huascarán, the highest mountain in Peru and of Lenin Peak in the Pamir Mountains. Between 1928 and 1931 he held and broke the records for the highest summit reached in the world on three different peaks in succession. He was also a pioneer in the use of terrestrial photogrammetry for mountain cartography. Early life Schneider was born on 13 April 1906 in Jáchymov which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was schooled in Salzburg and later studied mining at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin, graduating in 1934 as a qualified engineer. Mountaineering He was a member of the Soviet-German scientific expedition to the Pamir Mountains in 1928. On that expedition he made the first ascent of Lenin Peak 7,134 m (23,406 ft) with Karl Wien and Eugen Allwein (de) on 25 July 1928. At that time the mountain had the name Kaufman Peak and, with Schneider's ascent, it became the highest summit reached in the world. He joined Günter Dyhrenfurth's international expedition to Kangchenjunga in 1930 with Frank Smythe, Uli Wieland (de) and other climbers from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Because of poor weather and snow conditions they failed to climb Kangchenjunga but the party did make the first ascent of four 7000m peaks. Those included Nepal Peak 7,177 m (23,547 ft), which Schneider ascended by himself and Jongsong Peak 7,462 m (24,482 ft) which he climbed a few days later with Hermann Hoerlin (de). In 1932 he made the first ascent of Huascarán Sur 6,768 m (22,205 ft), the highest mountain in Peru, on 20 July 1932. It has been written that the 1932 expedition, led by the geographer Hans Kinzl, "made Peru's ranges known to the mountaineering world" and it was "the year that inaugurated modern climbing in Peru".(p7) During the same expedition he was also part of the first ascent team on a number of peaks over 6000m including Chopicalqui on 3 August 1932 (via the southwest ridge), Artesonraju on 19 August 1932 (via the NE spur and N ridge) and Huandoy on 12 September 1932 (from the south). He went to Pakistan in 1934 with the Austro-German expedition attempting to make the first ascent of Nanga Parbat. On that expedition he became one of a large group of climbers trapped by a storm at 7,480 m (24,540 ft). After spending two nights waiting for the storm to abate Schneider and Peter Aschenbrenner (de) were deputed to lead the party down to lower levels. They took three Sherpas, the other three German mountaineers were to follow them with the rest of the Sherpas. When Schneider's group reached easier ground the party unroped and Schneider went ahead with Aschenbrenner, they expected the Sherpas to follow closely behind but they became separated and the Sherpas ended up spending two more difficult nights out in the storm before rejoining Schneider and Aschenbrenner at a lower level. The three other German mountaineers, including the expedition leader Willy Merkl, and eight Sherpas also struggled in their descent, the three Germans and six of the Sherpas died in the struggle. Schneider and Aschenbrenner were later accused of abandoning the other members of the party. Some commentators felt that the German National Socialist agenda had generated some of the accusations, which were led by Paul Bauer, and at the end of the debate wrongdoing by the two was unsubstantiated. He returned to Peru, with Kinzl and others, in 1936. They spent four months mountaineering and carrying out geographical and topographical work in the Cordillera Blanca and the Cordillera Huayhuash. During the course of that expedition Schneider and Arnold Awerzger (de) made first ascents of Quitaraju via the west ridge on 17 Jul 1936 and the first ascent of Siula Grande on 28 July 1936. The Peruvian expeditions of 1932 and 1936 formed the basis of the book "Cordillera Blanca". Schneider suffered severe frostbite during a winter ascent of the Biancograt on Piz Bernina. This was the end of his serious mountaineering, it led to the amputation of all of his toes and the middle section of his foot in 1939. Records for the highest summit reached in the world When Schneider ascended Lenin Peak in 1928 it was the highest summit reached in the world. He broke that record himself in late May 1930 when he made a solo ascent of Nepal Peak, and then for a third time when he and Hoerlin made the first ascent of Jongsong Peak just a few days later on 2 June 1930. Cartographer Schneider worked as assistant professor at the Institute of Geodesy at the Leibniz University Hannover and the Institute of Photogrammetry at the Technische Universität Berlin before embarking on a free-lance career as a surveyor and cartographer, the German and Austrian Alpine Club were a major client and he produced around ten maps of Alpine ranges in their Alpenverein series including those covering the Wetterstein and	Erwin Schneider Austrian mountaineer and cartographer (1906-1987) Erwin Schneider (1906-1987) was an Austrian mountaineer and cartographer. He made the first ascent of Huascarán, the highest mountain in Peru and of Lenin Peak in the Pamir Mountains. Between 1928 and 1931 he held and broke the records for the highest summit reached in the world on three different peaks in succession. He was also a pioneer in the use of terrestrial photogrammetry for mountain cartography. Early life Schneider was born on 13 April 1906 in Jáchymov which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was schooled in Salzburg and later studied mining at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin, graduating in 1934 as a qualified engineer. Mountaineering He was a member of the Soviet-German scientific expedition to the Pamir Mountains in 1928. On that expedition he made the first ascent of Lenin Peak 7,134 m (23,406 ft) with Karl Wien and Eugen Allwein (de) on 25 July 1928. At that time the mountain had the name Kaufman Peak and, with Schneider's ascent, it became the highest summit reached in the world. He joined Günter Dyhrenfurth's international expedition to Kangchenjunga in 1930 with Frank Smythe, Uli Wieland (de) and other climbers from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Because of poor weather and snow conditions they failed to climb Kangchenjunga but the party did make the first ascent of four 7000m peaks. Those included Nepal Peak 7,177 m (23,547 ft), which Schneider ascended by himself and Jongsong Peak 7,462 m (24,482 ft) which he climbed a few days later with Hermann Hoerlin (de). In 1932 he made the first ascent of Huascarán Sur 6,768 m (22,205 ft), the highest mountain in Peru, on 20 July 1932. It has been written that the 1932 expedition, led by the geographer Hans Kinzl, "made Peru's ranges known to the mountaineering world" and it was "the year that inaugurated modern climbing in Peru".(p7) During the same expedition he was also part of the first ascent team on a number of peaks over 6000m including Chopicalqui on 3 August 1932 (via the southwest ridge), Artesonraju on 19 August 1932 (via the NE spur and N ridge) and Huandoy on 12 September 1932 (from the south). He went to Pakistan in 1934 with the Austro-German expedition attempting to make the first ascent of Nanga Parbat. On that expedition he became one of a large group of climbers trapped by a storm at 7,480 m (24,540 ft). After spending two nights waiting for the storm to abate Schneider and Peter Aschenbrenner (de) were deputed to lead the party down to lower levels. They took three Sherpas, the other three German mountaineers were to follow them with the rest of the Sherpas. When Schneider's group reached easier ground the party unroped and Schneider went ahead with Aschenbrenner, they expected the Sherpas to follow closely behind but they became separated and the Sherpas ended up spending two more difficult nights out in the storm before rejoining Schneider and Aschenbrenner at a lower level. The three other German mountaineers, including the expedition leader Willy Merkl, and eight Sherpas also struggled in their descent, the three Germans and six of the Sherpas died in the struggle. Schneider and Aschenbrenner were later accused of abandoning the other members of the party. Some commentators felt that the German National Socialist agenda had generated some of the accusations, which were led by Paul Bauer, and at the end of the debate wrongdoing by the two was unsubstantiated. He returned to Peru, with Kinzl and others, in 1936. They spent four months mountaineering and carrying out geographical and topographical work in the Cordillera Blanca and the Cordillera Huayhuash. During the course of that expedition Schneider and Arnold Awerzger (de) made first ascents of Quitaraju via the west ridge on 17 Jul 1936 and the first ascent of Siula Grande on 28 July 1936. The Peruvian expeditions of 1932 and 1936 formed the basis of the book "Cordillera Blanca". Schneider suffered severe frostbite during a winter ascent of the Biancograt on Piz Bernina. This was the end of his serious mountaineering, it led to the amputation of all of his toes and the middle section of his foot in 1939. Records for the highest summit reached in the world When Schneider ascended Lenin Peak in 1928 it was the highest summit reached in the world. He broke that record himself in late May 1930 when he made a solo ascent of Nepal Peak, and then for a third time when he and Hoerlin made the first ascent of Jongsong Peak just a few days later on 2 June 1930. Cartographer Schneider worked as assistant professor at the Institute of Geodesy at the Leibniz University Hannover and the Institute of Photogrammetry at the Technische Universität Berlin before embarking on a free-lance career as a surveyor and cartographer, the German and Austrian Alpine Club were a major client and he produced around ten maps of Alpine ranges in their Alpenverein series including those covering the Wetterstein and Ötztal Alps. Further afield, his pioneering surveys around Huascarán and the Cordillera Huayhuash in Peru, which were initiated in the 1930s, were followed by photogrammetric surveys in various parts of Nepal, he also worked in Africa from the 1960s and in 1983, most notably on the Lewis Glacier of Mt Kenya. Cartography in Nepal In 1955 he was invited to join the International Himalayan Expedition which Norman Dyhrenfurth led to Lhotse. Schneider was there as cartographer and he completed the first detailed topographic map of Mount Everest at the scale of 1:25,000. From 1959 to 1974 he was Director of the Survey Team for the Association of Comparative Alpine Research (de) in Nepal. In 1967 the Khumbu-Himal Map was produced, at a scale of 1:50,000 it covers a larger area than the 1955 Everest map, including both the south side of Mount Everest and a significant part of the Khumbu region. He was also resonsible for aerial and terrestrial surveys covering 11,000 square km of Eastern Nepal. The resulting detailed maps of this area, which is mainly high-mountain country, continue to be used for research and economic development. Death and legacy Schneider died in Lech am Arlberg on 18 August 1987. In 1971/1972 he had made an aerial survey of the Kathmandu Valley which he used to make detailed maps at the scale of 1:50,000 and 1:10,000 which were not published during his lifetime. In the 21st century the maps and the aerial photographs were published as a project to document Kathmandu’s transition from an intensively cultivated Himalayan valley into the modern urban landscape. Other aerial photographs he acquired are now being used by researchers studying the effects of climatic change in the Himalaya (and also in Peru). After his death the Association of Comparative Alpine Research produced a volume to commemorate Schneider and his contribution to research on Nepal.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:51:05Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schneider	{"title": "Erwin Schneider", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:51:05Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:44Z"}
Ozone Cleanings Ozone Cleanings is a cleaning and disinfection company based in Yerevan, Armenia. The company uses ozone (O3) technology — instead of traditional chemical cleaners — to sanitize and deodorize indoor spaces, water systems, vehicles, and other environments. History The company was established in 2019, by Davit Gharibyan. Since then, Ozone Cleanings has expanded its services beyond Armenia and begun to target markets in the United Arab Emirates and Europe. Technology and method Ozone Cleanings employs ozone-based cleaning/disinfection — a chemical-free method relying on ozone’s high oxidation power. Services According to the company’s public profile, Ozone-based cleaning/disinfection of apartments, houses, offices, hotels, restaurants, swimming pools; Ozone cleaning of vehicles (auto interiors); Ozonation of household appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, etc.); Cleaning of water systems (e.g. drinking water, pools) via ozone technology; Custom cleaning and sanitization solutions depending on the customer’s needs.	Ozone Cleanings Ozone Cleanings is a cleaning and disinfection company based in Yerevan, Armenia. The company uses ozone (O3) technology — instead of traditional chemical cleaners — to sanitize and deodorize indoor spaces, water systems, vehicles, and other environments. History The company was established in 2019, by Davit Gharibyan. Since then, Ozone Cleanings has expanded its services beyond Armenia and begun to target markets in the United Arab Emirates and Europe. Technology and method Ozone Cleanings employs ozone-based cleaning/disinfection — a chemical-free method relying on ozone’s high oxidation power. Services According to the company’s public profile, Ozone-based cleaning/disinfection of apartments, houses, offices, hotels, restaurants, swimming pools; Ozone cleaning of vehicles (auto interiors); Ozonation of household appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, etc.); Cleaning of water systems (e.g. drinking water, pools) via ozone technology; Custom cleaning and sanitization solutions depending on the customer’s needs.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:46:31Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Cleanings	{"title": "Ozone Cleanings", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:46:31Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:45Z"}
Faridul Mostafa Khan Faridul Mostafa Khan is a Bangladeshi journalist and editor of the Cox’s Bazar Bani daily newspaper and the online news portal Janatar Bani. He is known for reporting on police corruption and extrajudicial killings in southern Bangladesh, particularly involving former Teknaf police chief Pradeep Kumar Das, who was later convicted in the murder of retired army major Murder of Major Sinha Mohammed Rashed Khan. Career Faridul is the founder and editor of Cox’s Bazar Bani and Janatar Bani. In 2019, he published a series of investigative reports exposing extortion and intimidation by Teknaf police officers under OC Pradeep, who allegedly threatened citizens with “crossfire” killings if they refused to pay bribes. Faridul Mostafa Khan with his family after release on bail, August 2020 Arrest and Torture On 19 September 2019, Faridul was arrested in Dhaka after OC Pradeep filed several extortion complaints against him. According to Reporters Without Borders (RSF), he was taken to Teknaf and tortured in custody—his hands and legs were broken, fingernails and toenails pulled out with pliers, red chili rubbed into his eyes, and sewage water forced into his mouth. He remained detained without trial for nearly eleven months and was denied medical treatment. Police later raided his home, planted firearms and narcotics, and charged him under fabricated drug and weapons cases, which rights groups condemned as retaliation for his journalism. He was granted bail on 27 August 2020 after the Cox’s Bazar District Court accepted petitions in all six pending cases. Legal Case Against OC Pradeep On 8 September 2020, soon after his release, Faridul filed a case against 26 policemen including Pradeep Kumar Das, accusing them of torture, attempted murder, and fabricating evidence. He later testified in the murder trial of Major (Retd.) Sinha Mohammad Rashed Khan, describing Pradeep’s network of extortion and staged “gunfights.” He told the court that Pradeep urinated on his face and threatened to kill him if he continued publishing exposés. International Reaction RSF and other human-rights bodies condemned his detention and torture, urging Bangladesh’s judiciary to drop all charges and ensure press-freedom protections. The U.S. Department of State cited his case in its 2020 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, describing it as an example of arbitrary detention and police brutality against journalists. Political Activity In 2023, Faridul announced his intention to contest the 12th National Parliament Election from Ukhia–Teknaf (Cox’s Bazar-4) as an Awami League candidate, describing himself as a “victimised journalist and anti-corruption campaigner.” Several journalist associations supported his candidacy. Continuing Appeals and Withdrawal Demands (2020–2025) After release, Faridul and journalist groups launched multiple campaigns seeking dismissal of all six fabricated cases. On 24 January 2021, the Bangladesh Mofossol Sangbadik Forum (BMSF) held a demonstration in front of the Cox’s Bazar Deputy Commissioner’s office, demanding withdrawal of the cases and protection for Faridul. In September 2020, he petitioned the district administration for withdrawal of the cases and compensation for financial losses. In December 2025, renewed media coverage reported that six false cases filed by former OC Pradeep still remain unresolved, causing continuing financial hardship for his family.	Faridul Mostafa Khan Faridul Mostafa Khan is a Bangladeshi journalist and editor of the Cox’s Bazar Bani daily newspaper and the online news portal Janatar Bani. He is known for reporting on police corruption and extrajudicial killings in southern Bangladesh, particularly involving former Teknaf police chief Pradeep Kumar Das, who was later convicted in the murder of retired army major Murder of Major Sinha Mohammed Rashed Khan. Career Faridul is the founder and editor of Cox’s Bazar Bani and Janatar Bani. In 2019, he published a series of investigative reports exposing extortion and intimidation by Teknaf police officers under OC Pradeep, who allegedly threatened citizens with “crossfire” killings if they refused to pay bribes. Faridul Mostafa Khan with his family after release on bail, August 2020 Arrest and Torture On 19 September 2019, Faridul was arrested in Dhaka after OC Pradeep filed several extortion complaints against him. According to Reporters Without Borders (RSF), he was taken to Teknaf and tortured in custody—his hands and legs were broken, fingernails and toenails pulled out with pliers, red chili rubbed into his eyes, and sewage water forced into his mouth. He remained detained without trial for nearly eleven months and was denied medical treatment. Police later raided his home, planted firearms and narcotics, and charged him under fabricated drug and weapons cases, which rights groups condemned as retaliation for his journalism. He was granted bail on 27 August 2020 after the Cox’s Bazar District Court accepted petitions in all six pending cases. Legal Case Against OC Pradeep On 8 September 2020, soon after his release, Faridul filed a case against 26 policemen including Pradeep Kumar Das, accusing them of torture, attempted murder, and fabricating evidence. He later testified in the murder trial of Major (Retd.) Sinha Mohammad Rashed Khan, describing Pradeep’s network of extortion and staged “gunfights.” He told the court that Pradeep urinated on his face and threatened to kill him if he continued publishing exposés. International Reaction RSF and other human-rights bodies condemned his detention and torture, urging Bangladesh’s judiciary to drop all charges and ensure press-freedom protections. The U.S. Department of State cited his case in its 2020 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, describing it as an example of arbitrary detention and police brutality against journalists. Political Activity In 2023, Faridul announced his intention to contest the 12th National Parliament Election from Ukhia–Teknaf (Cox’s Bazar-4) as an Awami League candidate, describing himself as a “victimised journalist and anti-corruption campaigner.” Several journalist associations supported his candidacy. Continuing Appeals and Withdrawal Demands (2020–2025) After release, Faridul and journalist groups launched multiple campaigns seeking dismissal of all six fabricated cases. On 24 January 2021, the Bangladesh Mofossol Sangbadik Forum (BMSF) held a demonstration in front of the Cox’s Bazar Deputy Commissioner’s office, demanding withdrawal of the cases and protection for Faridul. In September 2020, he petitioned the district administration for withdrawal of the cases and compensation for financial losses. In December 2025, renewed media coverage reported that six false cases filed by former OC Pradeep still remain unresolved, causing continuing financial hardship for his family.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:46:26Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridul_Mostafa_Khan	{"title": "Faridul Mostafa Khan", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:46:26Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:45Z"}
Alice G. Schirmer American nurse and cookbook writer (1875–1935) Alice Phelps Goodwin Schirmer (born Alice Phelps Goodwin; October 20, 1875 – May 21, 1935) was an American nurse and cookbook writer. A graduate of Smith College, she later trained as a nurse at the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital and completed post-graduate study at the Boston Floating Hospital. She worked as head nurse at the Medical Mission in Boston (1906–1907) and as superintendent of nurses at the Boston Floating Hospital (1907–1908). Schirmer was the author of the vegetarian cookbook One Hundred Meatless Dishes (1914), which included recipes, sample menus, and quotations on vegetarianism. Biography Early life and education Schirmer was born as Alice Phelps Goodwin on October 20, 1875, in Lexington, Massachusetts, the daughter of Charles Clinton (1839–1905) and Alice Dodge Goodwin (née Phelps; 1838–1906). She had two siblings. Her maternal grandfather was sea captain William Dane Phelps. She graduated from Smith College in 1897 with a Bachelor of Letters. From 1898 to 1899, she studied at the University of Berlin. She graduated from the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1903 and completed a post-graduate course at the Boston Floating Hospital in the summer of 1904. Medical career Schirmer served as head nurse at the Medical Mission in Boston from 1906 to 1907 and as superintendent of nurses at the Boston Floating Hospital from 1907 to 1908. One Hundred Meatless Dishes Cover of One Hundred Meatless Dishes, 1914 In 1914, Schirmer published the vegetarian cookbook One Hundred Meatless Dishes. The preface outlines five classes of foods, each section of recipes is introduced by quotations on vegetarianism, and the book includes sample menus. The book includes recipes for soups, meat substitutes, vegetable and nut dishes, salads, and desserts. In 1915, a brief notice in The Boston Globe stated that the book set out the possibilities for a meatless dinner party at a Boston hotel. A second edition was published by Beacon Press in 1924. A contemporary notice of the new edition in the The Starry Cross, Formerly Journal of Zoöphily described it as an "excellent little vegetarian cook-book". In 1948, it was still being sold by the American Humane Education Society in Boston. Personal life and death Schirmer lived in Needham, Massachusetts, from 1908. She married Dr. J. Walter Schirmer of West Boxbury on September 24, 1908. They had two children, Louise (b. 1910) and John (b. 1914). In January 1913, The New York Times reported that she and her husband had outlined a strict daily routine and diet for Louise, then aged two and a half, including a meat-free diet and regular outdoor rest on a veranda during cold weather. In 1922, John died aged eight. Schirmer was a member of the Smith College Alumnae Association. She was a charter member of the New Century Club and served as a counsellor on the women's committee of the Norfolk County Agricultural School in Walpole. Schirmer died on 21 May 1935 at her home in Needham, after an illness lasting 24 hours. Her funeral was held on May 24, conducted by, conducted by Clarence Skinner, dean of the Crane School of Theology at Tufts University, and she was cremated at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston. In her will, she bequeathed US$5,000 to Smith College. Reception and legacy Schirmer was included in Woman's Who's Who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915. Her cookbook One Hundred Meatless Dishes has been listed in bibliographies including Lavonne B. Axford's English Language Cookbooks, 1600-1973, Judith C. Dyer's Vegetarianism: An Annotated Bibliography, and History of Vegetarianism and Veganism Worldwide (1430 BCE to 1969) by Akiko Aoyagi and William Shurtleff. A digitized edition is held by the Library of Congress. Publications One Hundred Meatless Dishes. Needham, Massachusetts: The Chronicle press. 1914.	Alice G. Schirmer American nurse and cookbook writer (1875–1935) Alice Phelps Goodwin Schirmer (born Alice Phelps Goodwin; October 20, 1875 – May 21, 1935) was an American nurse and cookbook writer. A graduate of Smith College, she later trained as a nurse at the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital and completed post-graduate study at the Boston Floating Hospital. She worked as head nurse at the Medical Mission in Boston (1906–1907) and as superintendent of nurses at the Boston Floating Hospital (1907–1908). Schirmer was the author of the vegetarian cookbook One Hundred Meatless Dishes (1914), which included recipes, sample menus, and quotations on vegetarianism. Biography Early life and education Schirmer was born as Alice Phelps Goodwin on October 20, 1875, in Lexington, Massachusetts, the daughter of Charles Clinton (1839–1905) and Alice Dodge Goodwin (née Phelps; 1838–1906). She had two siblings. Her maternal grandfather was sea captain William Dane Phelps. She graduated from Smith College in 1897 with a Bachelor of Letters. From 1898 to 1899, she studied at the University of Berlin. She graduated from the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1903 and completed a post-graduate course at the Boston Floating Hospital in the summer of 1904. Medical career Schirmer served as head nurse at the Medical Mission in Boston from 1906 to 1907 and as superintendent of nurses at the Boston Floating Hospital from 1907 to 1908. One Hundred Meatless Dishes Cover of One Hundred Meatless Dishes, 1914 In 1914, Schirmer published the vegetarian cookbook One Hundred Meatless Dishes. The preface outlines five classes of foods, each section of recipes is introduced by quotations on vegetarianism, and the book includes sample menus. The book includes recipes for soups, meat substitutes, vegetable and nut dishes, salads, and desserts. In 1915, a brief notice in The Boston Globe stated that the book set out the possibilities for a meatless dinner party at a Boston hotel. A second edition was published by Beacon Press in 1924. A contemporary notice of the new edition in the The Starry Cross, Formerly Journal of Zoöphily described it as an "excellent little vegetarian cook-book". In 1948, it was still being sold by the American Humane Education Society in Boston. Personal life and death Schirmer lived in Needham, Massachusetts, from 1908. She married Dr. J. Walter Schirmer of West Boxbury on September 24, 1908. They had two children, Louise (b. 1910) and John (b. 1914). In January 1913, The New York Times reported that she and her husband had outlined a strict daily routine and diet for Louise, then aged two and a half, including a meat-free diet and regular outdoor rest on a veranda during cold weather. In 1922, John died aged eight. Schirmer was a member of the Smith College Alumnae Association. She was a charter member of the New Century Club and served as a counsellor on the women's committee of the Norfolk County Agricultural School in Walpole. Schirmer died on 21 May 1935 at her home in Needham, after an illness lasting 24 hours. Her funeral was held on May 24, conducted by, conducted by Clarence Skinner, dean of the Crane School of Theology at Tufts University, and she was cremated at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston. In her will, she bequeathed US$5,000 to Smith College. Reception and legacy Schirmer was included in Woman's Who's Who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915. Her cookbook One Hundred Meatless Dishes has been listed in bibliographies including Lavonne B. Axford's English Language Cookbooks, 1600-1973, Judith C. Dyer's Vegetarianism: An Annotated Bibliography, and History of Vegetarianism and Veganism Worldwide (1430 BCE to 1969) by Akiko Aoyagi and William Shurtleff. A digitized edition is held by the Library of Congress. Publications One Hundred Meatless Dishes. Needham, Massachusetts: The Chronicle press. 1914.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:44:37Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_G._Schirmer	{"title": "Alice G. Schirmer", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:44:37Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:47Z"}
The Bengal Matrix Conceptual and spatial framework of the Bengal delta The Bengal Matrix is a conceptual and spatial framework used to describe the historical, cultural, ecological, and architectural conditions that have shaped the Bengal delta, which encompasses present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. The term refers to the layered system of land, water, climate, material culture, and settlement patterns that together form the distinctive identity of the region. Identity and Cultural Layers The Bengal Delta is situated between two major geo-cultural matrices. One is the western orbit, connected to the larger Indian subcontinent and extending toward Persia, Arabia, and Europe. This influence is visible in Bengal's languages, liturgies, institutions, and legal traditions. The second is an eastern matrix, rooted in Southeast Asian cultural and ecological systems. Together, these layers create a hybrid cultural identity often described as a palimpsest of historical imprints. Over centuries, the region absorbed elements from Buddhist and Gupta structures, terracotta traditions of the Sena period, the Sultanate and Mughal eras, and later British colonial architecture. Each epoch contributed to the evolving spatial and cultural framework of the Bengal Matrix. Land–Water Ecology The Bengal delta is defined by the dynamic relationship between land and water. The terrain, formed by riverine silt and continually reshaped by shifting watercourses, possesses an amorphous quality. Literature such as Advaita Malla Burman's Titash Ekti Nadir Naam portrays the deep human connection to this landscape through symbolic archetypes such as the fisherman (jaal) and the peasant (langol). The delta’s ecological character is further reflected in traditional livelihoods, including wet-rice farming, fishing, bamboo weaving, and clay molding. These practices inform both the material culture and architectural traditions of the region. Climate and Architectural Expression A central idea within the Bengal Matrix is the intrinsic link between climate and architecture. Drawing on the Japanese concept of "fudo"—which signifies the unity of wind, earth, climate, and culture—architecture in the Bengal delta is interpreted not as a barrier against climate but as a medium that expresses and reveals climatic conditions. Traditional Bengali dwellings illustrate this relationship. Deltaic houses typically feature mud walls, thatched or curved roofs, shaded verandas, courtyards, and raised plinths to accommodate heavy rainfall, humidity, and flooding. These forms represent ecological adaptability and cultural continuity. The Pavilion Paradigm The most pervasive architectural type in the Bengal Matrix is the pavilion structure. The rustic Bengali hut is considered a primal pavilion: lightweight, open, permeable, and designed for the hot-humid climate. Its distinctive sweeping roof (chhad) responds to monsoon rain and intense sunlight. In contrast to courtyard houses in hot-arid regions, which enclose space and open inward, the Bengal pavilion dematerializes walls and emphasizes airflow and shade. Modern Interpretations In the post-independence era, architects such as Muzharul Islam initiated a modern yet regionally grounded architectural movement in Bangladesh. His approach integrated modernism with the ecological and cultural logic of the Bengal delta. The culmination of this lineage is often associated with Louis I. Kahn's design of the National Parliament House (Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban), widely regarded as a monumental synthesis of Bengal’s spatial, climatic, and cultural principles.	The Bengal Matrix Conceptual and spatial framework of the Bengal delta The Bengal Matrix is a conceptual and spatial framework used to describe the historical, cultural, ecological, and architectural conditions that have shaped the Bengal delta, which encompasses present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. The term refers to the layered system of land, water, climate, material culture, and settlement patterns that together form the distinctive identity of the region. Identity and Cultural Layers The Bengal Delta is situated between two major geo-cultural matrices. One is the western orbit, connected to the larger Indian subcontinent and extending toward Persia, Arabia, and Europe. This influence is visible in Bengal's languages, liturgies, institutions, and legal traditions. The second is an eastern matrix, rooted in Southeast Asian cultural and ecological systems. Together, these layers create a hybrid cultural identity often described as a palimpsest of historical imprints. Over centuries, the region absorbed elements from Buddhist and Gupta structures, terracotta traditions of the Sena period, the Sultanate and Mughal eras, and later British colonial architecture. Each epoch contributed to the evolving spatial and cultural framework of the Bengal Matrix. Land–Water Ecology The Bengal delta is defined by the dynamic relationship between land and water. The terrain, formed by riverine silt and continually reshaped by shifting watercourses, possesses an amorphous quality. Literature such as Advaita Malla Burman's Titash Ekti Nadir Naam portrays the deep human connection to this landscape through symbolic archetypes such as the fisherman (jaal) and the peasant (langol). The delta’s ecological character is further reflected in traditional livelihoods, including wet-rice farming, fishing, bamboo weaving, and clay molding. These practices inform both the material culture and architectural traditions of the region. Climate and Architectural Expression A central idea within the Bengal Matrix is the intrinsic link between climate and architecture. Drawing on the Japanese concept of "fudo"—which signifies the unity of wind, earth, climate, and culture—architecture in the Bengal delta is interpreted not as a barrier against climate but as a medium that expresses and reveals climatic conditions. Traditional Bengali dwellings illustrate this relationship. Deltaic houses typically feature mud walls, thatched or curved roofs, shaded verandas, courtyards, and raised plinths to accommodate heavy rainfall, humidity, and flooding. These forms represent ecological adaptability and cultural continuity. The Pavilion Paradigm The most pervasive architectural type in the Bengal Matrix is the pavilion structure. The rustic Bengali hut is considered a primal pavilion: lightweight, open, permeable, and designed for the hot-humid climate. Its distinctive sweeping roof (chhad) responds to monsoon rain and intense sunlight. In contrast to courtyard houses in hot-arid regions, which enclose space and open inward, the Bengal pavilion dematerializes walls and emphasizes airflow and shade. Modern Interpretations In the post-independence era, architects such as Muzharul Islam initiated a modern yet regionally grounded architectural movement in Bangladesh. His approach integrated modernism with the ecological and cultural logic of the Bengal delta. The culmination of this lineage is often associated with Louis I. Kahn's design of the National Parliament House (Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban), widely regarded as a monumental synthesis of Bengal’s spatial, climatic, and cultural principles.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:34:13Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bengal_Matrix	{"title": "The Bengal Matrix", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:34:13Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:47Z"}
TVRI East Kalimantan Television station in Samarinda, Indonesia TVRI East Kalimantan (Indonesian: TVRI Kalimantan Timur, often shortened to TVRI Kaltim) is a regional television station owned by TVRI, based in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. History TVRI established a Mobile Production Station in Balikpapan in the mid-1980s, which eventually became a full-fledged station. However, the station had to relocate to Samarinda due to new government policies in 1992, being the provincial capital. Over time, the station developed a key role in the airing of informations related to the activities of the governor, vice-governor and mayor, not only at a local level (Samarinda) but also at a provincial level, as well as producing entertainment programs of its own, such as sports events and cultural and religious programs. On 27 December 2010, TVRI Balikpapan's relay station at the Mount Pancur Pertamina Housing area caught fire, with an estimated loss of billions of rupiah. Everything that was there disappeared, from the transmitter room to the storage warehouse. As such, viewers who relied on terrestrial antennas to receive its signal were temporarily deprived of TVRI's signals. Cable subscribers were unaffected. The case was being investigated by the local police.	TVRI East Kalimantan Television station in Samarinda, Indonesia TVRI East Kalimantan (Indonesian: TVRI Kalimantan Timur, often shortened to TVRI Kaltim) is a regional television station owned by TVRI, based in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. History TVRI established a Mobile Production Station in Balikpapan in the mid-1980s, which eventually became a full-fledged station. However, the station had to relocate to Samarinda due to new government policies in 1992, being the provincial capital. Over time, the station developed a key role in the airing of informations related to the activities of the governor, vice-governor and mayor, not only at a local level (Samarinda) but also at a provincial level, as well as producing entertainment programs of its own, such as sports events and cultural and religious programs. On 27 December 2010, TVRI Balikpapan's relay station at the Mount Pancur Pertamina Housing area caught fire, with an estimated loss of billions of rupiah. Everything that was there disappeared, from the transmitter room to the storage warehouse. As such, viewers who relied on terrestrial antennas to receive its signal were temporarily deprived of TVRI's signals. Cable subscribers were unaffected. The case was being investigated by the local police.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:32:35Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI_East_Kalimantan	{"title": "TVRI East Kalimantan", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:32:35Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:48Z"}
Hubba Shyamal Indian gangster and mafia boss (1966–2011) Shyamal Das (1966 – June 2, 2011), popularly known as 'Hubba Shyamal' was an Indian gangster, murderer and spree killer and convicted criminal from Hooghly district in West Bengal. He started committing serious crimes from the 1980s which include murder, robbery, theft, extortion and drug trafficking of many victims. He was also known as the 'Dawood Ibrahim of Hooghly'. He was involved in the real estate business and also ran a gang. His biographical film named Hubba was directed by Bratya Basu. He did crimes in the districts of Hooghly, Howrah and North 24 Parganas and also the capital Kolkata. His gang consisted of more than a hundred members when he was alive. Das was originally from ward no. 2 of Konnagar. His body was discovered in a canal in Baidyabati in 2011. Das first robbed train wagons which slowly transformed into critical murders, drug trafficking and assets theft from closed factories. He recruited many skilled henchmen into his gang. He fled Konnagar after being convicted of multiple murders and crimes. While out, Das had informers present in Konnagar and Rishra who gave him police info secretly. He became a millionaire in the meantime from robberies and stealing and from his real estate business. For many years, he controlled the markets and lands of south Hooghly while remaining out of sight and was never charged until his first arrest in 2005. He was detained a total of three times but got out using bail all three times. Career Early life 'Hubba' Shyamal Das was born in Konnagar city of Hooghly district in a rented house in 1966. His father worked in a cotton factory. Das only wanted to study till third grade and rarely went to school after that. He would spend his time sitting beside railway lines and watching freight trains pass. He would help his mother weave cloth as she worked as a textile weaver. He dropped out of school at fifth grade. When he was 14, he smoked bidi and bought drugs. He told his father that he would rather rob wagons of freight trains rather than do labor work and started robbing wagons from 16. He first robbed machines from a nearby Imperial Chemical Industries factory in the night. 1984–Mid 1990s First murder and forming of the gang In 1984, an employee of the factory was returning with his bicycle, carrying a bag of money. Das asked him to hand all of the money over. When he refused, Das stabbed him with a knife and ran away with the money. The locals reported to the local police station. Das temporarily fled the area being pressured and suspected. Das had to leave the neighborhood for a long time after the police raided his house in the mid-80s. He sent a letter to an eighth grade girl, Tapsi, he had a relationship with, who lived natively in Konnagar. He took her away from her home at night after one or two years and they married in the local temple (mandir). By the 1990s, Das's main motive was to rob assets from closed industrial factories in the area, forming his own gang for making things easier. Ramesh Mahato used to work as a paid writer. He met Das at a gambling site, formed friendship and he became the second most important person in the gang after Das. The third most important was Benarasi Bapi, originally from Varanasi, who Das met at a criminal hideout in Liluah and was immediately recruited into the gang. Another criminal was Nepu Giri, a criminal from the start, he became a hired professional killer for Das, he followed Das's killing orders without any hesitation. Bindal Paper Mill Das made a choice that he would return to his authentic house in Konnagar, in the mid-90s with his now-large gang. He had planned to rob a recently closed Bindal Paper Mill, valuing well over one lakh rupees. He took a different method of stealing than how he normally would, letting other criminals under surveillance from his gang members steal the goods and bring them to Shyamal Das. He marked that anyone could rob material anytime from the factory, but it must go to Das. Shyamal Das sold the stolen (smuggled) goods to the market at half the then market-price. A market seller had wanted to rise the price from ₹150 (half of then market-price) to ₹200. Das shot him in the chest twice with a revolver stating he was no one to control the market. He was listed 'missing' by police. Mid 1990s–2003: Control over Konnagar and Rishra Shyamal–Bagha conflict (war) Das sold thousands of tons of illegal goods from factories, making him a millionaire. His next target was to make him the 'don' of Hooghly and Howrah. Das was opposed by a former member of his gang, Bagha. In the late nineties (1997 to 1999), emerged the gang wars of the gang of Bagha and the gang of Das. Both sides fighted for the entire control of Konnagar, resulting in numerous killings and deaths of gang members of both sides. Some of the murders would reach newspapers. Two members of Das were killed by Bagha's gang. Das entered the hideout and controlled	Hubba Shyamal Indian gangster and mafia boss (1966–2011) Shyamal Das (1966 – June 2, 2011), popularly known as 'Hubba Shyamal' was an Indian gangster, murderer and spree killer and convicted criminal from Hooghly district in West Bengal. He started committing serious crimes from the 1980s which include murder, robbery, theft, extortion and drug trafficking of many victims. He was also known as the 'Dawood Ibrahim of Hooghly'. He was involved in the real estate business and also ran a gang. His biographical film named Hubba was directed by Bratya Basu. He did crimes in the districts of Hooghly, Howrah and North 24 Parganas and also the capital Kolkata. His gang consisted of more than a hundred members when he was alive. Das was originally from ward no. 2 of Konnagar. His body was discovered in a canal in Baidyabati in 2011. Das first robbed train wagons which slowly transformed into critical murders, drug trafficking and assets theft from closed factories. He recruited many skilled henchmen into his gang. He fled Konnagar after being convicted of multiple murders and crimes. While out, Das had informers present in Konnagar and Rishra who gave him police info secretly. He became a millionaire in the meantime from robberies and stealing and from his real estate business. For many years, he controlled the markets and lands of south Hooghly while remaining out of sight and was never charged until his first arrest in 2005. He was detained a total of three times but got out using bail all three times. Career Early life 'Hubba' Shyamal Das was born in Konnagar city of Hooghly district in a rented house in 1966. His father worked in a cotton factory. Das only wanted to study till third grade and rarely went to school after that. He would spend his time sitting beside railway lines and watching freight trains pass. He would help his mother weave cloth as she worked as a textile weaver. He dropped out of school at fifth grade. When he was 14, he smoked bidi and bought drugs. He told his father that he would rather rob wagons of freight trains rather than do labor work and started robbing wagons from 16. He first robbed machines from a nearby Imperial Chemical Industries factory in the night. 1984–Mid 1990s First murder and forming of the gang In 1984, an employee of the factory was returning with his bicycle, carrying a bag of money. Das asked him to hand all of the money over. When he refused, Das stabbed him with a knife and ran away with the money. The locals reported to the local police station. Das temporarily fled the area being pressured and suspected. Das had to leave the neighborhood for a long time after the police raided his house in the mid-80s. He sent a letter to an eighth grade girl, Tapsi, he had a relationship with, who lived natively in Konnagar. He took her away from her home at night after one or two years and they married in the local temple (mandir). By the 1990s, Das's main motive was to rob assets from closed industrial factories in the area, forming his own gang for making things easier. Ramesh Mahato used to work as a paid writer. He met Das at a gambling site, formed friendship and he became the second most important person in the gang after Das. The third most important was Benarasi Bapi, originally from Varanasi, who Das met at a criminal hideout in Liluah and was immediately recruited into the gang. Another criminal was Nepu Giri, a criminal from the start, he became a hired professional killer for Das, he followed Das's killing orders without any hesitation. Bindal Paper Mill Das made a choice that he would return to his authentic house in Konnagar, in the mid-90s with his now-large gang. He had planned to rob a recently closed Bindal Paper Mill, valuing well over one lakh rupees. He took a different method of stealing than how he normally would, letting other criminals under surveillance from his gang members steal the goods and bring them to Shyamal Das. He marked that anyone could rob material anytime from the factory, but it must go to Das. Shyamal Das sold the stolen (smuggled) goods to the market at half the then market-price. A market seller had wanted to rise the price from ₹150 (half of then market-price) to ₹200. Das shot him in the chest twice with a revolver stating he was no one to control the market. He was listed 'missing' by police. Mid 1990s–2003: Control over Konnagar and Rishra Shyamal–Bagha conflict (war) Das sold thousands of tons of illegal goods from factories, making him a millionaire. His next target was to make him the 'don' of Hooghly and Howrah. Das was opposed by a former member of his gang, Bagha. In the late nineties (1997 to 1999), emerged the gang wars of the gang of Bagha and the gang of Das. Both sides fighted for the entire control of Konnagar, resulting in numerous killings and deaths of gang members of both sides. Some of the murders would reach newspapers. Two members of Das were killed by Bagha's gang. Das entered the hideout and controlled territories of Bagha and killed four gang members and burnt down their houses. Bagha escaped. The police from then took multiple crucial measures like raids and car searches. Shyamal was nowhere to be found, and was one of the only ones in his gang to not be caught in the nineties, he ranked number one on police lists. After his disappearance, even, for undercover officers, his related people were always ready to inform Das of the news and he would know about police in a small moment of time. The local vendors, sellers and businessmen began to keep surveillance on the police officers who patrolled the area (Konnagar-Rishra), using various codenames to refer to the ranks of the officers. Some cops alleged that Shyamal's members were present inside the police forces. Out of Konnagar and Rishra Das was known as the 'Robin hood' of Konnagar and Rishra, as he supposedly helped poor and needy people and gave money to people when needed, this was a hoax, Das actually spent no money. By keeping this rumor running, Das made a name of himself and had engaged more people to inform him when something went wrong. Das handed monthly salaries to people who provided him information. There were also many people who worked as informing him without any money given. Das used them to spread the rumors about his donations and helpfulness. While in exile, Das never told anyone where he would, how much money he spent gambling and whether he was sober or not. He never told anyone his exact plans, for telling time (when he went), he gave a range of time and not the exact, or would not go or go another time sometimes. A man informed the local SPDO of Das's plans. Das went to his house and killed him in front of his mother. He later dismembered his body and threw it in front of the Rishra rail crossing. By the time mobile phones were in circulation, Das used with critical measurements and caution. He had learned that police could find out the location of the user just by using their signal to connect to a mobile tower. Normally he kept 2 phones with himself and 4 others for his accomplices. He used each one for no more than 2 hours at a time. No one knew what phone he used, when it was last used and where he used it. He always kept in mind that maybe the police were listening to him and tracking him. In real estate business Having everything well set, Das then entered the real estate business and worked also as a land promoter. At that time, many buildings were being built in south Hooghly and vacant property was being sold fast. When both Das and Mahato decided about a plot of land, they thought of buying it, building an apartment on it, and selling it for a high price. In the first case, the landowner did not agree with the price Das had offered. Das pulled out a pistol and coerced him to give up the land. Das said that he could make huge profits from selling his apartment if it appeared in advertisements on newspapers. He subsequently started building on the land. When someone wanted to build an apartment in his area, ₹50 to ₹70 per square foot would had to be commissioned to Das. If someone didn't have the money to build an apartment, he would lend them money, with a three percent return per month, for one hundred months. The materials for building were supplied by associates of Das who specialized in the construction materials sector. He hired an engineer to measure land accurately, then providing funds and himself kept track of money. Once the money sources were properly set, Das bought luxury cars and rented many apartments in the capital Kolkata, temporarily, their location only known by his close people. In these flats, sometimes he would host parties with treats and alcohol. He started wearing high quality clothes, shoes, sunglasses, mainly White Kurtis and pajamas from the best cloth makers from Kolkata. He had two girls, one from his first wife Tapsi and one from his second wife Mitali. Das enrolled them in Abhijit English medium school in Kolkata. A disagreement happened between Das and Mahato. Das said having enough money and control, the emphasis should have been on the crime syndicate. He had enough influence and did not want to get tangled in situations unless absolutely necessary. Besides, the police already had numerous charges filed in his name. By creating a 'Robin hood' image, next he wanted to enroll his name in the municipal candidates list. Mahato said that the syndicate can remain as-is, Das would be keeping an eye on the gang, and also the business. The theft from factories and coercion of people and gang actions would had to be decided frequently. Otherwise the control of the gang and its areas and the real estate would lose its power and slip out of control. He opposed to Das joining politics. The local and Kolkata Police in the meantime had gained the help of Crime Investigation Department of India, forming a special branch to monitor and track Shyamal Das. Hubba Shyamal did not stop his custom of changing phones or its SIM cards. Hooghly industrial belt massacre Das conducted his operation for many years on the Hooghly industrial belt. Sisir Chakraborty, a Communist Party of India (Marxist) leader, issued orders to him and his gang. Chakraborty and Das were primary enemies of Manas Row Chowdhury. Das set out to kill Roy Chowdhury and his gang. In the Hooghly industrial region, more than 50 gang members and criminals died in a gang war, with Das's gang believed to have slaughtered about 30 victims, brining charges upon Das. Roy Chowdhury was assassinated in 2003. Shyamal Das, Benarasi Bapi and some other criminals killed him using a chopper in a market near Konnagar railway station. 2003–2005: Kolkata Dispute with promoter and going to Kolkata Das tended to avoid conflict and wars after the 2003 Hooghly industrial belt massacre. In December 2005, a promoter did not agree with Shyamal to give away his land. This promoter was connected to higher authorities. He refused to give up his land, even when Das forced him to, and kept it free from having any projects built on it. Das went to the site manager of that land and shot him, then threatened to kill all of the promoter's family. The CID recorded a one-and-a-half minute recording on a cell phone where Das informed his associate he was thinking of exploding the promoter's house. The CID and local police organized a meeting. The SP Hooghly were informed to always keep notice. The SP Howrah's force was sent to discover and inquire about the promoter's plot of land in undercover. The local police were to keep track and try to uncover any of possible Das's calls at any given time. Hiding in Kolkata In December 21 of 2005, the Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) received a call from the branch that kept record of his calls. In the call, the officer repeated from the tapped call that Das was planning to go to Baguiati the next day in the second half of the day (12 p.m. to 12 a.m.). The call was of someone named Tanmoy from Guptipara. The SP from Hooghly found that there was no one named Tanmoy in Guptipara, informing the DIG. Sources asserted that the location was presumably somewhere between Keshtopur and Baguiati; In the house of a promoter in that area Das in the previous year passed by that house frequently. The sources identified the house. In the next dawn, the source accompanied by a police group would go to see the apartment in undercover, and the location of the nearest tower of Das's calls would be monitored by the dedicated branch. This was called 'Operation Shyamal'. Four police teams assembled in the dawn, one in Ultodanga, one in Keshtopur, one in Baguiati and one in the Netaji Subhas International Airport with two cars. About at 10:30 a.m., a call came from a promoter in Bali to one of his SIM cards. It was answered by one of his members. The tower was identified to be of Dunlop, Kolkata, and remained that until 2:30 p.m. The changing areas indicated that phone was facing southwards. Another SIM of Das turned on, showed he was still in Dunlop. It was perceptible that Das was somewhere in Dunlop and the first SIM was of a member who was going south, or the opposite. By 3:15 p.m., the second phone had relocated to Dakhineshwar. A call was picked up on it whose voice did not belong to Das. He called the first phone, which was being used by Hubba Shyamal in Madhyamgram. The two cars from the airport went to the location. By 4:15 p.m., the phone was shown to have entered the airport sector. It went towards Rajarhat, where the DIG's car was going. First arrest and trial of Das Das was heading towards Salt Lake (Bidhannagar). The phone location remained at Bidhannagar for three hours. He hung up any calls without listening. Himadri pointed out that he might be watching a film in the city center. The two police cars stopped at the city center. The film he was watching, Kalyug would end around 7:30. The officers were in their desired places. The film having ended, the audience exited and the officers began identifying their faces. An officer shouted 'Shyamalda'. Das, in the crowd looked back, and stopped along with his companion Benarasi Bapi. The DIG and Himadri pointed pistols at the two. The DIG informed the SP of North 24 Paragans of Das's arrest. His arrest was on television and newspapers by the next day. The three were arrested by the CID in Salt Lake City Center-1. At the time Das had committed at least 26 murders and was charged by the CID for shooting a 24-year-old a few days ago. After this, police were sent to buildings affiliated with Das and his gang. Before Das's was trialed in the Calcutta High Court, the police gathered some witnesses for his murder charges to go against Das. When the trial began, the witnesses turned against the state and denied any statements previously made by them. Thereby joining Hubba Shyamal's side. Das was arrested, but his gang at-large still persisted, and would not have taken their allegations kindly. The witnesses refused to identify the suspect (Das) in the test identification parade. Das having gained a lot of money from his business, spent on famous private lawyers. He was granted bail after being imprisoned for a bit more than a year by the Court of Calcutta which he paid and used to free himself. He returned to Hooghly after bailing. 2005–2011: Return to Hooghly When Das returned in Hooghly, he found the gang was under the leadership of Ramesh Mahato during his absence. Mahato had pulled a large number of members from Das's gang into his own crime syndicate group. Both the gangs were still working together. Mahato was no longer under the leadership of Das. During 2007 to 2010, Mahato and Das frequently engaged in disagreements and arguments. Das did not actively trust Mahato after his own gang formed. Second arrest Hubba Shyamal was again arrested on October 23, 2008 along with Laldeo Chowdhury near Makla railway crossing in Uttarpara city of Hooghly. More than 20 charges were made against Das in different police stations. He was again granted bail by the Calcutta High Court and released. Nomination for municipal candidate and turning into politics Das posted a nomination to become the councilor/leader in ward no. 2 of Rishra Municipality. For posting the nomination, he went to the Shrirampore administrative building with a motorcade of 50–60 cars backed up by a hundred motorcycles as a feat. Das had to repeal the nomination in 2011. The nomination was filed on April 29, 2010 from the Konnagar Municipality. Das arrived there with about his 150 supporters, wearing a white kurta and sunglasses. Third arrest Shyamal Das was arrested for a third time in front of a hotel near Grand Trunk Road in Jagannathpur of Dankuni on Feb 20, 2011. This time there were 52 charges against Das, with 26 of them being of murder. Upon being informed, officers from the Dankuni police station went to the specified location to apprehend Das. Das was caught in possession of a revolver and nine rounds of ammo. He arrived there by a vehicle. He was charged for grand theft auto (car theft) and for organizing a riot in a municipal building. Das was given bail and was released subsequently. Death Das had gone with Mahato to his apartment in Rishra to settle a dispute on May 29, 2011. Mahato drove him to his apartment. Before stepping inside, Das asked his associates who were accompanying him to not go inside with him. Das said to him "(Ramesh) Will you kill me now that I am alone?," jokingly. Das understood what was going to happen to him once in his room. His trusted associates were present there holding knives and pistols in their hands, among them was Nepu Giri. They surrounded him quickly. Das was not able to reach for the 9mm pistol he had. Mahato said, "Look, Shyamal, it is no longer possible to work together. If we separate, then either you will kill me, or I will kill you." Mahato told Giri to take care of him before leaving the apartment. They followed his instructions. This was the last sight of Hubba Shyamal. Hubba Shyamal had gone missing on May 29, 2011. His family sensed a criminal gang abduction behind his missing status. His cellphone was also turned off. His brother and wife had filed a missing report to the Konnagar police on May 30. Police believed that Das and his gang were still active in the area. Serampore police was trying to track the status of Das. Das's wife had sent a letter about the missing gangster to the Chief Minister of West Bengal stating Ramesh Mahato had abducted him. Das's body was found floating in the water of a canal in Baidyabati. His neck, stomach and face was found cut by knives. The police suspected Nepu Giri, his associate, to have killed Das, as it was his style. The police had also suspected Ramesh Mahato, who was said to have worked with Giri and was the last person Das had met. Police said that Das had left his house to meet with Mahato over settling a dispute. Police arrested the gangster Ramesh Mahato as behind the killing of Shyamal Das. Saying that he and his gang wanted to control the Hooghly and Howrah industrial belts and become a powerful entity coming from Shyamal Das. Some criminals claim that Nepu Giri had also been in the apartment of Mahato and had assassinated him. Occuring on Thursday, the police took out his body from water and sent it for postmortem in the Srirampur Walsh Hospital in Serampore. Das's family members, who were staying in Konnagar at their house, were subsequently informed of the incident. They went to the hospital and identified the body to belong to 'Hubba' Shyamal Das. Accomplices Ratan Ray (1975–2012) Ratan Ray lived near the Rishra police station and joined the gang of Shyamal Das when Das was operating in the Hooghly industrial belt region, becoming a major associate and aid of Das. Ray joined the gang as an ordinary member and slowly became close to Das, acting as a hitman and a known criminal employed by Shyamal Das. He made another new gang in Rishra, serving as an extension of Hubba's criminal organization. He executed rivals on the commands of Das, and those trying to sabotage him, including a party leader. Ray committed multiple murders, including the ones Das was convicted for. He was discovered dead submerged in a pond in Rishra. Police stating he was killed while drinking by his friends. Ramesh Mahato Ramesh Mahato was a former accomplice and partner in crime of Das. He joined Das's gang in around the mid to late 1980s when he collected iron scraps. He became partners with Ray from the time of him running the real estate business. Police said that while Ray wanted to leave his crimes and emerge as a businessman, Mahato wanted to remain in the crime network. Over the years, Mahato pulled some members from Hubba's gang into working for him, including Nepu Giri. Police suspected him of being linked to the killing of party leader Tapas Dutta. Mahato was arrested in 2016 for the murder of Surjit Gupta, living in Dankuni. His family said that he had purchased some land which Mahato's gang did not like, and on his way home in the evening, Gupta was killed by Mahato's gang. He was the right-hand man of Shyamal Das and took over his controlled areas after Das died. His influence consisted of Bally, Belur, Uttarpara, much of Hooghly, Howrah and Bardhaman district. He was charged with 20 counts of murder and 50 counts of extortion in the three districts. His trial happened in the Chinsurah Court and was denied getting parole or bail.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:40:43Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubba_Shyamal	{"title": "Hubba Shyamal", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:40:43Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:48Z"}
Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo (Tibetan: gung ru rgyal mtshan bzang po; Chinese: Guru Jianzan Sangbu 谷如·坚赞桑布; 1383–1450) was a Tibetan monk. He was a disciple of Tsongkhapa, Gyaltsab, and Khedrub. whose activities had led to the formation of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Gelugpa master Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo was the third abbot of Sera, one of the "great three" Gelug university monasteries of Tibet. He divided the monastery in four Dratshang (grwa tshang), named: 1. Gya (rgya) 2. Dromteng ( 'brom steng) 3. Tö (stod), and 4. Me (smad). Soon afterwards, these four were merged into two faculties, namely Sera Tö and Sera Me. His collected works were recently published in the Tibetan book series mes po'i shul bzhag (Chinese: Xianzhe yishu 先哲遗书) in 3 volumes. Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo had many disciples, several of them very famous persons. Texts of him are part of a corpus of newly discovered manuscripts in Tibet, which according to James Blumenthal had been missing from circulation since the early eighteenth century. Writings His works in the Gsung-'bum (Collected Works) are: byams pa'i dgongs rgyan - a commentary on Prajnaparamita philosophy. dbu ma rtsa ba shes rab kyi don bsdus - Short explanation of the meaning of Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika. dbu ma 'jug pa'i 'grel pa - Commentary on the Madhyamakavatara of Chandrakirti. legs bshad bla ma'i man ngag bdud rtsi'i chu rgyun - General treatise on Madhyamika philosophy. dbu ma bzhi brgya pa'i 'grel pa - Commentary on Aryadeva's Four Hundred Verses dbu ma'i stong thun - Survey of Madhyamika thought in the context of the various philosophical positions. mngon rtogs rgyan gyi de kho na nyid gsal bar byed pa mkhas pa'i yid 'phrog - A commentary on the Abhisamayalankara.	Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo (Tibetan: gung ru rgyal mtshan bzang po; Chinese: Guru Jianzan Sangbu 谷如·坚赞桑布; 1383–1450) was a Tibetan monk. He was a disciple of Tsongkhapa, Gyaltsab, and Khedrub. whose activities had led to the formation of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Gelugpa master Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo was the third abbot of Sera, one of the "great three" Gelug university monasteries of Tibet. He divided the monastery in four Dratshang (grwa tshang), named: 1. Gya (rgya) 2. Dromteng ( 'brom steng) 3. Tö (stod), and 4. Me (smad). Soon afterwards, these four were merged into two faculties, namely Sera Tö and Sera Me. His collected works were recently published in the Tibetan book series mes po'i shul bzhag (Chinese: Xianzhe yishu 先哲遗书) in 3 volumes. Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo had many disciples, several of them very famous persons. Texts of him are part of a corpus of newly discovered manuscripts in Tibet, which according to James Blumenthal had been missing from circulation since the early eighteenth century. Writings His works in the Gsung-'bum (Collected Works) are: byams pa'i dgongs rgyan - a commentary on Prajnaparamita philosophy. dbu ma rtsa ba shes rab kyi don bsdus - Short explanation of the meaning of Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika. dbu ma 'jug pa'i 'grel pa - Commentary on the Madhyamakavatara of Chandrakirti. legs bshad bla ma'i man ngag bdud rtsi'i chu rgyun - General treatise on Madhyamika philosophy. dbu ma bzhi brgya pa'i 'grel pa - Commentary on Aryadeva's Four Hundred Verses dbu ma'i stong thun - Survey of Madhyamika thought in the context of the various philosophical positions. mngon rtogs rgyan gyi de kho na nyid gsal bar byed pa mkhas pa'i yid 'phrog - A commentary on the Abhisamayalankara.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:22:23Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungru_Gyaltsen_Zangpo	{"title": "Gungru Gyaltsen Zangpo", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:22:23Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:49Z"}
List of affiliated colleges and institutions to the National University, Bangladesh Affiliated colleges and institutions to the National University, Bangladesh The National University of Bangladesh, the country’s largest public affiliating university, oversees and accredits a wide range of higher education institutions, including government and non-government degree colleges, honours colleges, government colleges, law colleges, and physical education colleges. Spread across all eight administrative divisions, more than two thousand institutions operate under its affiliation, offering undergraduate and postgraduate education to millions of students. This extensive academic network not only ensures the wider availability of higher education but also plays a vital role in the overall development of the nation’s human resources. According to official data from the National University, a total of 2,275 colleges and institutions are currently affiliated with it. Of these, 1,922 are general education institutions, most of which primarily offer Bachelor (Pass) programs. Meanwhile, 353 institutions provide professional education. It is also noteworthy that within the colleges offering Bachelor (Pass) education, 881 offer Bachelor (Honours) programs, 115 conduct Preliminary to Master’s courses, and 178 institutions run full Master’s programs. Dhaka Region Rangpur Region Rajshahi Region Khulna Region Barishal Region Sylhet Region Mymensingh Region	List of affiliated colleges and institutions to the National University, Bangladesh Affiliated colleges and institutions to the National University, Bangladesh The National University of Bangladesh, the country’s largest public affiliating university, oversees and accredits a wide range of higher education institutions, including government and non-government degree colleges, honours colleges, government colleges, law colleges, and physical education colleges. Spread across all eight administrative divisions, more than two thousand institutions operate under its affiliation, offering undergraduate and postgraduate education to millions of students. This extensive academic network not only ensures the wider availability of higher education but also plays a vital role in the overall development of the nation’s human resources. According to official data from the National University, a total of 2,275 colleges and institutions are currently affiliated with it. Of these, 1,922 are general education institutions, most of which primarily offer Bachelor (Pass) programs. Meanwhile, 353 institutions provide professional education. It is also noteworthy that within the colleges offering Bachelor (Pass) education, 881 offer Bachelor (Honours) programs, 115 conduct Preliminary to Master’s courses, and 178 institutions run full Master’s programs. Dhaka Region Rangpur Region Rajshahi Region Khulna Region Barishal Region Sylhet Region Mymensingh Region	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:15:24Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_affiliated_colleges_and_institutions_to_the_National_University,_Bangladesh	{"title": "List of affiliated colleges and institutions to the National University, Bangladesh", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:15:24Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:50Z"}
Ihtiman Municipality 42°25′59″N 23°49′1″E / 42.43306°N 23.81694°E / 42.43306; 23.81694 Place in Sofia Province, Bulgaria Ihtiman Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Ихтиман) is a municipality in Sofia Province, western Bulgaria. Covering a territory of 541.8 km2, it is the third largest of the 22 municipalities in the province and takes 7.65% of its total area. Geography The relief of the municipality is varied. In its center is the entire territory of the Ihtiman Valley, enclosed from all sides by the ridges of the Sredna Gora mountain range. The highest point of the municipality is the summit of Trana (1,276 m). Ihtiman Municipality falls within the humid continental climate zone. In the easternmost reaches flows a section of the river Topolnitsa of the Maritsa drainage. About three quarters of the municipality is drained by the Mativir, a right tributary of the Topolnitsa, which flows entirely within its borders. The southern portion of the Topolnitsa Reservoir and its dam are located in Ihtiman Municipality. Transport Ihtiman Municipality is traversed by six roads of the national network with a total length of 131.8 km, including a 30.6 km section of the Trakiya motorway (A1), a 31.9 km stretch of the first class I-8 road Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, the first 24.9 km of the third class III-801 road, the first 22.8 km of the third class III-803 road, the last 14.2 km section of the third class III-822 road, and the whole 7.4 km length of the third class III-8223 road. It is also traversed by a 32.3 km section of railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, and the first 6.1 km of the railway between Vakarel and Garba. Demography As of 2024 the population of Ihtiman Municipality is 16,924, living in one town and 27 villages: Gallery Ihtiman Valley Borika Vakarel A church in Ihtiman Citations	Ihtiman Municipality 42°25′59″N 23°49′1″E / 42.43306°N 23.81694°E / 42.43306; 23.81694 Place in Sofia Province, Bulgaria Ihtiman Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Ихтиман) is a municipality in Sofia Province, western Bulgaria. Covering a territory of 541.8 km2, it is the third largest of the 22 municipalities in the province and takes 7.65% of its total area. Geography The relief of the municipality is varied. In its center is the entire territory of the Ihtiman Valley, enclosed from all sides by the ridges of the Sredna Gora mountain range. The highest point of the municipality is the summit of Trana (1,276 m). Ihtiman Municipality falls within the humid continental climate zone. In the easternmost reaches flows a section of the river Topolnitsa of the Maritsa drainage. About three quarters of the municipality is drained by the Mativir, a right tributary of the Topolnitsa, which flows entirely within its borders. The southern portion of the Topolnitsa Reservoir and its dam are located in Ihtiman Municipality. Transport Ihtiman Municipality is traversed by six roads of the national network with a total length of 131.8 km, including a 30.6 km section of the Trakiya motorway (A1), a 31.9 km stretch of the first class I-8 road Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, the first 24.9 km of the third class III-801 road, the first 22.8 km of the third class III-803 road, the last 14.2 km section of the third class III-822 road, and the whole 7.4 km length of the third class III-8223 road. It is also traversed by a 32.3 km section of railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, and the first 6.1 km of the railway between Vakarel and Garba. Demography As of 2024 the population of Ihtiman Municipality is 16,924, living in one town and 27 villages: Gallery Ihtiman Valley Borika Vakarel A church in Ihtiman Citations	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:17:22Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihtiman_Municipality	{"title": "Ihtiman Municipality", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:17:22Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:51Z"}
1879 Eastern Rumelian election Parliamentary elections were held for the first time in Eastern Rumelia on 7 October 1879. Background The autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia, established by the Treaty of Berlin and the Eastern Rumelian Constitution (bg), was headed by a Sublime Porte-chosen Governor-general (bg) who led and, alongside the Sultan, appointed the Directorate (government) (bg) of the province. He additionally appointed 10 members of the legislature, the Regional Assembly (bg), with a further 10 representatives of the judiciary, ethnic and religious minorities serving as ex officio members. The remaining 36 MPs were elected for 4 year terms, with half the seats up for reelection every 2 years. The Assembly also elected an additional legislative body, the Standing Committee (bg). Results As the election was held on a non-partisan basis, candidates were divided predominantly on ethnic lines. 32 of the elected and 40 of the total MPs were ethnic Bulgarians. Aftermath Although initially non-partisan, a dominant faction led by the Chariman of the Standing Committee (bg) Ivan Geshov began to form. By the 1881 election most of its opposition had consolidated into the Liberal Party.	1879 Eastern Rumelian election Parliamentary elections were held for the first time in Eastern Rumelia on 7 October 1879. Background The autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia, established by the Treaty of Berlin and the Eastern Rumelian Constitution (bg), was headed by a Sublime Porte-chosen Governor-general (bg) who led and, alongside the Sultan, appointed the Directorate (government) (bg) of the province. He additionally appointed 10 members of the legislature, the Regional Assembly (bg), with a further 10 representatives of the judiciary, ethnic and religious minorities serving as ex officio members. The remaining 36 MPs were elected for 4 year terms, with half the seats up for reelection every 2 years. The Assembly also elected an additional legislative body, the Standing Committee (bg). Results As the election was held on a non-partisan basis, candidates were divided predominantly on ethnic lines. 32 of the elected and 40 of the total MPs were ethnic Bulgarians. Aftermath Although initially non-partisan, a dominant faction led by the Chariman of the Standing Committee (bg) Ivan Geshov began to form. By the 1881 election most of its opposition had consolidated into the Liberal Party.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:09:13Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879_Eastern_Rumelian_election	{"title": "1879 Eastern Rumelian election", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:09:13Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:51Z"}
TVRI West Kalimantan Television station in Pontianak, Indonesia TVRI West Kalimantan (Indonesian: TVRI Kalimantan Barat, often shortened to TVRI Kalbar) is a regional television station owned by TVRI. It serves West Kalimantan, a province in the wider Kalimantan region, the Indonesian side of the island of Borneo. It was established on 14 September 1977 as a relay station of TVRI, before becoming fully autonomous in 1998. History It is likely that Pontianak was included in the original TVRI plans, which implied the creation of new stations in 1963 and 1964. In 1977, TVRI installed a 20 kW transmitter in Pontianak, marking the beginning of its signals in West Kalimantan. Broadcasting on VHF channel 7, it was a mere relay of Jakarta without producing its own programs. It wasn't until 1985 that the station started producing content of its own, but as a Mobile Production Station (Stasiun Produksi Keliling, SPK) for the national network. The first event broadcast from Pontianak to a national audience was the Indonesian Quran Recitation Competition that year. In 2004, it changed its name from TVRI Pontianak to TVRI Kalbar. On 6 February 2014, the station suspended its satellite signals, depriving access of the signal to viewers in certain areas of the province, as well as the Malay side of Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak) and Brunei), meaning that its signal was limited to the terrestrial coverage area in Pontianak alone. Eighteen relay stations outside of the provincial capital no longer received the satellite feed. Station officials did not comment on the actual reason. Programming TVRI Yogyakarta's local production broadcasts 3 to 5 hours daily. In November 2024, TVRI officials suggested that the quality of its programming should need improvement, especially on the eves of the local elections, held on 27 November.	TVRI West Kalimantan Television station in Pontianak, Indonesia TVRI West Kalimantan (Indonesian: TVRI Kalimantan Barat, often shortened to TVRI Kalbar) is a regional television station owned by TVRI. It serves West Kalimantan, a province in the wider Kalimantan region, the Indonesian side of the island of Borneo. It was established on 14 September 1977 as a relay station of TVRI, before becoming fully autonomous in 1998. History It is likely that Pontianak was included in the original TVRI plans, which implied the creation of new stations in 1963 and 1964. In 1977, TVRI installed a 20 kW transmitter in Pontianak, marking the beginning of its signals in West Kalimantan. Broadcasting on VHF channel 7, it was a mere relay of Jakarta without producing its own programs. It wasn't until 1985 that the station started producing content of its own, but as a Mobile Production Station (Stasiun Produksi Keliling, SPK) for the national network. The first event broadcast from Pontianak to a national audience was the Indonesian Quran Recitation Competition that year. In 2004, it changed its name from TVRI Pontianak to TVRI Kalbar. On 6 February 2014, the station suspended its satellite signals, depriving access of the signal to viewers in certain areas of the province, as well as the Malay side of Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak) and Brunei), meaning that its signal was limited to the terrestrial coverage area in Pontianak alone. Eighteen relay stations outside of the provincial capital no longer received the satellite feed. Station officials did not comment on the actual reason. Programming TVRI Yogyakarta's local production broadcasts 3 to 5 hours daily. In November 2024, TVRI officials suggested that the quality of its programming should need improvement, especially on the eves of the local elections, held on 27 November.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:03:53Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI_West_Kalimantan	{"title": "TVRI West Kalimantan", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:03:53Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:52Z"}
Feitouman Chinese legendary creature An example of the depiction in Japan. "Hitoban" (Feitouman) from the Wakan Sansai Zue. The Feitouman (Chinese: 飛頭蠻; pinyin: Fēitóumán) or Hitoban (Japanese reading) is a yaoguai or legendary creature found in Chinese folklore. It is also known as the Luotoumin (Chinese: 落頭民; pinyin: Luòtóumín; lit. 'Drop-Head People') or Chongluo (Chinese: 虫落; pinyin: Chóngluò). While they usually appear in the form of humans, their heads separate from their bodies at night and fly through the air, returning to the body by morning. Overview and Records Luotoumin (The Drop-Head People) In volume 12 of the Soushen Ji (In Search of the Supernatural), written by Gan Bao during the Jin Dynasty, there is a record of the "Luotoumin" (Drop-Head People). Legend has it that during the Three Kingdoms period, the Eastern Wu general Zhu Huan encountered one. Zhu Huan had a maidservant whose head would automatically fly off every night after she fell asleep. It would enter and exit through the skylight, using its ears as wings, and return just before dawn. One night, the maid's head flew off again. Her female roommate, seeing her in a haze, noticed the quilt on her body had slipped off. With good intentions, she pulled the quilt up, unintentionally covering the opening on the maid's neck. When the maid's head tried to fly back to its original position in the morning, it could not find the body because it was covered by the quilt. It fell to the ground, gasping for breath and on the verge of death. Zhu Huan entered the room and witnessed this shocking scene. The maid's head kept signaling toward the quilt with its eyes. Realizing what had happened, Zhu Huan immediately pulled back the quilt. The maid, retaining only a sliver of life, used all her strength to fly her head back onto her neck, thereby returning to normal. Although Zhu Huan saved the flying-head maid's life, he felt a lingering unease and viewed the "Luotoumin" as an ominous anomaly, eventually sending the maid away. In the Soushen Ji account, observers noted the headless body became slightly cold and the breathing faint. In addition to the quilt story, there are versions where someone covered the torso with a copper basin; in that case, the head could not return to the torso and the maid eventually died. Chongluo and Flying-Head Barbarians The Ming dynasty scholar Lang Ying, citing the Luochong Ji (Record of Naked Creatures) in his work Qixiu Leigao, recorded that people in the country of Laos could drink liquids through their noses and their heads could fly off to eat fish. Huan Tan's Xinlun (New Discussions) contains similar records, mentioning "nose-drinking barbarians in Jingzhou" and "head-flying barbarians in Nancheng." According to the encyclopedia Sancai Tuhui, there are people in "Great Java" (referring to the island of Java) whose heads fly. A defining characteristic is that their eyes lack pupils. Locally, they are called "Chongluo" or "Luomin" (meaning people whose heads fall off). Shitouman (Corpse Head Barbarian) The Yingya Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) records the "Shitouman" (Corpse Head Barbarian) in the kingdom of Champa (modern-day Vietnam). Their eyes lack pupils, distinguishing them from ordinary humans. When they sleep at night, their heads fly away to eat the feces of other people's children. The children whose stomachs are invaded by this demonic qi (energy) will inevitably die. The Xingcha Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Star Raft) records that among the women of Champa, there are those whose heads fly. If someone knows of this and seals the neck (while the head is gone), and moves the body, the woman will die. The Separating People The Shiyi Ji (Record of Gleanings) records that during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, to the east of the Yinchi country, there were people capable of separating their bodies. They could make their heads fly to the South Sea, their left hands fly to the East Sea, and their right hands fly to the West Sea. At dusk, the head would return to the shoulders, but the two hands could be blown overseas if they encountered strong winds. Feitou Liao (Flying Head Liao) According to the Tang dynasty text Nanfang Yiwu Zhi (Records of Strange Things in the South), the "Feitouman" living in the caves of Lingnan (the region from southern China to Vietnam) are characterized by a red scar on their necks. At night, they use their ears like wings to fly around and eat insects, returning to their original bodies when day breaks. The Northern Song dynasty encyclopedia Taiping Guangji describes them under the name "Feitou Liao" (Flying Head Liao; Chinese: 飛頭獠; pinyin: Fēitóuliáo). The day before their head flies, a mark resembling a red streak appears on their neck. On the night of the event, they appear like sick people; the head separates from the torso, goes to the riverbank, and eats things like crabs and earthworms. In the morning, they return. They appear as if waking from a	Feitouman Chinese legendary creature An example of the depiction in Japan. "Hitoban" (Feitouman) from the Wakan Sansai Zue. The Feitouman (Chinese: 飛頭蠻; pinyin: Fēitóumán) or Hitoban (Japanese reading) is a yaoguai or legendary creature found in Chinese folklore. It is also known as the Luotoumin (Chinese: 落頭民; pinyin: Luòtóumín; lit. 'Drop-Head People') or Chongluo (Chinese: 虫落; pinyin: Chóngluò). While they usually appear in the form of humans, their heads separate from their bodies at night and fly through the air, returning to the body by morning. Overview and Records Luotoumin (The Drop-Head People) In volume 12 of the Soushen Ji (In Search of the Supernatural), written by Gan Bao during the Jin Dynasty, there is a record of the "Luotoumin" (Drop-Head People). Legend has it that during the Three Kingdoms period, the Eastern Wu general Zhu Huan encountered one. Zhu Huan had a maidservant whose head would automatically fly off every night after she fell asleep. It would enter and exit through the skylight, using its ears as wings, and return just before dawn. One night, the maid's head flew off again. Her female roommate, seeing her in a haze, noticed the quilt on her body had slipped off. With good intentions, she pulled the quilt up, unintentionally covering the opening on the maid's neck. When the maid's head tried to fly back to its original position in the morning, it could not find the body because it was covered by the quilt. It fell to the ground, gasping for breath and on the verge of death. Zhu Huan entered the room and witnessed this shocking scene. The maid's head kept signaling toward the quilt with its eyes. Realizing what had happened, Zhu Huan immediately pulled back the quilt. The maid, retaining only a sliver of life, used all her strength to fly her head back onto her neck, thereby returning to normal. Although Zhu Huan saved the flying-head maid's life, he felt a lingering unease and viewed the "Luotoumin" as an ominous anomaly, eventually sending the maid away. In the Soushen Ji account, observers noted the headless body became slightly cold and the breathing faint. In addition to the quilt story, there are versions where someone covered the torso with a copper basin; in that case, the head could not return to the torso and the maid eventually died. Chongluo and Flying-Head Barbarians The Ming dynasty scholar Lang Ying, citing the Luochong Ji (Record of Naked Creatures) in his work Qixiu Leigao, recorded that people in the country of Laos could drink liquids through their noses and their heads could fly off to eat fish. Huan Tan's Xinlun (New Discussions) contains similar records, mentioning "nose-drinking barbarians in Jingzhou" and "head-flying barbarians in Nancheng." According to the encyclopedia Sancai Tuhui, there are people in "Great Java" (referring to the island of Java) whose heads fly. A defining characteristic is that their eyes lack pupils. Locally, they are called "Chongluo" or "Luomin" (meaning people whose heads fall off). Shitouman (Corpse Head Barbarian) The Yingya Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) records the "Shitouman" (Corpse Head Barbarian) in the kingdom of Champa (modern-day Vietnam). Their eyes lack pupils, distinguishing them from ordinary humans. When they sleep at night, their heads fly away to eat the feces of other people's children. The children whose stomachs are invaded by this demonic qi (energy) will inevitably die. The Xingcha Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Star Raft) records that among the women of Champa, there are those whose heads fly. If someone knows of this and seals the neck (while the head is gone), and moves the body, the woman will die. The Separating People The Shiyi Ji (Record of Gleanings) records that during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, to the east of the Yinchi country, there were people capable of separating their bodies. They could make their heads fly to the South Sea, their left hands fly to the East Sea, and their right hands fly to the West Sea. At dusk, the head would return to the shoulders, but the two hands could be blown overseas if they encountered strong winds. Feitou Liao (Flying Head Liao) According to the Tang dynasty text Nanfang Yiwu Zhi (Records of Strange Things in the South), the "Feitouman" living in the caves of Lingnan (the region from southern China to Vietnam) are characterized by a red scar on their necks. At night, they use their ears like wings to fly around and eat insects, returning to their original bodies when day breaks. The Northern Song dynasty encyclopedia Taiping Guangji describes them under the name "Feitou Liao" (Flying Head Liao; Chinese: 飛頭獠; pinyin: Fēitóuliáo). The day before their head flies, a mark resembling a red streak appears on their neck. On the night of the event, they appear like sick people; the head separates from the torso, goes to the riverbank, and eats things like crabs and earthworms. In the morning, they return. They appear as if waking from a dream and understand nothing of what happened, yet their stomachs are full. The Youyang Zazu (Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang), Former Collection Volume 4, also records that during the Tang Dynasty, in the southwest of Longcheng in Lingnan, there were "Feitou Liaozi" (Flying Head Liao-ones) whose heads could fly back and forth. Connection with Similar Creatures Rokurokubi (Japan) The Rokurokubi is a yōkai in Japanese folklore. While some are depicted with necks that elongate—often seen in freak shows (misemono) or haunted houses—there is also a type where the head separates from the torso and flies around. This type is found in tales such as the Sorori Monogatari and Shokoku Hyaku Monogatari, as well as in the story "Rokurokubi" in Lafcadio Hearn's Kwaidan. This flying type is believed to be derived from the Chinese Feitouman. In the Edo period yōkai art collection Gazu Hyakki Yagyō, the kanji for "Feitouman" (Hitoban) are used to write "Rokurokubi". Similarly, the Edo period ghost story collection Kokon Hyaku Monogatari Hyoban mentions that a characteristic of the Rokurokubi is a bruise on the neck, a description similar to that found in the Nanfang Yiwu Zhi and Taiping Guangji. La uma or Chonchon (South America) In Peru, South America, there is a legend of a being called the la uma whose head detaches and flies around. The flying head is said to eat other human heads to replace the person, or to suck blood. Additionally, in Chile, there is a legend of a flying head creature called the Chonchon (or Chonchonyi). Penanggalan (Southeast Asia) In the Malay Peninsula and surrounding regions, there are legends of beings such as the Penanggalan, where the head flies through the sky with the internal organs still attached. See Also Flying Head (Iroquois legend) Rokurokubi Folklore studies Penanggalan List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore Soushen Ji Dullahan	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T12:01:56Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feitouman	{"title": "Feitouman", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T12:01:56Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:52Z"}
Heaven (Joan Armatrading song) 1983 single by Joan Armatrading "Heaven" is a song by English singer-songwriter Joan Armatrading, released on 18 November 1983 by A&M Records as the first single from her first compilation album, Track Record (1983). The song was written by Armatrading and was produced by Armatrading and Steve Lillywhite. Release "Heaven" was released as a single in the UK on 18 November 1983. It failed to reach the top 100 of the UK singles chart, but did gain airplay across Independent Local Radio. It spent four consecutive weeks in Music Week magazine's Airplay Action listings as one of 75 "most playlisted records in the UK". Critical reception Upon its release as a single, James Belsey of the Bristol Evening Post picked "Heaven" as the newspaper's "single of the week" and wrote, "The lady sounds as good as she's ever done with a great drum sound behind her on this tough, incisive piece of rock." Lenny Juviski of The Northern Echo stated, "Raunchy R&B number swirls up and down Joan's immense vocal range. Slow at first but takes off into her best yet." Joanne Sweeney of the Lurgan Mail praised it as "beautiful" and recommended readers to "keep listening and it'll grow on you". Lucy Patton of the Bracknell Times called it a "great song", with Armatrading's voice "amazingly effective". She added, "Although it seems at first to be another slow one, the tempo varies, but never rises to the same pace as 'Drop the Pilot'. Devoted fans will not be disappointed." Tony Jasper of Music Week noted the "powerful vocal projection" and "sympathetic musical colouring rather than an insistent riff or memorable melody win through". Eleanor Levy of Record Mirror felt "Heaven" was "too plodding to follow 'Drop the Pilot' into the charts and too shallow to choke the way 'Willow' always can", but added "it's impossible to say anything but good about such a strong and talented woman". Sunie, writing for Number One, called the single "pointless". She wrote, "If this is intended to give a fillip to the Track Record LP, A&M would have done better to reissue one of Joan's corking almost-hits such as 'Me Myself I'. There seems no other reason for putting this drab ballad out as a single." Frank Edmonds of the Bury Free Press gave the song a 3 out of 10 rating, criticising it for being "such a grim, wailing dirge it sounds more like down below than up above". John Mahoney, writing for the Telegraph & Argus, was also negative in his review, stating that it was a "big disappointment" and "definitely not single material". Track listings 7–inch single (UK, South Africa and Australia) "Heaven" – 4:40 "Back to the Night" (remix) – 4:04 7–inch single (US) "Heaven" – 4:40 "Frustration" – 3:35 Personnel Production Joan Armatrading – production ("Heaven", "Frustration") Steve Lillywhite – production ("Heaven", "Frustration"), remixing ("Back to the Night") Peter Gage – production ("Back to the Night") Other Moshe Brakha – photography	Heaven (Joan Armatrading song) 1983 single by Joan Armatrading "Heaven" is a song by English singer-songwriter Joan Armatrading, released on 18 November 1983 by A&M Records as the first single from her first compilation album, Track Record (1983). The song was written by Armatrading and was produced by Armatrading and Steve Lillywhite. Release "Heaven" was released as a single in the UK on 18 November 1983. It failed to reach the top 100 of the UK singles chart, but did gain airplay across Independent Local Radio. It spent four consecutive weeks in Music Week magazine's Airplay Action listings as one of 75 "most playlisted records in the UK". Critical reception Upon its release as a single, James Belsey of the Bristol Evening Post picked "Heaven" as the newspaper's "single of the week" and wrote, "The lady sounds as good as she's ever done with a great drum sound behind her on this tough, incisive piece of rock." Lenny Juviski of The Northern Echo stated, "Raunchy R&B number swirls up and down Joan's immense vocal range. Slow at first but takes off into her best yet." Joanne Sweeney of the Lurgan Mail praised it as "beautiful" and recommended readers to "keep listening and it'll grow on you". Lucy Patton of the Bracknell Times called it a "great song", with Armatrading's voice "amazingly effective". She added, "Although it seems at first to be another slow one, the tempo varies, but never rises to the same pace as 'Drop the Pilot'. Devoted fans will not be disappointed." Tony Jasper of Music Week noted the "powerful vocal projection" and "sympathetic musical colouring rather than an insistent riff or memorable melody win through". Eleanor Levy of Record Mirror felt "Heaven" was "too plodding to follow 'Drop the Pilot' into the charts and too shallow to choke the way 'Willow' always can", but added "it's impossible to say anything but good about such a strong and talented woman". Sunie, writing for Number One, called the single "pointless". She wrote, "If this is intended to give a fillip to the Track Record LP, A&M would have done better to reissue one of Joan's corking almost-hits such as 'Me Myself I'. There seems no other reason for putting this drab ballad out as a single." Frank Edmonds of the Bury Free Press gave the song a 3 out of 10 rating, criticising it for being "such a grim, wailing dirge it sounds more like down below than up above". John Mahoney, writing for the Telegraph & Argus, was also negative in his review, stating that it was a "big disappointment" and "definitely not single material". Track listings 7–inch single (UK, South Africa and Australia) "Heaven" – 4:40 "Back to the Night" (remix) – 4:04 7–inch single (US) "Heaven" – 4:40 "Frustration" – 3:35 Personnel Production Joan Armatrading – production ("Heaven", "Frustration") Steve Lillywhite – production ("Heaven", "Frustration"), remixing ("Back to the Night") Peter Gage – production ("Back to the Night") Other Moshe Brakha – photography	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:54:28Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Joan_Armatrading_song)	{"title": "Heaven (Joan Armatrading song)", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:54:28Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:53Z"}
Nicholas Zakaria Zimbabwean sungura musician (c. 1956–2025) Musical artist Nicholas Zakaria (c. 1956 – 11 December 2025), also known as Madzibaba and Senior Lecturer, was a Zimbabwean sungura musician, guitarist and bandleader. He was best known as the founder and leader of the Khiama Boys, one of the most influential groups in Zimbabwean sungura music, and for mentoring several artists who later achieved major success. Life and career Zakaria was born in the Mazowe area of Zimbabwe and became active in music during the 1970s. He later founded and led the Khiama Boys, a band that played a significant role in the development and popularisation of modern sungura music in Zimbabwe. Several musicians who later became prominent figures in Zimbabwean popular music began their careers in the Khiama Boys under Zakaria’s leadership. These included Alick Macheso and System Tazvida. His role in developing younger talent earned him the nickname “Senior Lecturer”. Personal life Zakaria was married to fellow musician Margaret Gweshe. His title “Madzibaba” reflected his apostolic faith and became a defining part of his public image. Death Zakaria died on 11 December 2025 after a period of ill health. Contemporary media reports stated that he had been battling chronic conditions, including diabetes and hypertension, in the months leading up to his death.	Nicholas Zakaria Zimbabwean sungura musician (c. 1956–2025) Musical artist Nicholas Zakaria (c. 1956 – 11 December 2025), also known as Madzibaba and Senior Lecturer, was a Zimbabwean sungura musician, guitarist and bandleader. He was best known as the founder and leader of the Khiama Boys, one of the most influential groups in Zimbabwean sungura music, and for mentoring several artists who later achieved major success. Life and career Zakaria was born in the Mazowe area of Zimbabwe and became active in music during the 1970s. He later founded and led the Khiama Boys, a band that played a significant role in the development and popularisation of modern sungura music in Zimbabwe. Several musicians who later became prominent figures in Zimbabwean popular music began their careers in the Khiama Boys under Zakaria’s leadership. These included Alick Macheso and System Tazvida. His role in developing younger talent earned him the nickname “Senior Lecturer”. Personal life Zakaria was married to fellow musician Margaret Gweshe. His title “Madzibaba” reflected his apostolic faith and became a defining part of his public image. Death Zakaria died on 11 December 2025 after a period of ill health. Contemporary media reports stated that he had been battling chronic conditions, including diabetes and hypertension, in the months leading up to his death.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:43:51Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Zakaria	{"title": "Nicholas Zakaria", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:43:51Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:55Z"}
La Montagne infidèle 1923 documentary film directed by Jean Epstein La Montagne infidèle (English: The Unfaithful Mountain) is a 1923 French silent film directed by Jean Epstein. It is a documentary film about the 1923 volcanic eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily. Synopsis The film begins with images of the rural, fertile and tranquil Sicilian countryside. It then shows the devastation wrought by lava flows near the town of Linguaglossa: houses buried by lava, destruction of farmland and infrastructure, and the impact on local inhabitants. The film culminates with shots of the volcano itself: lava rivers, the erupting craters, close-up views of molten flows, including a lava front reportedly 150 metres wide, according to intertitles. Alongside the natural spectacle, the film occasionally captures human presence, including fleeing villagers and local reactions. Production On 16 June 1923 in Sicily, two craters of Mount Etna erupted. Pathé Newsreels decided to send a team to film the event. Under exclusive contract since January, Jean Epstein was chosen to travel to Sicily with a small crew (Paul Guichard, cameraman, and Léon Donnot, assistant), camera equipment, and unexposed film. With great daring, they filmed the spectacular lava flow and the devastation it caused to the surrounding villages, and returned with a 500-metre documentary. Rediscovery Thought to be a lost film, in 2021 a complete 28 mm Pathé Kok print from a private collection, tinted, with Spanish intertitles, was identified in the collections of Filmoteca de Catalunya (Pere Tresserra collection, Barcelona). The film was digitally restored in 4K in 2022. The restored version was publicly screened for the first time in decades at the 2022 Pordenone Silent Film Festival and subsequently at other festivals such as Il Cinema Ritrovato. It was shown for the first time in France at the Cinémathèque française's Toute la mémoire du monde (All the Memory of the World) Festival in 2023	La Montagne infidèle 1923 documentary film directed by Jean Epstein La Montagne infidèle (English: The Unfaithful Mountain) is a 1923 French silent film directed by Jean Epstein. It is a documentary film about the 1923 volcanic eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily. Synopsis The film begins with images of the rural, fertile and tranquil Sicilian countryside. It then shows the devastation wrought by lava flows near the town of Linguaglossa: houses buried by lava, destruction of farmland and infrastructure, and the impact on local inhabitants. The film culminates with shots of the volcano itself: lava rivers, the erupting craters, close-up views of molten flows, including a lava front reportedly 150 metres wide, according to intertitles. Alongside the natural spectacle, the film occasionally captures human presence, including fleeing villagers and local reactions. Production On 16 June 1923 in Sicily, two craters of Mount Etna erupted. Pathé Newsreels decided to send a team to film the event. Under exclusive contract since January, Jean Epstein was chosen to travel to Sicily with a small crew (Paul Guichard, cameraman, and Léon Donnot, assistant), camera equipment, and unexposed film. With great daring, they filmed the spectacular lava flow and the devastation it caused to the surrounding villages, and returned with a 500-metre documentary. Rediscovery Thought to be a lost film, in 2021 a complete 28 mm Pathé Kok print from a private collection, tinted, with Spanish intertitles, was identified in the collections of Filmoteca de Catalunya (Pere Tresserra collection, Barcelona). The film was digitally restored in 4K in 2022. The restored version was publicly screened for the first time in decades at the 2022 Pordenone Silent Film Festival and subsequently at other festivals such as Il Cinema Ritrovato. It was shown for the first time in France at the Cinémathèque française's Toute la mémoire du monde (All the Memory of the World) Festival in 2023	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:30:21Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Montagne_infidèle	{"title": "La Montagne infidèle", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:30:21Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:55Z"}
Onunu Festival Annual food festival in Nigeria Onunu Festival is an annual cultural and food festival held in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. It celebrates the traditional Nigerian dish onunu, a pounded mixture of yam and plantain with palm oil, and incorporates music, dance, entertainment, and community activities that showcase local heritage. History The festival began in 2024, organized by Belema Nelson Onikio, also known as Onunuboy. The festival highlights the Onunu dish and promote Rivers State culture and unity through food, music, and performances. Each edition attracts thousands of residents, blending traditional celebration with carnival elements, including dancers, musicians, and food experiences. Activities The festival features: Food tasting and celebration of the onunu dish Music and dance performances Masquerade displays Community entertainment Cultural showcases highlighting Rivers State heritage Editions 2024 The inaugural edition of the festival featured music, dance, cultural performances, food and competitions. 2025 The 2025 edition was scheduled for 7 December 2025 at the Model Secondary School Field, GRA, Port Harcourt. The festival included music and dance performances, masquerades, food showcases, and community engagement activities.	Onunu Festival Annual food festival in Nigeria Onunu Festival is an annual cultural and food festival held in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. It celebrates the traditional Nigerian dish onunu, a pounded mixture of yam and plantain with palm oil, and incorporates music, dance, entertainment, and community activities that showcase local heritage. History The festival began in 2024, organized by Belema Nelson Onikio, also known as Onunuboy. The festival highlights the Onunu dish and promote Rivers State culture and unity through food, music, and performances. Each edition attracts thousands of residents, blending traditional celebration with carnival elements, including dancers, musicians, and food experiences. Activities The festival features: Food tasting and celebration of the onunu dish Music and dance performances Masquerade displays Community entertainment Cultural showcases highlighting Rivers State heritage Editions 2024 The inaugural edition of the festival featured music, dance, cultural performances, food and competitions. 2025 The 2025 edition was scheduled for 7 December 2025 at the Model Secondary School Field, GRA, Port Harcourt. The festival included music and dance performances, masquerades, food showcases, and community engagement activities.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:28:38Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onunu_Festival	{"title": "Onunu Festival", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:28:38Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:56Z"}
The Haggertys Musical artist The Haggertys were a Candadian country band who released a succession of singles during the 1980s. They had a good amount of success with their singles, with the best being "Hot on the Heels of Love" in 1986. Background The group was really a duo, made up of Jim Haggerty and his wife Diane Haggerty. Hailing from West Huntingdon, Ontario, they were operating a farm when they found fame and were the parents of a fourteen-year-old boy and seven-year-old girl. They sang together in church and community gatherings. It was in 1984 that they decided to pursue their music career more seriously with a full-time band. The touring group consisted of Jim Haggerty on bass, Diane Haggerty on keyboards, Randy Hill on lead guitar and Pasi Leppikangas on drums. They were produced by John Collins at B&C Studios. Career As Jim & Diane Haggerty, they recorded a Ted Barton composition, "I Can't Get the Feelin' (With Nobody Else but You)". Backed with the Mitch Johnson composition, "When I Get the Feelin'", it was released on National Foundation NF 172 in 1983. The sessions were produced by Johnny Dollar. The Haggertys recorded "Tonight I'll Make It Up to You" which was released on B&C BC 006. It made its debut at No. 58 in the RPM Country Singles chart for the week of 27 April 1985. At week nine, the single peaked at No. 31 and held the position for another week. It was reported in the 13 July issue of RPM Weekly that following the impression The Haggerty's made with the previous single, "Tonight I'll Make it Up to You", they were following up with" Headin' for a Heartbreak", a John Collins composition which was produced by Collins and Eric Baraga. "Hot on the Heels of Love" The Haggertys recorded "Hot on the Heels of Love", which was written by Eric Baragar and John Collins. It was backed with "I Can't Taste the Whiskey" and released in the United States on RCI Records R-2395 in 1986. The record did something uncommon at the time. It was a Canadian record that broke out in the United States before it did in Canada. In Canada, the single peaked at No. 2 on the RPM CanCon chart for the week of 5 April. Also in Canada, it peaked at No. 8 on the RPM country chart for the week of 10 May. Further activities They won the RPM award in Outstanding New Artists category in 1986. Debut album It was reported in the September / October 1986 issue of Music Scene that The Haggertys had just completed their debut album. Among the tracks was a Jim Haggerty original, "Your Love Takes Me Away" and "Southern Bound", a song he co-wrote with producer John Collins. The musicians that played on the album were, Barry Haggarty on guitar, Ken Harnden on keyboards, Al Brisco on steel guitar, Marinus Vandertogt on bass and Steve Smith on drums. The strings were by Eric Baragar who also contributed to the compositions and production. The album would eventually provide six charting singles. Further activities They released the single, "All I Need Is You" which made the RPM Country chart. In its tenth charting week, the single peaked at No. 23 in the RPM Country Singles chart for the week of 16 August. It held that position for another week. It also got to No. 2 on the Top CanCon Country Singles chart. They recorded "Your Love Takes Me Away" which was released on single, B&C BC-026. It debuted at No. 60 in the RPM Country Singles chart for the week of 1 August 1987. Their song "Southern Bound" was released on single, B&C BC-024. It was new on the playlist of Radio CKBY-FM in Ottawa for the week of 14 February 1987. It also debuted that week at No. 56 on the RPM Country Singles chart. During 1987, The Haggertys had been playing to well-received and full shows. They also had been showcased at the Ontario Summer Games for The Disabled. They were nominated for the Big Country Award for Country Group and Single of the Year categories. They had also had four award nominations that year in the Single, Album, Song and Duo of The Year categories. They recorded "You Got Me Shakin'" which was backed with "Feels So Right", and released on B&C BC029. A week five, it peaked at No. 47 on the RPM Country chart for the week of 10 September 1988. They released the single, "On Christmas Eve" on Major Label ML-001 in 1989.	The Haggertys Musical artist The Haggertys were a Candadian country band who released a succession of singles during the 1980s. They had a good amount of success with their singles, with the best being "Hot on the Heels of Love" in 1986. Background The group was really a duo, made up of Jim Haggerty and his wife Diane Haggerty. Hailing from West Huntingdon, Ontario, they were operating a farm when they found fame and were the parents of a fourteen-year-old boy and seven-year-old girl. They sang together in church and community gatherings. It was in 1984 that they decided to pursue their music career more seriously with a full-time band. The touring group consisted of Jim Haggerty on bass, Diane Haggerty on keyboards, Randy Hill on lead guitar and Pasi Leppikangas on drums. They were produced by John Collins at B&C Studios. Career As Jim & Diane Haggerty, they recorded a Ted Barton composition, "I Can't Get the Feelin' (With Nobody Else but You)". Backed with the Mitch Johnson composition, "When I Get the Feelin'", it was released on National Foundation NF 172 in 1983. The sessions were produced by Johnny Dollar. The Haggertys recorded "Tonight I'll Make It Up to You" which was released on B&C BC 006. It made its debut at No. 58 in the RPM Country Singles chart for the week of 27 April 1985. At week nine, the single peaked at No. 31 and held the position for another week. It was reported in the 13 July issue of RPM Weekly that following the impression The Haggerty's made with the previous single, "Tonight I'll Make it Up to You", they were following up with" Headin' for a Heartbreak", a John Collins composition which was produced by Collins and Eric Baraga. "Hot on the Heels of Love" The Haggertys recorded "Hot on the Heels of Love", which was written by Eric Baragar and John Collins. It was backed with "I Can't Taste the Whiskey" and released in the United States on RCI Records R-2395 in 1986. The record did something uncommon at the time. It was a Canadian record that broke out in the United States before it did in Canada. In Canada, the single peaked at No. 2 on the RPM CanCon chart for the week of 5 April. Also in Canada, it peaked at No. 8 on the RPM country chart for the week of 10 May. Further activities They won the RPM award in Outstanding New Artists category in 1986. Debut album It was reported in the September / October 1986 issue of Music Scene that The Haggertys had just completed their debut album. Among the tracks was a Jim Haggerty original, "Your Love Takes Me Away" and "Southern Bound", a song he co-wrote with producer John Collins. The musicians that played on the album were, Barry Haggarty on guitar, Ken Harnden on keyboards, Al Brisco on steel guitar, Marinus Vandertogt on bass and Steve Smith on drums. The strings were by Eric Baragar who also contributed to the compositions and production. The album would eventually provide six charting singles. Further activities They released the single, "All I Need Is You" which made the RPM Country chart. In its tenth charting week, the single peaked at No. 23 in the RPM Country Singles chart for the week of 16 August. It held that position for another week. It also got to No. 2 on the Top CanCon Country Singles chart. They recorded "Your Love Takes Me Away" which was released on single, B&C BC-026. It debuted at No. 60 in the RPM Country Singles chart for the week of 1 August 1987. Their song "Southern Bound" was released on single, B&C BC-024. It was new on the playlist of Radio CKBY-FM in Ottawa for the week of 14 February 1987. It also debuted that week at No. 56 on the RPM Country Singles chart. During 1987, The Haggertys had been playing to well-received and full shows. They also had been showcased at the Ontario Summer Games for The Disabled. They were nominated for the Big Country Award for Country Group and Single of the Year categories. They had also had four award nominations that year in the Single, Album, Song and Duo of The Year categories. They recorded "You Got Me Shakin'" which was backed with "Feels So Right", and released on B&C BC029. A week five, it peaked at No. 47 on the RPM Country chart for the week of 10 September 1988. They released the single, "On Christmas Eve" on Major Label ML-001 in 1989.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:11:47Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haggertys	{"title": "The Haggertys", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:11:47Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:58Z"}
Ankara Yurdum SK Turkish handball club Ankara Yurdum SK (Turkish: Ankara Yurdum Spor Kulübü), also known as MC Sistem Yurdum SK for sponsorship reasons, is a women's handball club founded in 2025 and based in Ankara, Turkey. The team competes in the Turkish Super League. History Ankara Yurdum SK was founded in 2025 at Ankara, Turkey. In 2025, the Turkish Handball Federation introduced the invitation of clubs to the Women's Super League by wild card for the first time. Ankara Yurdum was the only club to enter the 2025–26 Super League season on the basis of wild card. The club is sponsored by the Ankara-based company MC Sistem. Current squad Team members at the 2025–26 Turkish Women's Handball Super League: Head coach: David Ginesta Montes 09 Berfin Yürüyücü, GK 10 Melike Kasapoğlu, P 11 Döne Gül Bozdoğan, CB 12 Sude Karademir, GK 14 Buğu Sönmez, LB 18 İrem Asya Lahaçlar, GK 20 Halime Tuana Arslan, P 22 Kübranur Cesur, RB 25 Sude Çifçi, LW 28 Sümeyye Durdu, RW 45 Kübra Nur Çınar 55 Arzu Nur Akbulut 87 Ceyhan Coşkunsu, GK 99 Ela Yıkdız 00 Ayşenur Sormaz	Ankara Yurdum SK Turkish handball club Ankara Yurdum SK (Turkish: Ankara Yurdum Spor Kulübü), also known as MC Sistem Yurdum SK for sponsorship reasons, is a women's handball club founded in 2025 and based in Ankara, Turkey. The team competes in the Turkish Super League. History Ankara Yurdum SK was founded in 2025 at Ankara, Turkey. In 2025, the Turkish Handball Federation introduced the invitation of clubs to the Women's Super League by wild card for the first time. Ankara Yurdum was the only club to enter the 2025–26 Super League season on the basis of wild card. The club is sponsored by the Ankara-based company MC Sistem. Current squad Team members at the 2025–26 Turkish Women's Handball Super League: Head coach: David Ginesta Montes 09 Berfin Yürüyücü, GK 10 Melike Kasapoğlu, P 11 Döne Gül Bozdoğan, CB 12 Sude Karademir, GK 14 Buğu Sönmez, LB 18 İrem Asya Lahaçlar, GK 20 Halime Tuana Arslan, P 22 Kübranur Cesur, RB 25 Sude Çifçi, LW 28 Sümeyye Durdu, RW 45 Kübra Nur Çınar 55 Arzu Nur Akbulut 87 Ceyhan Coşkunsu, GK 99 Ela Yıkdız 00 Ayşenur Sormaz	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:11:27Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Yurdum_SK	{"title": "Ankara Yurdum SK", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:11:27Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:58Z"}
Teresa Cupertino de Miranda Portuguese motor rally driver (1946–2025)In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Queiroz and the second or paternal family name is Cupertino de Miranda. Maria Teresa de Queiroz Cupertino de Miranda (1946–2025) was a motor sports enthusiast who was, together with Berta Assunção, the first Portuguese woman to compete in the Dakar Rally, the endurance event for off-road vehicles. In a discipline dominated by men she paved the way for future generations of female rally drivers in Portugal. Early life Cupertino was born in the parish of Louro in Vila Nova de Famalicão on 14 August 1946 into one of the ten richest families in Portugal at the time. She was the granddaughter of a wealthy farming couple, Francisco Cupertino de Miranda and Joaquina Nunes de Oliveira. Her father, the youngest of four siblings, was Artur Cupertino de Miranda (1892–1988), founder of the defunct Banco Português do Atlântico. Her mother was Isabel Queiroz. Cupertino married João Cândido Furtado de Antas, with whom she had three daughters. Following the 1974 Carnation Revolution she went to live in Brazil for a decade before returning to Portugal, "determined to travel the world". Her daughter, Maria Madalena, also became a competitive driver, participating with her mother in the 2007 Dakar Rally, which began in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon, and in the Rally of Tunisia in 2008. Career Her first expeditions, Guinea-Bissau to Lisbon, and Paris to Cape Town, took place in 1991 and served as a prelude to her participation in the Dakar Rally. Over the years, she participated in more than 80 trips. Many were undertaken with her partner, José Megre (pt) (1942–2009), another historical name in Portuguese motorsport, commonly nicknamed the "father of off-road". In 1992, Cupertino competed in her first Dakar Rally (formerly known as Paris-Dakar). In that year the finish was in Cape Town, the longest ever edition of the rally. She drove a Nissan Patrol, together with Berta Assunção and Manuel Caetano as co-drivers. Encouraged by their success in completing the race, she participated with the same vehicle in the Paris-Moscow-Beijing Rally. In the early 2000s, she took part in other events in Portugal and Spain, including the Portuguese National Off-Road Championship, driving a Toyota Land Cruiser. She has stated that what gave her the most pleasure in racing was leaving the men "eating dust". Her final Dakar Rally was in 2007. Cupertino was a member of the board of directors of the Automobile Club of Portugal (ACP) between 1998 and 2004. She published her memoirs in Viagem Com Meu Olhar (2003). Following in her footsteps, other Portuguese women rally drivers such as Joana Lemos, Céu Pires de Lima, Elisabete Jacinto and Maria Luís Gameiro would emerge. Death She died on June 30, 2025, at the age of 78, after a long illness. Her funeral took place in Estoril.	Teresa Cupertino de Miranda Portuguese motor rally driver (1946–2025)In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Queiroz and the second or paternal family name is Cupertino de Miranda. Maria Teresa de Queiroz Cupertino de Miranda (1946–2025) was a motor sports enthusiast who was, together with Berta Assunção, the first Portuguese woman to compete in the Dakar Rally, the endurance event for off-road vehicles. In a discipline dominated by men she paved the way for future generations of female rally drivers in Portugal. Early life Cupertino was born in the parish of Louro in Vila Nova de Famalicão on 14 August 1946 into one of the ten richest families in Portugal at the time. She was the granddaughter of a wealthy farming couple, Francisco Cupertino de Miranda and Joaquina Nunes de Oliveira. Her father, the youngest of four siblings, was Artur Cupertino de Miranda (1892–1988), founder of the defunct Banco Português do Atlântico. Her mother was Isabel Queiroz. Cupertino married João Cândido Furtado de Antas, with whom she had three daughters. Following the 1974 Carnation Revolution she went to live in Brazil for a decade before returning to Portugal, "determined to travel the world". Her daughter, Maria Madalena, also became a competitive driver, participating with her mother in the 2007 Dakar Rally, which began in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon, and in the Rally of Tunisia in 2008. Career Her first expeditions, Guinea-Bissau to Lisbon, and Paris to Cape Town, took place in 1991 and served as a prelude to her participation in the Dakar Rally. Over the years, she participated in more than 80 trips. Many were undertaken with her partner, José Megre (pt) (1942–2009), another historical name in Portuguese motorsport, commonly nicknamed the "father of off-road". In 1992, Cupertino competed in her first Dakar Rally (formerly known as Paris-Dakar). In that year the finish was in Cape Town, the longest ever edition of the rally. She drove a Nissan Patrol, together with Berta Assunção and Manuel Caetano as co-drivers. Encouraged by their success in completing the race, she participated with the same vehicle in the Paris-Moscow-Beijing Rally. In the early 2000s, she took part in other events in Portugal and Spain, including the Portuguese National Off-Road Championship, driving a Toyota Land Cruiser. She has stated that what gave her the most pleasure in racing was leaving the men "eating dust". Her final Dakar Rally was in 2007. Cupertino was a member of the board of directors of the Automobile Club of Portugal (ACP) between 1998 and 2004. She published her memoirs in Viagem Com Meu Olhar (2003). Following in her footsteps, other Portuguese women rally drivers such as Joana Lemos, Céu Pires de Lima, Elisabete Jacinto and Maria Luís Gameiro would emerge. Death She died on June 30, 2025, at the age of 78, after a long illness. Her funeral took place in Estoril.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:11:10Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Cupertino_de_Miranda	{"title": "Teresa Cupertino de Miranda", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:11:10Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:58Z"}
Medy Renaldy Medy Renaldy ( (1996-12-31) 31 December 1996 (age 28)) is an Indonesian content creator, illustrator, and entrepreneur. He is widely known for his review content on toys, particularly action figures and rare collectible items, on the YouTube and TikTok platforms. In addition to his digital career, Medy is also known as the 2nd Runner-up for Abang Jakarta Timur (East Jakarta Young Ambassador) in the 2018 Abang None Jakarta competition. Early life and education Medy Renaldy was born in Jakarta on December 31, 1996. He is an alumnus of Trisakti University, Faculty of Industrial Technology, majoring in Industrial Engineering, class of 2014. He has been pursuing his hobby of collecting action figures since he was in junior high school. His first collection was an action figure of Sheriff Woody from the Toy Story film, which was a gift from his parents. His current collection includes various characters, ranging from Iron Man, Captain America, to the Annabelle Doll. During college, Medy did not only focus on academics but was also active outside of campus. In 2018, he represented East Jakarta in the Abang None Jakarta competition and successfully achieved the 3rd Place position as well as earning the Favorite Winner title. Career and business Illustrator and Entrepreneur Before becoming a full-time content creator, Medy worked as an illustrator. He has enjoyed drawing since 2014 and often painted portraits of important figures and celebrities, such as President Jokowi, Will Smith, Najwa Shihab, and Benyamin. In 2017, he founded MR Creative Lab, a service for creating realistic face illustrations. Due to his talent in drawing, he was invited to appear on the talk show Hitam Putih on Trans7 hosted by Deddy Corbuzier in 2018. In addition to digital content, Medy also diversified his business into the culinary field by founding Soto Susu Bu Tin restaurant in January 2020, which serves Betawi soto with a special recipe from his mother. Content Creator Medy has had a YouTube channel since October 2, 2011, but he became consistent in uploading content since 2020. He focuses his content on reviews, unboxing, and stories about expensive, rare, and high-quality toy collections from various franchises such as Marvel, Harry Potter, and Toy Story. Medy Renaldy's YouTube channel now has over 4.44 million subscribers and hundreds of videos that have been viewed millions of times. His TikTok account also has over 9 million followers, and his Instagram account is followed by hundreds of thousands of users. His content once went viral internationally when he created a duet content with a person who resembled the Woody character from Toy Story. In September 2024, Medy had the opportunity to meet American YouTuber, IShowSpeed, during his visit to Jakarta, and Medy gave him a Cristiano Ronaldo action figure as a gift. Public attention and controversy Customs Incident Medy once became the focus of media and collector communities after he expressed his disappointment with the Customs and Excise authorities. The incident occurred in April 2024 when a Megatron toy package, which was a gift shipment from the producer, was detained by the authorities and the toy box was reportedly damaged. Medy claimed he was asked to send an invoice for an item that was actually a gift. Appeal to Stop Playing Roblox In October 2025, Medy once again sparked public debate after uploading a video on TikTok containing a serious appeal to the public, especially adults, to stop playing the online game Roblox. Medy expressed concerns about the psychological and social impact of the game. He presented three main reasons: Potential indicator of a lack of social interaction, referring to study results linking internet gaming disorder to loneliness. The trend of mountain climbing simulations in Roblox was considered insulting to the nature-loving community. Potential for gaming disorder characterized by a chaotic lifestyle. Medy's statement sparked pros and cons, and it emerged around the same time as a ban from the minister of primary and secondary education (Mendikdasmen) regarding the game Roblox for children, which also became a concern for the Deputy Minister of Communication and Digital Affairs. Personal life Medy Renaldy officially married Charera Prilly, a TikToker and influencer, on Tuesday, February 25, 2025. Their marriage ceremony (akad nikah) was held intimately in Bali, with the backdrop of Uluwatu Beach. The wedding attracted attention because Medy incorporated elements of his hobby. Their wedding rings were delivered by his favorite Transformer toy. In the reception held that evening, Medy also used Marvel characters (Thor, Deadpool, Doctor Strange, and Iron Man) as an analogy to express his feelings to Charera, further reinforcing his personal branding as a toy collector. Filmography and awards Awards TV Shows Hitam Putih (2018), as guest star	Medy Renaldy Medy Renaldy ( (1996-12-31) 31 December 1996 (age 28)) is an Indonesian content creator, illustrator, and entrepreneur. He is widely known for his review content on toys, particularly action figures and rare collectible items, on the YouTube and TikTok platforms. In addition to his digital career, Medy is also known as the 2nd Runner-up for Abang Jakarta Timur (East Jakarta Young Ambassador) in the 2018 Abang None Jakarta competition. Early life and education Medy Renaldy was born in Jakarta on December 31, 1996. He is an alumnus of Trisakti University, Faculty of Industrial Technology, majoring in Industrial Engineering, class of 2014. He has been pursuing his hobby of collecting action figures since he was in junior high school. His first collection was an action figure of Sheriff Woody from the Toy Story film, which was a gift from his parents. His current collection includes various characters, ranging from Iron Man, Captain America, to the Annabelle Doll. During college, Medy did not only focus on academics but was also active outside of campus. In 2018, he represented East Jakarta in the Abang None Jakarta competition and successfully achieved the 3rd Place position as well as earning the Favorite Winner title. Career and business Illustrator and Entrepreneur Before becoming a full-time content creator, Medy worked as an illustrator. He has enjoyed drawing since 2014 and often painted portraits of important figures and celebrities, such as President Jokowi, Will Smith, Najwa Shihab, and Benyamin. In 2017, he founded MR Creative Lab, a service for creating realistic face illustrations. Due to his talent in drawing, he was invited to appear on the talk show Hitam Putih on Trans7 hosted by Deddy Corbuzier in 2018. In addition to digital content, Medy also diversified his business into the culinary field by founding Soto Susu Bu Tin restaurant in January 2020, which serves Betawi soto with a special recipe from his mother. Content Creator Medy has had a YouTube channel since October 2, 2011, but he became consistent in uploading content since 2020. He focuses his content on reviews, unboxing, and stories about expensive, rare, and high-quality toy collections from various franchises such as Marvel, Harry Potter, and Toy Story. Medy Renaldy's YouTube channel now has over 4.44 million subscribers and hundreds of videos that have been viewed millions of times. His TikTok account also has over 9 million followers, and his Instagram account is followed by hundreds of thousands of users. His content once went viral internationally when he created a duet content with a person who resembled the Woody character from Toy Story. In September 2024, Medy had the opportunity to meet American YouTuber, IShowSpeed, during his visit to Jakarta, and Medy gave him a Cristiano Ronaldo action figure as a gift. Public attention and controversy Customs Incident Medy once became the focus of media and collector communities after he expressed his disappointment with the Customs and Excise authorities. The incident occurred in April 2024 when a Megatron toy package, which was a gift shipment from the producer, was detained by the authorities and the toy box was reportedly damaged. Medy claimed he was asked to send an invoice for an item that was actually a gift. Appeal to Stop Playing Roblox In October 2025, Medy once again sparked public debate after uploading a video on TikTok containing a serious appeal to the public, especially adults, to stop playing the online game Roblox. Medy expressed concerns about the psychological and social impact of the game. He presented three main reasons: Potential indicator of a lack of social interaction, referring to study results linking internet gaming disorder to loneliness. The trend of mountain climbing simulations in Roblox was considered insulting to the nature-loving community. Potential for gaming disorder characterized by a chaotic lifestyle. Medy's statement sparked pros and cons, and it emerged around the same time as a ban from the minister of primary and secondary education (Mendikdasmen) regarding the game Roblox for children, which also became a concern for the Deputy Minister of Communication and Digital Affairs. Personal life Medy Renaldy officially married Charera Prilly, a TikToker and influencer, on Tuesday, February 25, 2025. Their marriage ceremony (akad nikah) was held intimately in Bali, with the backdrop of Uluwatu Beach. The wedding attracted attention because Medy incorporated elements of his hobby. Their wedding rings were delivered by his favorite Transformer toy. In the reception held that evening, Medy also used Marvel characters (Thor, Deadpool, Doctor Strange, and Iron Man) as an analogy to express his feelings to Charera, further reinforcing his personal branding as a toy collector. Filmography and awards Awards TV Shows Hitam Putih (2018), as guest star	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:06:49Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medy_Renaldy	{"title": "Medy Renaldy", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:06:49Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:58Z"}
Ali Mortoza Polash Bangladeshi actor, singer, producer and entrepreneur Mortoza Polash (born 25 October 1978), also known as Ali Mortoza Polash, is a Bangladeshi actor, singer, director, producer, and entrepreneur. He is best known for his performance and music in the film Khodar Pore Ma, for which he received the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 2012. Career Polash began his career in the 1990s with a music band named Orbit and released his first solo album Prem Adree. He has released over 38 solo albums and contributed vocals to more than 1,500 film songs. His 2002 song "Ma Tumi Aamr Age Jeyo Nako More" from the album Phol Khey Lovebese gained national attention when it was featured in the film Khodar Pore Ma, which won him the National Film Award in 2012. Media Recognition Polash has been widely featured in Bangladeshi English and Bengali media as a multifaceted figure—described as a business tycoon, spiritual leader, musician, and philanthropist. Entrepreneurial Work In 2013, Polash founded the JP Group, a multinational conglomerate that has operations in real estate, fashion, education, fisheries, media, agriculture, and renewable energy. The group has extended operations in Bangladesh, Dubai, and Singapore. Cultural Preservation In 2024, he released a track titled “Mortoza Polash: Where Heritage Meets Harmony” under Joy Pagol Multimedia. The track was launched in Dubai and promoted as a revival of 19th-century Bengali spiritual music. Education Polash completed his SSC from Shibalaya Govt. School and HSC from Terosri Degree College. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Debendra College in 2001. Awards Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer – for the song "Ma Tumi Aamr Age Jeyo Nako More" from the film Khodar Pore Ma Listed in 37th Bangladesh National Film Awards under the Best Male Playback Singer category Listed in Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer awardees	Ali Mortoza Polash Bangladeshi actor, singer, producer and entrepreneur Mortoza Polash (born 25 October 1978), also known as Ali Mortoza Polash, is a Bangladeshi actor, singer, director, producer, and entrepreneur. He is best known for his performance and music in the film Khodar Pore Ma, for which he received the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 2012. Career Polash began his career in the 1990s with a music band named Orbit and released his first solo album Prem Adree. He has released over 38 solo albums and contributed vocals to more than 1,500 film songs. His 2002 song "Ma Tumi Aamr Age Jeyo Nako More" from the album Phol Khey Lovebese gained national attention when it was featured in the film Khodar Pore Ma, which won him the National Film Award in 2012. Media Recognition Polash has been widely featured in Bangladeshi English and Bengali media as a multifaceted figure—described as a business tycoon, spiritual leader, musician, and philanthropist. Entrepreneurial Work In 2013, Polash founded the JP Group, a multinational conglomerate that has operations in real estate, fashion, education, fisheries, media, agriculture, and renewable energy. The group has extended operations in Bangladesh, Dubai, and Singapore. Cultural Preservation In 2024, he released a track titled “Mortoza Polash: Where Heritage Meets Harmony” under Joy Pagol Multimedia. The track was launched in Dubai and promoted as a revival of 19th-century Bengali spiritual music. Education Polash completed his SSC from Shibalaya Govt. School and HSC from Terosri Degree College. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Debendra College in 2001. Awards Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer – for the song "Ma Tumi Aamr Age Jeyo Nako More" from the film Khodar Pore Ma Listed in 37th Bangladesh National Film Awards under the Best Male Playback Singer category Listed in Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer awardees	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T11:08:33Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mortoza_Polash	{"title": "Ali Mortoza Polash", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T11:08:33Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:59Z"}
Dževad Sulejmanpašić Bosnian scholar (1893-1976) Dževad Sulejmanpašić (1893–1976) was a Bosnian philosopher and educator. He is the founder of the science of journalism and theory of journalism, method of content analysis, ethics of journalism, media law, responsible advertising and media philosophy in the Southeast Europe. Biography He was born in 1893 in Vesela near Bugojno. He is a descendant of a prominent landowning family. The oldest ancestor of Sulejmanpašić is Ali Pasha Skopljak, who was the sanjak-bey of Herzegovina. The Sulejmanpašić family retained its estates and maintained its status as a wealthy beggar family until the end of World War I, when it became a victim of the agrarian reform. Sulejmanpašić graduated from elementary school and high school in Sarajevo. At the beginning of the World War I, he was mobilized in the army of the Austro-Hungary. After being wounded on the Italian front, he was returned to Sarajevo, where he waited for the end of the war. After the war, he studied in Vienna. There he meets Karl Kraus. The connection with Immanuel Kant's philosophy originates from the Viennese period, which is the basis of his critical preoccupation with the topics and the state of Bosnian Muslims after the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the Balkans. Due to the deteriorating financial situation of his family, caused by the agrarian reform, Sulejmanpašić leaves his studies in Vienna and returns to Sarajevo. There he got a job in the clerical structure of the Austro-Hungarian administration. He lived in Sarajevo until 1930 when he moved to Zagreb. According to some sources, after World War II he worked as a speech therapist at the Higher Pedagogical School in Zagreb, the predecessor of today's Faculty of Teacher Education. He spoke Bosnian, English, German and French languages. He died in 1976 in Mali Lošinj. Works Jedan prilog riješenju našeg muslimanskog ženskog pitanja (Sarajevo, 1918) Zelen čovjek : komedija u jednom činu iz muslimanskog seoskog života (Sarajevo, 1932) Slobodna misao i hikmetovština : dva gledanja na naše muslimanske verske i socijalne probleme (Zagreb, 1933) Žurnalizam razarač čovječanstva i novinstvo sa najmanjom mjerom žurnalizma (Zagreb, 1936) Mucanje (Zagreb, 1951) Problematika nauke o mucanju (Beograd, 1969)	Dževad Sulejmanpašić Bosnian scholar (1893-1976) Dževad Sulejmanpašić (1893–1976) was a Bosnian philosopher and educator. He is the founder of the science of journalism and theory of journalism, method of content analysis, ethics of journalism, media law, responsible advertising and media philosophy in the Southeast Europe. Biography He was born in 1893 in Vesela near Bugojno. He is a descendant of a prominent landowning family. The oldest ancestor of Sulejmanpašić is Ali Pasha Skopljak, who was the sanjak-bey of Herzegovina. The Sulejmanpašić family retained its estates and maintained its status as a wealthy beggar family until the end of World War I, when it became a victim of the agrarian reform. Sulejmanpašić graduated from elementary school and high school in Sarajevo. At the beginning of the World War I, he was mobilized in the army of the Austro-Hungary. After being wounded on the Italian front, he was returned to Sarajevo, where he waited for the end of the war. After the war, he studied in Vienna. There he meets Karl Kraus. The connection with Immanuel Kant's philosophy originates from the Viennese period, which is the basis of his critical preoccupation with the topics and the state of Bosnian Muslims after the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the Balkans. Due to the deteriorating financial situation of his family, caused by the agrarian reform, Sulejmanpašić leaves his studies in Vienna and returns to Sarajevo. There he got a job in the clerical structure of the Austro-Hungarian administration. He lived in Sarajevo until 1930 when he moved to Zagreb. According to some sources, after World War II he worked as a speech therapist at the Higher Pedagogical School in Zagreb, the predecessor of today's Faculty of Teacher Education. He spoke Bosnian, English, German and French languages. He died in 1976 in Mali Lošinj. Works Jedan prilog riješenju našeg muslimanskog ženskog pitanja (Sarajevo, 1918) Zelen čovjek : komedija u jednom činu iz muslimanskog seoskog života (Sarajevo, 1932) Slobodna misao i hikmetovština : dva gledanja na naše muslimanske verske i socijalne probleme (Zagreb, 1933) Žurnalizam razarač čovječanstva i novinstvo sa najmanjom mjerom žurnalizma (Zagreb, 1936) Mucanje (Zagreb, 1951) Problematika nauke o mucanju (Beograd, 1969)	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T10:58:59Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dževad_Sulejmanpašić	{"title": "Dževad Sulejmanpašić", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T10:58:59Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:57:59Z"}
Port Harcourt Poetry Festival Annual poetry festival in Nigeria Port Harcourt Poetry Festival is an annual poetry and spoken word festival held in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The festival features performances, workshops, panel discussions, competitions, and other literary activities, aiming to promote poetry, nurture emerging poets, and engage the community. History The festival was established in 2023 by Nigerian poets and literary enthusiasts to provide a platform for poets and literary creators to showcase their work and foster creative collaboration. Editions 2023 The inaugural edition took place from 3 - 5 November 2023, featuring workshops, panel discussions, and performances by local and national poets. 2024 The second edition was held at The Azny Place with the theme “Bridging The Gap,” including poetry slams, workshops, and panel discussions. Winners of poetry competitions received cash prizes and recognition. 2025 The third edition was held on the 7th of November 2025 at the Knowledge Development Centre, Waterlines, Port Harcourt, with the theme “Beyond Boundaries.” Activities included workshops, panel sessions, poetry slams for high school students, film screenings, and the launch of the My Garden City poetry anthology, compiled from submissions by secondary school students across Rivers State. Notable literary figures such as Dr Kudo Eresia‑Eke, Prof Obari Gomba, Umar Abubakar Sidi, Amu Nnadi, and Uzo Nwamara were involved in reviewing the anthology. Activities The festival typically includes: Poetry performances and spoken word showcases Workshops and masterclasses for aspiring poets Panel discussions on literary topics Competitive poetry slams Community engagement programs and school participation	Port Harcourt Poetry Festival Annual poetry festival in Nigeria Port Harcourt Poetry Festival is an annual poetry and spoken word festival held in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The festival features performances, workshops, panel discussions, competitions, and other literary activities, aiming to promote poetry, nurture emerging poets, and engage the community. History The festival was established in 2023 by Nigerian poets and literary enthusiasts to provide a platform for poets and literary creators to showcase their work and foster creative collaboration. Editions 2023 The inaugural edition took place from 3 - 5 November 2023, featuring workshops, panel discussions, and performances by local and national poets. 2024 The second edition was held at The Azny Place with the theme “Bridging The Gap,” including poetry slams, workshops, and panel discussions. Winners of poetry competitions received cash prizes and recognition. 2025 The third edition was held on the 7th of November 2025 at the Knowledge Development Centre, Waterlines, Port Harcourt, with the theme “Beyond Boundaries.” Activities included workshops, panel sessions, poetry slams for high school students, film screenings, and the launch of the My Garden City poetry anthology, compiled from submissions by secondary school students across Rivers State. Notable literary figures such as Dr Kudo Eresia‑Eke, Prof Obari Gomba, Umar Abubakar Sidi, Amu Nnadi, and Uzo Nwamara were involved in reviewing the anthology. Activities The festival typically includes: Poetry performances and spoken word showcases Workshops and masterclasses for aspiring poets Panel discussions on literary topics Competitive poetry slams Community engagement programs and school participation	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T10:58:18Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Poetry_Festival	{"title": "Port Harcourt Poetry Festival", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T10:58:18Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:00Z"}
Mawkhanu Football Stadium Football stadium under construction in Meghalaya, India‹ The template Infobox venue is being considered for merging. › Mawkhanu Football Stadium is a 40,000-capacity football-specific stadium under construction in Mawkhanu within New Shillong, in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, India. The project, estimated at ₹732 crore, is being developed by the Government of Meghalaya as part of a wider effort to establish the state as a major football hub in India. Once completed, it will become India's largest football-specific stadium. History The project was officially announced in the Meghalaya Budget 2025–26, which allocated ₹732 crore for the construction of a state-of-the-art, football-only stadium in Mawkhanu. On 11 December 2025, Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad Sangma inspected the project site and took part in the foundation-laying and initial concrete-pouring ceremony. On the same day, the project was formally launched in a public ceremony. Design Media sources report that the stadium has been designed as a football-specific venue compliant with FIFA and AFC norms. The architectural work has been attributed to Collage Design Pvt. Ltd., while the complex is planned to include: a natural-grass football pitch training facilities additional sports and support infrastructure	Mawkhanu Football Stadium Football stadium under construction in Meghalaya, India‹ The template Infobox venue is being considered for merging. › Mawkhanu Football Stadium is a 40,000-capacity football-specific stadium under construction in Mawkhanu within New Shillong, in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, India. The project, estimated at ₹732 crore, is being developed by the Government of Meghalaya as part of a wider effort to establish the state as a major football hub in India. Once completed, it will become India's largest football-specific stadium. History The project was officially announced in the Meghalaya Budget 2025–26, which allocated ₹732 crore for the construction of a state-of-the-art, football-only stadium in Mawkhanu. On 11 December 2025, Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad Sangma inspected the project site and took part in the foundation-laying and initial concrete-pouring ceremony. On the same day, the project was formally launched in a public ceremony. Design Media sources report that the stadium has been designed as a football-specific venue compliant with FIFA and AFC norms. The architectural work has been attributed to Collage Design Pvt. Ltd., while the complex is planned to include: a natural-grass football pitch training facilities additional sports and support infrastructure	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T10:57:58Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawkhanu_Football_Stadium	{"title": "Mawkhanu Football Stadium", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T10:57:58Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:00Z"}
The First Lady of the State of Israel Prize for Hebrew Poetry Award The First Lady of the State of Israel Prize for Hebrew Poetry (formerly known as the Dr. Gardner Simon Prize for Hebrew Poetry and the Nechama Rivlin Memorial Dr. Gardner Simon Award for Hebrew Poetry) is an Israeli literary award for Hebrew poetry. The prize is awarded on behalf of the spouse of the president of Israel - First Lady of Israel at an official ceremony held at the President’s Residence in Jerusalem. About the Prize The prize was established in 2018, in honor of the 70th anniversary of the State of Israel, by the Administrator General of the State of Israel together with Nechama Rivlin, the spouse of President Reuven Rivlin, in memory of Dr. Gardner Simon, a British Jewish physician. In his will, Dr. Simon dedicated part of his estate to the State of Israel for the purpose of supporting and promoting the Hebrew language. In its inaugural year, the prize amount was ₪70,000. In subsequent years, the prize has been awarded in the amount of ₪50,000. Following the passing of Nechama Rivlin, the prize was renamed in her memory at the initiative of Michal Herzog, the spouse of President Isaac Herzog. Among the poets who have received the prize over the years are: Amichai Chasson, Rita Kogan, Eli Eliyahu, Rafi Weichert, Hava Pinhas-Cohen, and Shachar-Mario Mordechai.	The First Lady of the State of Israel Prize for Hebrew Poetry Award The First Lady of the State of Israel Prize for Hebrew Poetry (formerly known as the Dr. Gardner Simon Prize for Hebrew Poetry and the Nechama Rivlin Memorial Dr. Gardner Simon Award for Hebrew Poetry) is an Israeli literary award for Hebrew poetry. The prize is awarded on behalf of the spouse of the president of Israel - First Lady of Israel at an official ceremony held at the President’s Residence in Jerusalem. About the Prize The prize was established in 2018, in honor of the 70th anniversary of the State of Israel, by the Administrator General of the State of Israel together with Nechama Rivlin, the spouse of President Reuven Rivlin, in memory of Dr. Gardner Simon, a British Jewish physician. In his will, Dr. Simon dedicated part of his estate to the State of Israel for the purpose of supporting and promoting the Hebrew language. In its inaugural year, the prize amount was ₪70,000. In subsequent years, the prize has been awarded in the amount of ₪50,000. Following the passing of Nechama Rivlin, the prize was renamed in her memory at the initiative of Michal Herzog, the spouse of President Isaac Herzog. Among the poets who have received the prize over the years are: Amichai Chasson, Rita Kogan, Eli Eliyahu, Rafi Weichert, Hava Pinhas-Cohen, and Shachar-Mario Mordechai.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T10:46:36Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Lady_of_the_State_of_Israel_Prize_for_Hebrew_Poetry	{"title": "The First Lady of the State of Israel Prize for Hebrew Poetry", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T10:46:36Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:00Z"}
Yalla Umesh Air Marshal in Indian Air Force Air Marshal Yalla Umesh, VSM is a serving air officer of the Indian Air Force. He is currently serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Maintenance Command. He previously served as Director General (Aircraft). Early life and education The air officer is an alumnus of the College of Defence Management and the National Defence College, New Delhi. He holds a Doctorate in Management, Post Graduate degrees in Industrial Engineering and Management, and a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering. Military career He was commissioned into the Aeronautical Engineering (Mechanical) Branch of the Indian Air Force on 4 September 1989. He is a 'Category A' aeronautical engineer and has held diverse engineering and leadership appointments across major combat, transport and specialist fleets of the Indian Air Force. During his distinguished service, he has held several key appointments, which include assistant chief of the Air Staff Engineering, air commodore engineering (transport), air officer commanding of a guided weapon base repair depot and chief engineering officer at a UN-operated airfield in DR Congo. On getting promoted to the rank of air marshal, he assumed the appointment as the director general (aircraft) at the Air Headquarters on 1 November 2024. A year later on 1 December 2025, he took over as the air officer commanding-in-chief, Maintenance Command succeeding Air Marshal Vijay Kumar Garg, who superannuated on 30 November 2025. Awards and decorations For his distinguished service, he was awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal in 2022. Dates of ranks	Yalla Umesh Air Marshal in Indian Air Force Air Marshal Yalla Umesh, VSM is a serving air officer of the Indian Air Force. He is currently serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Maintenance Command. He previously served as Director General (Aircraft). Early life and education The air officer is an alumnus of the College of Defence Management and the National Defence College, New Delhi. He holds a Doctorate in Management, Post Graduate degrees in Industrial Engineering and Management, and a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering. Military career He was commissioned into the Aeronautical Engineering (Mechanical) Branch of the Indian Air Force on 4 September 1989. He is a 'Category A' aeronautical engineer and has held diverse engineering and leadership appointments across major combat, transport and specialist fleets of the Indian Air Force. During his distinguished service, he has held several key appointments, which include assistant chief of the Air Staff Engineering, air commodore engineering (transport), air officer commanding of a guided weapon base repair depot and chief engineering officer at a UN-operated airfield in DR Congo. On getting promoted to the rank of air marshal, he assumed the appointment as the director general (aircraft) at the Air Headquarters on 1 November 2024. A year later on 1 December 2025, he took over as the air officer commanding-in-chief, Maintenance Command succeeding Air Marshal Vijay Kumar Garg, who superannuated on 30 November 2025. Awards and decorations For his distinguished service, he was awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal in 2022. Dates of ranks	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T10:45:41Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalla_Umesh	{"title": "Yalla Umesh", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T10:45:41Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:00Z"}
Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous 2024 Netflix documentary film about Yo Yo Honey Singh Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous is a 2024 Indian documentary film about rapper and music producer Yo Yo Honey Singh. Directed by Mozez Singh and produced by Sikhya Entertainment for Netflix, the film traces Singh's rapid rise in Punjabi and Bollywood pop, his disappearance from the public eye amid health and legal troubles, and his subsequent attempt at a comeback. The documentary was released worldwide on Netflix on 20 December 2024. It received mixed reviews from critics, who generally praised its access to the artist and treatment of mental-health issues, while differing on how far it interrogates his controversies and public persona. Synopsis The film follows Yo Yo Honey Singh (born Hirdesh Singh) from his childhood and early years in Delhi and Punjab through his emergence as a club-oriented Punjabi and Hindi pop star with songs such as "Brown Rang", "Angreji Beat" and "Lungi Dance". Through interviews, behind-the-scenes footage and archival material, it outlines his ascent in the Indian music industry and his prominence as a hit-making producer and performer. The documentary then addresses Singh's abrupt retreat from public life in the mid-2010s, framing it primarily through his account of living with bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence and related health issues. It also touches on his marital breakdown and the domestic-violence allegations made by his former wife, which were later settled, while largely presenting these through Singh's and his close associates' perspectives. Intercut with commentary from music journalists and collaborators, the film presents Singh's return to recording and performance, positioning his "comeback" as both a personal recovery narrative and an attempt to reassert his place in Indian popular music. The film concludes with concert footage and studio sessions that emphasise his ongoing work and relationship with fans. Production Netflix announced the project in December 2024 as a feature-length documentary offering an "exclusive look" at Honey Singh's life and career, produced by Sikhya Entertainment and directed by Mozez Singh. Singh had previously directed the medical drama series Human and described Honey Singh as a "fascinating man" whose life contained several distinct phases that the documentary would attempt to explore. In interviews, Mozez Singh said the production relied on building trust with the artist over an extended period in order to film sensitive material related to his mental-health struggles, addiction and legal troubles. He also noted that Honey Singh's former wife declined to appear on camera, which shaped how those aspects of his life were presented in the film. The film includes appearances and interview snippets from several of Singh's collaborators and contemporaries in Indian popular cinema and music. Credits listings name Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Jazzy B and Millind Gaba among those who appear as themselves, alongside concert and studio footage of Honey Singh. Release Netflix released the first poster and teaser for Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous in early December 2024, positioning the project as "the name you know, the story you don't" and emphasising its focus on the "real" person behind the celebrity image. The trailer, released online on 10 December 2024, quickly trended on YouTube and Instagram in India, accumulating millions of views ahead of the premiere. The documentary premiered on Netflix on 20 December 2024, where it was made available globally as a streaming original. Reception Critical response Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous received mixed to moderately positive reviews from critics in India and on international aggregators. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds six published critic reviews, with commentators broadly agreeing that the film is watchable and emotionally candid but divided over its level of critical distance from its subject. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV rated the documentary 2.5 stars out of 5, calling it a "sobering" account of the "highs and crushing lows" of superstardom and noting that it handles sensitive issues in Singh's life with care, even as it remains largely sympathetic to him. Rohan Naahar of The Indian Express described the film as "a step above" Netflix’s earlier music-focused documentaries but "faintly damning", arguing that it makes only a half-successful attempt to dissect the "myth and mystery" around Honey Singh and is constrained by its closeness to the artist. Writing for Hindustan Times, Rishabh Suri took a more negative view, calling the film lacking in the musical "edge" associated with Singh’s work and stating that it offers little new insight beyond what had already been teased in promotional material. Other critics were more appreciative. Other critics were more appreciative. A review in Firstpost praised the way the film charts the journey "from glitter to a dark hole and back", suggesting that it does justice to both the glamorous and	Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous 2024 Netflix documentary film about Yo Yo Honey Singh Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous is a 2024 Indian documentary film about rapper and music producer Yo Yo Honey Singh. Directed by Mozez Singh and produced by Sikhya Entertainment for Netflix, the film traces Singh's rapid rise in Punjabi and Bollywood pop, his disappearance from the public eye amid health and legal troubles, and his subsequent attempt at a comeback. The documentary was released worldwide on Netflix on 20 December 2024. It received mixed reviews from critics, who generally praised its access to the artist and treatment of mental-health issues, while differing on how far it interrogates his controversies and public persona. Synopsis The film follows Yo Yo Honey Singh (born Hirdesh Singh) from his childhood and early years in Delhi and Punjab through his emergence as a club-oriented Punjabi and Hindi pop star with songs such as "Brown Rang", "Angreji Beat" and "Lungi Dance". Through interviews, behind-the-scenes footage and archival material, it outlines his ascent in the Indian music industry and his prominence as a hit-making producer and performer. The documentary then addresses Singh's abrupt retreat from public life in the mid-2010s, framing it primarily through his account of living with bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence and related health issues. It also touches on his marital breakdown and the domestic-violence allegations made by his former wife, which were later settled, while largely presenting these through Singh's and his close associates' perspectives. Intercut with commentary from music journalists and collaborators, the film presents Singh's return to recording and performance, positioning his "comeback" as both a personal recovery narrative and an attempt to reassert his place in Indian popular music. The film concludes with concert footage and studio sessions that emphasise his ongoing work and relationship with fans. Production Netflix announced the project in December 2024 as a feature-length documentary offering an "exclusive look" at Honey Singh's life and career, produced by Sikhya Entertainment and directed by Mozez Singh. Singh had previously directed the medical drama series Human and described Honey Singh as a "fascinating man" whose life contained several distinct phases that the documentary would attempt to explore. In interviews, Mozez Singh said the production relied on building trust with the artist over an extended period in order to film sensitive material related to his mental-health struggles, addiction and legal troubles. He also noted that Honey Singh's former wife declined to appear on camera, which shaped how those aspects of his life were presented in the film. The film includes appearances and interview snippets from several of Singh's collaborators and contemporaries in Indian popular cinema and music. Credits listings name Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Jazzy B and Millind Gaba among those who appear as themselves, alongside concert and studio footage of Honey Singh. Release Netflix released the first poster and teaser for Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous in early December 2024, positioning the project as "the name you know, the story you don't" and emphasising its focus on the "real" person behind the celebrity image. The trailer, released online on 10 December 2024, quickly trended on YouTube and Instagram in India, accumulating millions of views ahead of the premiere. The documentary premiered on Netflix on 20 December 2024, where it was made available globally as a streaming original. Reception Critical response Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous received mixed to moderately positive reviews from critics in India and on international aggregators. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds six published critic reviews, with commentators broadly agreeing that the film is watchable and emotionally candid but divided over its level of critical distance from its subject. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV rated the documentary 2.5 stars out of 5, calling it a "sobering" account of the "highs and crushing lows" of superstardom and noting that it handles sensitive issues in Singh's life with care, even as it remains largely sympathetic to him. Rohan Naahar of The Indian Express described the film as "a step above" Netflix’s earlier music-focused documentaries but "faintly damning", arguing that it makes only a half-successful attempt to dissect the "myth and mystery" around Honey Singh and is constrained by its closeness to the artist. Writing for Hindustan Times, Rishabh Suri took a more negative view, calling the film lacking in the musical "edge" associated with Singh’s work and stating that it offers little new insight beyond what had already been teased in promotional material. Other critics were more appreciative. Other critics were more appreciative. A review in Firstpost praised the way the film charts the journey "from glitter to a dark hole and back", suggesting that it does justice to both the glamorous and difficult phases of Singh's life while framing his comeback as a story of resilience. Troy Ribeiro of Free Press Journal called the film "a reclamation" and found it effective as an intimate portrait, even while acknowledging that it stops short of fully exploring the more troubling aspects of the artist’s public record.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T09:43:34Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh:_Famous	{"title": "Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T09:43:34Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:01Z"}
Kivijärv (Palumäe) Lake in Estonia Kivijärv (also Kodijärve Kivijärv, Kodijärv, Mäejärv, Mäekivi järv, or Suur Kodijärv) is a lake of Estonia. It is located in the village of Palumäe in Kambja Parish, Tartu County. Physical description The lake has an area of 16.7 hectares (41 acres). The lake has an average depth of 3.0 meters (9.8 ft) and a maximum depth of 6.2 meters (20 ft). It is 630 meters (2,070 ft) long, and its shoreline measures 1,920 meters (6,300 ft). Names The name Kivijärv (lit. 'rock lake') is a common designation for lakes in Estonia (compare also the similar Finnish hydronym Kivijärvi). The variant name Kodijärve Kivijärv disinguishes the lake from other Estonian lakes named Kivijärv by referring to the village of Kodijärve, which lies immediately west of the lake. The alternate names Mäejärv (lit. 'hill lake') and Mäekivi järv (lit. 'hill rock lake') refer to the hill that rises northwest of the lake, reaching an elevation of 128.4 meters (421 ft). The alternate name Suur Kodijärv 'Big Kodijärv' semantically contrasts with the smaller lake named Kodijärv 310 meters (1,020 ft) to the west, also known by the variant name Väike Kodijärv 'Little Kodijärv'. This name for Kivijärv sometimes also appears without a modifier, simply as Kodijärv, in which case the smaller lake to the west sometimes bore the name Kogrejärv or Viimakse järv 'Lake Viimakse'. Nature conservation Together with Lake Pangodi and Kodijärv, Kivijärv was included in the expanded Pangodi Landscape Conservation Area in 1964. Protective measures for Kivijärv include a 100-meter (330 ft) shoreline restriction zone, a 50-meter (160 ft) shoreline construction prohibition zone, and a 10-meter (33 ft) shoreline water protection zone. Protected species in Kivijärv include the aquatic beetle Dytiscus latissimus and the black tern (Chlidonias niger).	Kivijärv (Palumäe) Lake in Estonia Kivijärv (also Kodijärve Kivijärv, Kodijärv, Mäejärv, Mäekivi järv, or Suur Kodijärv) is a lake of Estonia. It is located in the village of Palumäe in Kambja Parish, Tartu County. Physical description The lake has an area of 16.7 hectares (41 acres). The lake has an average depth of 3.0 meters (9.8 ft) and a maximum depth of 6.2 meters (20 ft). It is 630 meters (2,070 ft) long, and its shoreline measures 1,920 meters (6,300 ft). Names The name Kivijärv (lit. 'rock lake') is a common designation for lakes in Estonia (compare also the similar Finnish hydronym Kivijärvi). The variant name Kodijärve Kivijärv disinguishes the lake from other Estonian lakes named Kivijärv by referring to the village of Kodijärve, which lies immediately west of the lake. The alternate names Mäejärv (lit. 'hill lake') and Mäekivi järv (lit. 'hill rock lake') refer to the hill that rises northwest of the lake, reaching an elevation of 128.4 meters (421 ft). The alternate name Suur Kodijärv 'Big Kodijärv' semantically contrasts with the smaller lake named Kodijärv 310 meters (1,020 ft) to the west, also known by the variant name Väike Kodijärv 'Little Kodijärv'. This name for Kivijärv sometimes also appears without a modifier, simply as Kodijärv, in which case the smaller lake to the west sometimes bore the name Kogrejärv or Viimakse järv 'Lake Viimakse'. Nature conservation Together with Lake Pangodi and Kodijärv, Kivijärv was included in the expanded Pangodi Landscape Conservation Area in 1964. Protective measures for Kivijärv include a 100-meter (330 ft) shoreline restriction zone, a 50-meter (160 ft) shoreline construction prohibition zone, and a 10-meter (33 ft) shoreline water protection zone. Protected species in Kivijärv include the aquatic beetle Dytiscus latissimus and the black tern (Chlidonias niger).	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T09:51:07Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivijärv_(Palumäe)	{"title": "Kivijärv (Palumäe)", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T09:51:07Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:01Z"}
Camp Mahkota Army base operated by the Malaysian Army in Johor, Malaysia Camp Mahkota (Malay: Kem Mahkota; Jawi: کيم مهکوتا‎) is a major Malaysian Army base situated in the Kluang District, Johor, Malaysia. The facility is located in close proximity to the Kluang town centre, approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Johor Bahru, and forms an integral part of the larger Kluang Garrison military installation. The base stands adjacent to Kluang Airport (ICAO: WMAP), which is classified by the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM) as a civilian aerodrome with restricted usage; its operations are limited to helicopters and small-to-medium chartered or private aircraft owing to the condition of the grass airstrip. The site was originally part of a golf course before the Second World War. The current Camp Mahkota is the result of a significant expansion of the older Kluang Airfield (or Kluang Airport) by British and Commonwealth forces, commencing in 1946 during the Malayan Emergency. During its administration by Commonwealth forces, the specific army base within the facility was named the Balaclava Lines, and the entire military complex was often referred to by locals simply as the Camp Garrison, a shortened form of Kluang Garrison. History Origin: Kluang Airfield during the Japanese occupation of Malaya The present-day Camp Mahkota was established around the site of the former Kluang Airfield following a significant expansion by British forces after the Second World War to accommodate ground forces during the Malayan Emergency. The history of the Kluang Airfield site began in 1939 when British forces in Malaya constructed a 1,000 yards (910 m) secondary grass airstrip near a golf course close to Kluang town (also spelt Keluang at the time). This strip was intended for emergency use by aircraft travelling to or from Singapore. In the same year, the British also established a more permanent installation, bearing the original name of Kluang Airfield, at Kahang, approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi) northwest of the current location. Following the Japanese occupation of Malaya, the original Kluang Airfield in Kahang was converted into a Prisoner of War (POW) camp for Commonwealth POWs. These prisoners were subsequently forced into labour to construct a new airfield for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) at the current Camp Mahkota location. Under the Imperial Japanese forces, a nearby hillside was flattened to extend the original grass airstrip from 1,000 yards (910 m) to 1,500 yards (1,400 m). They also constructed a second, hard-surface runway measuring 700 yards (640 m). Additionally, multiple hangars were built, with at least two remaining in use by Commonwealth forces until 1970. The new Kluang Airfield became one of the three major bases for the IJAAS in Malaya, alongside Kuantan (now the RMAF Kuantan Air Base and Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport) and Seletar (now Seletar Airport). British Reoccupation, Malayan Emergency and Kluang Garrison Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Kluang Airfield was secured by British forces and initially occupied by the 1st Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment (1/1 Punjab) of the British Indian Army. The airfield was subsequently converted into an army base. In 1946, it was designated as the headquarters for the British Army 5th Infantry Brigade following their return from occupation duties in Japan. During the immediate post-war period, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), which had been a British ally during the Second World War, exploited the two-week power vacuum prior to the full return of British administration. This interim period, characterised by widespread unrest, became known as the 14 Days Incident or locally as the Perang Parang Panjang (Long Machete War). Hostilities escalated into the Malayan Emergency following the assassination of three European estate managers in Sungai Siput, Perak. Situated in the centre of the southern Malay Peninsula, Kluang became a strategic location for Commonwealth military operations. The airfield complex underwent significant expansion, including the construction of new infrastructure and technical installations to accommodate larger security forces. It was subsequently designated as the headquarters for the British 2nd Infantry Division. The original hangars were repurposed for vehicle repair and to house machinery. During this period, the wider facility was collectively known as the Kluang Garrison, while the army base situated adjacent to the airfield was named the Balaclava Lines, in tribute to the Battle of Balaclava (1854). In 1950, the base saw further expansion in response to persistent communist insurgent activity in the region. The 63rd Gurkha Infantry Brigade and the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm were stationed at the site. By this time, the Kluang Garrison housed a major joint military formation, comprising three infantry battalions, an armoured regiment, and various supporting arms. The main runway was	Camp Mahkota Army base operated by the Malaysian Army in Johor, Malaysia Camp Mahkota (Malay: Kem Mahkota; Jawi: کيم مهکوتا‎) is a major Malaysian Army base situated in the Kluang District, Johor, Malaysia. The facility is located in close proximity to the Kluang town centre, approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Johor Bahru, and forms an integral part of the larger Kluang Garrison military installation. The base stands adjacent to Kluang Airport (ICAO: WMAP), which is classified by the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM) as a civilian aerodrome with restricted usage; its operations are limited to helicopters and small-to-medium chartered or private aircraft owing to the condition of the grass airstrip. The site was originally part of a golf course before the Second World War. The current Camp Mahkota is the result of a significant expansion of the older Kluang Airfield (or Kluang Airport) by British and Commonwealth forces, commencing in 1946 during the Malayan Emergency. During its administration by Commonwealth forces, the specific army base within the facility was named the Balaclava Lines, and the entire military complex was often referred to by locals simply as the Camp Garrison, a shortened form of Kluang Garrison. History Origin: Kluang Airfield during the Japanese occupation of Malaya The present-day Camp Mahkota was established around the site of the former Kluang Airfield following a significant expansion by British forces after the Second World War to accommodate ground forces during the Malayan Emergency. The history of the Kluang Airfield site began in 1939 when British forces in Malaya constructed a 1,000 yards (910 m) secondary grass airstrip near a golf course close to Kluang town (also spelt Keluang at the time). This strip was intended for emergency use by aircraft travelling to or from Singapore. In the same year, the British also established a more permanent installation, bearing the original name of Kluang Airfield, at Kahang, approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi) northwest of the current location. Following the Japanese occupation of Malaya, the original Kluang Airfield in Kahang was converted into a Prisoner of War (POW) camp for Commonwealth POWs. These prisoners were subsequently forced into labour to construct a new airfield for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) at the current Camp Mahkota location. Under the Imperial Japanese forces, a nearby hillside was flattened to extend the original grass airstrip from 1,000 yards (910 m) to 1,500 yards (1,400 m). They also constructed a second, hard-surface runway measuring 700 yards (640 m). Additionally, multiple hangars were built, with at least two remaining in use by Commonwealth forces until 1970. The new Kluang Airfield became one of the three major bases for the IJAAS in Malaya, alongside Kuantan (now the RMAF Kuantan Air Base and Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport) and Seletar (now Seletar Airport). British Reoccupation, Malayan Emergency and Kluang Garrison Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Kluang Airfield was secured by British forces and initially occupied by the 1st Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment (1/1 Punjab) of the British Indian Army. The airfield was subsequently converted into an army base. In 1946, it was designated as the headquarters for the British Army 5th Infantry Brigade following their return from occupation duties in Japan. During the immediate post-war period, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), which had been a British ally during the Second World War, exploited the two-week power vacuum prior to the full return of British administration. This interim period, characterised by widespread unrest, became known as the 14 Days Incident or locally as the Perang Parang Panjang (Long Machete War). Hostilities escalated into the Malayan Emergency following the assassination of three European estate managers in Sungai Siput, Perak. Situated in the centre of the southern Malay Peninsula, Kluang became a strategic location for Commonwealth military operations. The airfield complex underwent significant expansion, including the construction of new infrastructure and technical installations to accommodate larger security forces. It was subsequently designated as the headquarters for the British 2nd Infantry Division. The original hangars were repurposed for vehicle repair and to house machinery. During this period, the wider facility was collectively known as the Kluang Garrison, while the army base situated adjacent to the airfield was named the Balaclava Lines, in tribute to the Battle of Balaclava (1854). In 1950, the base saw further expansion in response to persistent communist insurgent activity in the region. The 63rd Gurkha Infantry Brigade and the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm were stationed at the site. By this time, the Kluang Garrison housed a major joint military formation, comprising three infantry battalions, an armoured regiment, and various supporting arms. The main runway was returned to aviation use to serve a helicopter squadron from the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm. A dedicated cemetery was also established within the grounds, specifically for Gurkha soldiers of the British Army and their families who lost their lives during the Malayan Emergency. This cemetery also serves as the final resting place for several Gurkha veterans of the Second World War, honouring their defence of Malaya during the conflict. Independence and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation Following the independence of the Federation of Malaya in August 1957, several strategic military bases, including the Kluang Garrison, remained under the administration of Commonwealth forces. This presence was maintained to assist in the defence of the newly independent nation while the Malayan military capabilities were being developed. During the early 1960s, British military bases located within Kuala Lumpur were transferred to the Malayan Armed Forces. Consequently, Commonwealth units stationed in the capital were relocated to other camps, including Kluang. During this period, the garrison received No. 656 Squadron of the Army Air Corps (AAC), which operated from the airfield. The formation of Malaysia in 1963 precipitated a military conflict with Indonesia known as the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The state of Johor became a significant theatre of operations and was subjected to incursions by Indonesian paratroopers. Commonwealth units stationed at the Kluang Garrison were dispatched to intercept and neutralise these airborne forces. By 1966, as hostilities during the confrontation began to subside, Commonwealth forces initiated plans to transfer the control of Kluang Garrison to the Malaysian government. Handover to Malaysia and the communist insurgency in Malaysia In 1970, the British formally transferred control of the Kluang Garrison to the Malaysian government. The facility was subsequently partitioned and administered by two branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF): Malaysian Army: Took control of the land-based army facilities, including the Balaclava Lines and Camp Quetta. These were officially renamed Camp Mahkota and Camp Batu Lima, respectively. Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF): Assumed control of the airfield facilities, which were renamed RMAF Kluang Air Base. The escalation of the Communist insurgency in Malaysia (which began in 1968) necessitated continuous readiness among Malaysian security forces, both military and police. Following the handover, the garrison received more military units, and new facilities were constructed. The larger Kluang Garrison area was later further subdivided, with sections being handed over to other government departments. This transition, which included the transfer of older British Royal Engineers buildings, resulted in the present-day Camp Mahkota being smaller than the original Garrison. The British Military Hospital, Kluang, was transferred to the Ministry of Health and converted into a public hospital. This site today functions as a public health clinic known as Hospital Kluang Lama (Old Kluang Hospital), following the construction of a newer hospital approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Camp Mahkota. In July 1994, the RMAF Kluang Air Base was transferred from the administration of the RMAF to the Malaysian Army. Despite the change in command, RMAF personnel continued to operate on site, serving as pilots, crew, and instructors. The RMAF fully departed Kluang in 2015, and the air squadrons operating from the base became entirely staffed by personnel from the Malaysian Army. Tenant units Camp Mahkota serves as the garrison for a diverse range of military units, including the following major formations: Current 7th Infantry Brigade Headquarters (Malay: Markas Briged Infantri ke-7) Malaysian Army Aviation Headquarters (Malay: Markas Pasukan Udara Tentera Darat) 8th Field Engineering Squadron RAE (Malay: Skuadron ke-8 RAJD) 22nd Field Engineering Squadron (Territorial Army) RAE (Malay: Skuadron ke-22 (AW) RAJD) 2nd Artillery Regiment RA (Malay: Rejimen ke-2 Artileri Diraja) 33rd Artillery Regiment RA (Malay: Rejimen ke-33 Artileri Diraja) 61st Artillery Surveillance Regiment RA (Malay: Rejimen ke-61 Artileri Diraja) 881st Army Aviation Regiment (formerly No. 881 Squadron AAC) (Malay: Rejimen ke-881 PUTD) 2nd Medical Battalion, Royal Medicals (Malay: Batalion ke-2 Perubatan) 612th Artillery Surveillance Battery RA (Malay: Bateri ke-612 Pengesan) Army Field Engineering Institute (Malay: Institut Kejuruteraan Medan Tentera Darat) 809th Military Clinic, Royal Medicals (Malay: 809 Rumah Sakit Angkatan Tentera) Past 3rd Air Army (1942–1945) 1st Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment (1 Punjab) (1945–1946) 5th Infantry Brigade (1946–1970) 2nd Infantry Division (1947–1970) 63rd Gurkha Infantry Brigade (1950–1970) 848 Naval Air Squadron (1950–1963) 1st Battalion, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles (1/7 Gurkha Rifles) (1950s–1970) 68 (Gurkha) Independent Field Squadron RE (1950s–1970) (present-day the 68 (Gurkha) Field Squadron) 70 (Gurkha) Field Squadron RE (1950s–1970) (present-day the 70 (Gurkha) Parachute Squadron) 75 (Malaya) Field Squadron RE (1950s–1970) 78 (Malaya) Field Squadron (Park) RE (1950s–1970) Far East Land Forces (FARELF) Engineer Training Centre (1950s–1970) No. 656 Squadron AAC (1963–1970) No. 10 Squadron RMAF (1970–2000s) No. 2 Flight Training School RMAF (1978–1994) Future plans The Ministry of Defence initiated the construction of a new military polyclinic within Camp Mahkota in 2023. Construction is currently scheduled for completion as early as mid-December 2025. This polyclinic is designed to include a capacity of 25 beds, a haemodialysis centre, a surgeon's hall, and other ancillary medical facilities. The Malaysian government has initiated the construction of a new army camp within the Kluang district, approximately 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) northeast of Camp Mahkota. Upon completion, the 8th Field Engineering Squadron RAE and the 33rd Artillery Regiment RA are scheduled to be relocated from Camp Mahkota to the new facility. This new camp is planned to be named Camp Paloh and will be integrated into the wider Kluang Garrison installation. Additionally, the Ministry of Defence has commenced construction of new facilities within Camp Mahkota itself. These facilities are intended to serve as the main training centre for the National Service Training Programme (Program Latihan Khidmat Negara or PLKN) in the Southern West Malaysia Zone.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T09:33:54Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Mahkota	{"title": "Camp Mahkota", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T09:33:54Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:02Z"}
Roberto Cantalupo Roberto Cantalupo (17 January 1891 – 13 November 1975) was an Italian politician, diplomat and essayist. He was a leading figure during the Fascist era and later in the post-war Republic, he served as undersecretary of State at the Ministry of the Colonies between 1924 and 1926, ambassador to Egypt, Brazil and Spain of Franco, and later as a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies for four legislatures. Biography Cantalupo graduated in law and in 1922 became editor-in-chief of the newspaper of the Italian Nationalist Association, L’Idea Nazionale. Under fascism He joined the National Fascist Party in 1923, and in the 1924 elections he was elected to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy on the Fascist list (Lista Nazionale). He was confirmed again in the 1929 Italian general election and kept his seat until 1934. From July 1924 to November 1926 he served as Undersecretary at the Ministry of the Colonies. In 1927 he founded Oltremare, a periodical he directed himself. Entering the diplomatic career, he became plenipotentiary minister in Egypt in 1930, and in 1932 he was appointed Italian ambassador to Brazil. After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, he was sent to Spain, and in early 1937 he was appointed ambassador to Francoist Spain, although Mussolini initially considered Roberto Farinacci for the post. Franco and Roberto Cantalupo in Salamanca, 1937 Cantalupo had a low opinion of Franco, whom he considered “glacial, feminine and elusive”. He was removed from the position shortly after the Battle of Guadalajara in April 1937, and left the diplomatic service in July of the same year. According to historian Stanley Payne, Cantalupo was not a radical fascist. He was recalled when he denied the Francoist insurgents' short-term prospects of victory in the Spanish Civil War. Payne judges that Cantalupo, as a fascist in the sense of the nationalist program of Italian fascism, saw himself as modern and progressive and therefore looked down with disdain on the "reactionary" and "clerical" Francoists, the Falange, Franco himself, and the Ejército Nacional commanded by him. In 1941 he was appointed commissioner of the Italian Overseas Labour Credit Institute. Post-war period After the war, Cantalupo published several memoirs and collaborated with the weekly magazine Candido. Returning to politics, he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies for four consecutive legislatures, for the National Monarchist Party (1953–1961), and later for the Italian Liberal Party (1961–1972) Works Fatti europei e politica italiana, 1922-1924, Imperia, 1924 L'Italia musulmana, Casa Editrice Italia d'Oltremare, 1929 Racconti politici dell'altra pace, Istituto per gli Studi di Politica internazionale, 1940 Fuad: primo re d'Egitto, Garzanti, 1940 Gli americani in Africa e l'interesse degli europei, Le Monnier, 1943 Fu la Spagna: ambasciata presso Franco, febbraio-aprile 1937, A. Mondadori, 1948 Liberali, cattolici, socialisti, E. Roberto Cantalupo, 1964 La "belle époque" diplomatica italiana, Editrice Can, 1965 Liberale a destra, a destra da liberale, G. Volpe editore, 1975.	Roberto Cantalupo Roberto Cantalupo (17 January 1891 – 13 November 1975) was an Italian politician, diplomat and essayist. He was a leading figure during the Fascist era and later in the post-war Republic, he served as undersecretary of State at the Ministry of the Colonies between 1924 and 1926, ambassador to Egypt, Brazil and Spain of Franco, and later as a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies for four legislatures. Biography Cantalupo graduated in law and in 1922 became editor-in-chief of the newspaper of the Italian Nationalist Association, L’Idea Nazionale. Under fascism He joined the National Fascist Party in 1923, and in the 1924 elections he was elected to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy on the Fascist list (Lista Nazionale). He was confirmed again in the 1929 Italian general election and kept his seat until 1934. From July 1924 to November 1926 he served as Undersecretary at the Ministry of the Colonies. In 1927 he founded Oltremare, a periodical he directed himself. Entering the diplomatic career, he became plenipotentiary minister in Egypt in 1930, and in 1932 he was appointed Italian ambassador to Brazil. After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, he was sent to Spain, and in early 1937 he was appointed ambassador to Francoist Spain, although Mussolini initially considered Roberto Farinacci for the post. Franco and Roberto Cantalupo in Salamanca, 1937 Cantalupo had a low opinion of Franco, whom he considered “glacial, feminine and elusive”. He was removed from the position shortly after the Battle of Guadalajara in April 1937, and left the diplomatic service in July of the same year. According to historian Stanley Payne, Cantalupo was not a radical fascist. He was recalled when he denied the Francoist insurgents' short-term prospects of victory in the Spanish Civil War. Payne judges that Cantalupo, as a fascist in the sense of the nationalist program of Italian fascism, saw himself as modern and progressive and therefore looked down with disdain on the "reactionary" and "clerical" Francoists, the Falange, Franco himself, and the Ejército Nacional commanded by him. In 1941 he was appointed commissioner of the Italian Overseas Labour Credit Institute. Post-war period After the war, Cantalupo published several memoirs and collaborated with the weekly magazine Candido. Returning to politics, he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies for four consecutive legislatures, for the National Monarchist Party (1953–1961), and later for the Italian Liberal Party (1961–1972) Works Fatti europei e politica italiana, 1922-1924, Imperia, 1924 L'Italia musulmana, Casa Editrice Italia d'Oltremare, 1929 Racconti politici dell'altra pace, Istituto per gli Studi di Politica internazionale, 1940 Fuad: primo re d'Egitto, Garzanti, 1940 Gli americani in Africa e l'interesse degli europei, Le Monnier, 1943 Fu la Spagna: ambasciata presso Franco, febbraio-aprile 1937, A. Mondadori, 1948 Liberali, cattolici, socialisti, E. Roberto Cantalupo, 1964 La "belle époque" diplomatica italiana, Editrice Can, 1965 Liberale a destra, a destra da liberale, G. Volpe editore, 1975.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T09:29:34Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cantalupo	{"title": "Roberto Cantalupo", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T09:29:34Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:03Z"}
Oklahoma Film Exchange Independent movie theater in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma‹ The template Infobox venue is being considered for merging. › The Oklahoma Film Exchange (OFX) is a movie theater and microcinema located in the Film Row neighborhood of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on the corner of W Sheridan Avenue and N Lee Avenue. The cinema operates out of the Paramount Building, a former affiliate of Paramount Pictures, and utilizes the last remaining film exchange screening room in the United States. History The screening room was built as a film exchange in 1919 by the Oklahoma Specialty Film Company to service local theater operators. The building was soon acquired by the Paramount Film Distributing Corporation who renamed it the Paramount Building. In the early 2000s, the screening room opened as a one-room movie theater called the Paramount Reel Art Cinema. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the cinema closed in March of 2020. On June 18, 2021, the cinema reopened as a secondary location of nearby Rodeo Cinemas and was dubbed Rodeo Cinema on Film Row. Rodeo Cinemas closed the location in the summer of 2025. Faced with imminent closure and decommission, an Indiegogo campaign titled SAVE FILM ROW: America's Last Screening Room was launched by OFX in August of 2025. The campaign sought $100,000 to fund the acquisition and preservation of the screening room. Despite only raising $15,000, accumulated cash donations allowed OFX to purchase the lease and establish the Film Exchange. The cinema opened as the Oklahoma Film Exchange on September 11, 2025. Operation OFX offers a wide array of daily event repertory screenings including arthouse films, genre movies, B-movies, animation, and experimental cinema. Their programming upholds stated values of promoting media literacy, queer advocacy, Indigenous advocacy, and support of local art. The cinema is single-screen and seats 50 people. Film and live event admission is pay what you can.	Oklahoma Film Exchange Independent movie theater in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma‹ The template Infobox venue is being considered for merging. › The Oklahoma Film Exchange (OFX) is a movie theater and microcinema located in the Film Row neighborhood of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on the corner of W Sheridan Avenue and N Lee Avenue. The cinema operates out of the Paramount Building, a former affiliate of Paramount Pictures, and utilizes the last remaining film exchange screening room in the United States. History The screening room was built as a film exchange in 1919 by the Oklahoma Specialty Film Company to service local theater operators. The building was soon acquired by the Paramount Film Distributing Corporation who renamed it the Paramount Building. In the early 2000s, the screening room opened as a one-room movie theater called the Paramount Reel Art Cinema. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the cinema closed in March of 2020. On June 18, 2021, the cinema reopened as a secondary location of nearby Rodeo Cinemas and was dubbed Rodeo Cinema on Film Row. Rodeo Cinemas closed the location in the summer of 2025. Faced with imminent closure and decommission, an Indiegogo campaign titled SAVE FILM ROW: America's Last Screening Room was launched by OFX in August of 2025. The campaign sought $100,000 to fund the acquisition and preservation of the screening room. Despite only raising $15,000, accumulated cash donations allowed OFX to purchase the lease and establish the Film Exchange. The cinema opened as the Oklahoma Film Exchange on September 11, 2025. Operation OFX offers a wide array of daily event repertory screenings including arthouse films, genre movies, B-movies, animation, and experimental cinema. Their programming upholds stated values of promoting media literacy, queer advocacy, Indigenous advocacy, and support of local art. The cinema is single-screen and seats 50 people. Film and live event admission is pay what you can.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:48:50Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Film_Exchange	{"title": "Oklahoma Film Exchange", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:48:50Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:05Z"}
List of military ranks of imperial Iran Military ranks in imperial Iran Reza Shah with the commanders of the Imperial Iranian Army. This list includes all military ranks of Iran from the beginning of the Achaemenid Empire to the end of Pahlavi Iran. Military ranks in ancient Iran The Achaemenid Empire army (spāda) was organized on a decimal system, which was highly superior to its Greek rivals and had not been used in any Asian army until the Mongol era. Commander-in-Chief of the army: (kārana), «کارَنَ», tentative term; the general with full national authority «بَیوَرَپَتی» (baivarapati): Commander of a ten-thousand-strong army «هَزارَپَتی» (hazārapati): Commander of a thousand-strong regiment «ثَتَپَتی» (θatapati): Commander of a hundred-strong battalion «دَثَپَتی» (daθapati): Commander of a ten-strong squad The Ancient Persia army was divided into controllable units under a single commander. These units were based on a Decimal system. For example, in the Achaemenid Empire army, the smallest unit consisted of 10 soldiers, called a Group (daθa "ten"), commanded by a Sergeant (daθapati "daθapati"). Next was a 100-soldier unit called a Company (military unit) (θata "hundred") led by a Captain (armed forces) (θatapati "θatapati"). A 1,000-strong unit was called a Regiment (hazāra) led by a Colonel (hazārapati "hazārapati"), and a 10,000-strong unit was a Division (military) (baivara) led by a major general (baivarapati "baivarapati"). The entire Achaemenid armed forces formed a Corps (spāda-), commanded by a lieutenant general (spādapati "spādapati"). During the Parthian Empire, the armed forces were called spāδ («سپاذ»), and the Commander-in-Chief was spāδbad («سپاذبد»). In the Parthian army, a company was called wast («وَست»), a regiment was drafš («درفش»), and a division was gund («گُند»). Their commanders were wast-sālār («وست‌سالار»), drafš-sālār (درفش‌سالار), and gund-sālār (گندسالار), respectively. During the Sasanian Empire, the Corps (spāh) was also organized based on the Decimal system, and the commander was referred to as Lieutenant general (spāhbed). A Squad was called "radag" (radag) and a Company was called "tahm" (tahm), with its commander being called Lieutenant (tahmdār). Five-hundred-strong Battalion (wašt) units were led by a Washt Salaar (wašt-sālār). A 1,000-strong Derafsh (drafš) was led by a DerafshSalaar (drafš-sālār), and a 5,000-strong Division called Gond (gund) and was led by a GondSalaar (gund-sālār). Military ranks in the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and early Qajar periods An old painting of the king's visit in the National Garden, Tehran, Iran. An old painting belonged to 1819 CE which shows "Iranian Army" at the time. A painting which depicts an Iranian ancient armed commander on horseback. The names of these ranks are primarily derived from the Azerbaijani language, and there was not much change in them until the Qajar period. These ranks were often defined based on the number of subordinates under each commander. "Khan": Commander of eight to ten thousand soldiers"Sultan": Initially, he was a rank higher than "MeenBaashi" and lower than "Khan", but later he was demoted to the command of one hundred men (YoozBaashi) and was eventually called "SarWaan" (equivalent with the Captain)."EekeeominBaashi" or "DovvominBaashi": Commander of two thousand soldiers"MeenBaashi": Commander of a thousand soldiers"BashYoozBaashi" or "PaansadBaashi": Commander of five hundred soldiers"YoozBaashi" (Centurion): Commander of one hundred soldiers"AalliBaashi" or "PanjaahBaashi": Commander of fifty soldiers"OonBaashi" or "DahBaashi": Commander of ten soldiers Military ranks of Iran during the Qajar era Military ranks of Iran during the Pahlavi monarchy were as follows: After the reforms initiated by Brigadier General Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane in the Iranian military, transformations in this area also took place. It is important to note that at that time, ranks or degrees of swordsmen were mentioned, each having three levels. "Noyan" or "Amir Noyan": This rank was also referred to as commander-in-chief or general. The first-level Noyan was called "Noyan-e A'zam." If considered a rank above "Amir Toman", it would be equivalent to Lieutenant general in modern armies; however, in ancient writings, Noyan was considered the commander of a hundred thousand men, making it equivalent to "ArteshBod" (Colonel general). Although the entire Iranian army on that time, did not have this many soldiers, it rendered the "Amir Noyan" as a ceremonial rank. A painting of "Ali Qapu Palace", Isfahan, Iran. A military exercise in presence of the king of the time. "Amir Toman": The term "Toman" in Mongolian language means ten thousand, and the "Amir Toman" was regarded as the commander of ten thousand men. Painting of Fath Ali Shah Qajar's victory over the Russians at Yerevan. "SarTeep" "SarHang" "Yaavar" "Sultan" "Nayeb" "BeigZadeh" Shah Ismaeel Safavi, when he defeats his enemy. Following these, the following ranks	List of military ranks of imperial Iran Military ranks in imperial Iran Reza Shah with the commanders of the Imperial Iranian Army. This list includes all military ranks of Iran from the beginning of the Achaemenid Empire to the end of Pahlavi Iran. Military ranks in ancient Iran The Achaemenid Empire army (spāda) was organized on a decimal system, which was highly superior to its Greek rivals and had not been used in any Asian army until the Mongol era. Commander-in-Chief of the army: (kārana), «کارَنَ», tentative term; the general with full national authority «بَیوَرَپَتی» (baivarapati): Commander of a ten-thousand-strong army «هَزارَپَتی» (hazārapati): Commander of a thousand-strong regiment «ثَتَپَتی» (θatapati): Commander of a hundred-strong battalion «دَثَپَتی» (daθapati): Commander of a ten-strong squad The Ancient Persia army was divided into controllable units under a single commander. These units were based on a Decimal system. For example, in the Achaemenid Empire army, the smallest unit consisted of 10 soldiers, called a Group (daθa "ten"), commanded by a Sergeant (daθapati "daθapati"). Next was a 100-soldier unit called a Company (military unit) (θata "hundred") led by a Captain (armed forces) (θatapati "θatapati"). A 1,000-strong unit was called a Regiment (hazāra) led by a Colonel (hazārapati "hazārapati"), and a 10,000-strong unit was a Division (military) (baivara) led by a major general (baivarapati "baivarapati"). The entire Achaemenid armed forces formed a Corps (spāda-), commanded by a lieutenant general (spādapati "spādapati"). During the Parthian Empire, the armed forces were called spāδ («سپاذ»), and the Commander-in-Chief was spāδbad («سپاذبد»). In the Parthian army, a company was called wast («وَست»), a regiment was drafš («درفش»), and a division was gund («گُند»). Their commanders were wast-sālār («وست‌سالار»), drafš-sālār (درفش‌سالار), and gund-sālār (گندسالار), respectively. During the Sasanian Empire, the Corps (spāh) was also organized based on the Decimal system, and the commander was referred to as Lieutenant general (spāhbed). A Squad was called "radag" (radag) and a Company was called "tahm" (tahm), with its commander being called Lieutenant (tahmdār). Five-hundred-strong Battalion (wašt) units were led by a Washt Salaar (wašt-sālār). A 1,000-strong Derafsh (drafš) was led by a DerafshSalaar (drafš-sālār), and a 5,000-strong Division called Gond (gund) and was led by a GondSalaar (gund-sālār). Military ranks in the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and early Qajar periods An old painting of the king's visit in the National Garden, Tehran, Iran. An old painting belonged to 1819 CE which shows "Iranian Army" at the time. A painting which depicts an Iranian ancient armed commander on horseback. The names of these ranks are primarily derived from the Azerbaijani language, and there was not much change in them until the Qajar period. These ranks were often defined based on the number of subordinates under each commander. "Khan": Commander of eight to ten thousand soldiers"Sultan": Initially, he was a rank higher than "MeenBaashi" and lower than "Khan", but later he was demoted to the command of one hundred men (YoozBaashi) and was eventually called "SarWaan" (equivalent with the Captain)."EekeeominBaashi" or "DovvominBaashi": Commander of two thousand soldiers"MeenBaashi": Commander of a thousand soldiers"BashYoozBaashi" or "PaansadBaashi": Commander of five hundred soldiers"YoozBaashi" (Centurion): Commander of one hundred soldiers"AalliBaashi" or "PanjaahBaashi": Commander of fifty soldiers"OonBaashi" or "DahBaashi": Commander of ten soldiers Military ranks of Iran during the Qajar era Military ranks of Iran during the Pahlavi monarchy were as follows: After the reforms initiated by Brigadier General Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane in the Iranian military, transformations in this area also took place. It is important to note that at that time, ranks or degrees of swordsmen were mentioned, each having three levels. "Noyan" or "Amir Noyan": This rank was also referred to as commander-in-chief or general. The first-level Noyan was called "Noyan-e A'zam." If considered a rank above "Amir Toman", it would be equivalent to Lieutenant general in modern armies; however, in ancient writings, Noyan was considered the commander of a hundred thousand men, making it equivalent to "ArteshBod" (Colonel general). Although the entire Iranian army on that time, did not have this many soldiers, it rendered the "Amir Noyan" as a ceremonial rank. A painting of "Ali Qapu Palace", Isfahan, Iran. A military exercise in presence of the king of the time. "Amir Toman": The term "Toman" in Mongolian language means ten thousand, and the "Amir Toman" was regarded as the commander of ten thousand men. Painting of Fath Ali Shah Qajar's victory over the Russians at Yerevan. "SarTeep" "SarHang" "Yaavar" "Sultan" "Nayeb" "BeigZadeh" Shah Ismaeel Safavi, when he defeats his enemy. Following these, the following ranks are listed that do not include three levels: "VakilBaashi" "Vakil" "SarJooqeh" Below these ranks is "Taabeen," which has two levels: "Taabeen I" "Taabeen II" During the tenure of Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, a rank called "Amir Panjeh" or "MeerPanj", lower than "Amir Toman" and higher than "SarTeep", was introduced with three levels. Later, it was abolished, and "MeerPanj" became equivalent to "First-class SarTeep". In the late Qajar era, further modifications were made to the ranks. Ranks in the "State Gendarmerie of Iran" (called "Amniyeh") were largely taken from French language, e.g., "General," "Colonel," "Major," "Captain," "Lieutenant," "Aspirant," "Gendarme," etc. The ranks of the police force The ranks of the police force (called Shahrbani or Nazmiyeh) from 1936 to around 1946, during the Pahlavi dynasty, were as follows: "Tehran Police Force Fortress" (called "Shahrbani" or "Nazmiyeh") in the 1940s. "Iranian Police Force" symbol during the monarchy.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:37:35Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_ranks_of_imperial_Iran	{"title": "List of military ranks of imperial Iran", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:37:35Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:06Z"}
James Jantjies Moiloa South African Sesotho-language writer and dramatist James Jantjies Moiloa (born 16 June 1916) was a South African dramatist, poet, novelist, linguist, and educator, notable for his contributions to Sesotho literature and theater. Most of his artifacts are kept at Sesotho literature Meseum. Early life and education J.J Moiloa's chair next to the table he used to write on. Now part of the collection of the Sesotho Literary Museum, Dingolweng, Bloemfontein 2025. James Jantjies Moiloa was born on 16 June 1916 in Wepener District, Free State. He began his primary education in 1924 at Jammerdrift Primary School and later passed “Standard Four.” Despite working as a kitchen boy, he continued his studies and in 1938 passed the Junior Certificate at Bloemfontein High School. In 1940, he completed a teacher-training course at the Moroka Missionary Institute in Thaba N'chu. From 1941 to 1951, he taught in Brandfort. In 1958, he obtained a BA degree from the University of South Africa (UNISA). Career The typewriter beloning to J.J Moiloa, now a collection of Sesotho Literary Museum. 2025 Moiloa did his teachers training at Moroka In 1966, Moiloa was appointed as principal of Lereko Secondary School in Bloemfontein. In 1970, he became the first African to be appointed as a Sesotho-language lecturer at the then University of the Orange Free State. Literary and artistic work J. J. Moiloa is regarded as a pioneering figure in Southern Sotho literature and drama. Through his writings and plays, Moiloa helped shape and formalize Southern Sotho literary and theatrical expression, offering narratives rooted in the culture and language of the Sesotho-speaking community. One of his first books was published in 1969. James Jantjies Moiloa's artefacts and books at the Sesotho Literary Museum collection , Bloemfontein. Plays Jaa, o siele motswalle (1966) – "Yes — she has forsaken/abandoned a friend" Tjhe’– Dia bua! (1977) – "Gosh! They Talk!" Modimo wa Badimo (1977) – "The Voice of the Gods" Mosadi a ntlholla (1981) – "The woman surprised/disgusted me" Tjhee! di a bua! ...: ho llang? (1986) Books / prose / poetry Sediba sa Meqoqo (1962) Dipale le Metlae (1963) Mohahlaula Dithota (1965) Tsietsi e latella Tshotehjo Monna Mosotho (1984) Significance and legacy As an educator and writer, Moiloa contributed significantly to Sesotho language scholarship and literature, helping build a corpus of written and dramatic work in a language and cultural context that was historically marginalized. His appointment during apartheid in 1970 as the first African Sesotho lecturer at the University of the Orange Free State marked an important milestone in higher-education representation and validation of indigenous languages in South Africa. His dramatic works remain influential in South African theatre and academic settings: his plays are studied for structure, language, cultural themes, and character development. He was founder and member of several organizations, like the Language and Culture in the homeland of Qwaqwa and the African Library Association of Southern Africa." Dr JJ Moiloa Floating Trophy for Best Sesotho Poetry Book of the Year is named in his honor. Between 2005 and 2007 Moiloa was honoured with the South African Literary Awards for his work. J.J Moiloas corner at Dingolweng, Sesotho Literary Museum Moiloa's work and collection of artifacts is housed at the Sesotho Literary Museum, Dingolweng, in Bloemfontein. Personal life Moiloa was married to Anna Mmadijelwang, and the couple had two sons and four daughters.	James Jantjies Moiloa South African Sesotho-language writer and dramatist James Jantjies Moiloa (born 16 June 1916) was a South African dramatist, poet, novelist, linguist, and educator, notable for his contributions to Sesotho literature and theater. Most of his artifacts are kept at Sesotho literature Meseum. Early life and education J.J Moiloa's chair next to the table he used to write on. Now part of the collection of the Sesotho Literary Museum, Dingolweng, Bloemfontein 2025. James Jantjies Moiloa was born on 16 June 1916 in Wepener District, Free State. He began his primary education in 1924 at Jammerdrift Primary School and later passed “Standard Four.” Despite working as a kitchen boy, he continued his studies and in 1938 passed the Junior Certificate at Bloemfontein High School. In 1940, he completed a teacher-training course at the Moroka Missionary Institute in Thaba N'chu. From 1941 to 1951, he taught in Brandfort. In 1958, he obtained a BA degree from the University of South Africa (UNISA). Career The typewriter beloning to J.J Moiloa, now a collection of Sesotho Literary Museum. 2025 Moiloa did his teachers training at Moroka In 1966, Moiloa was appointed as principal of Lereko Secondary School in Bloemfontein. In 1970, he became the first African to be appointed as a Sesotho-language lecturer at the then University of the Orange Free State. Literary and artistic work J. J. Moiloa is regarded as a pioneering figure in Southern Sotho literature and drama. Through his writings and plays, Moiloa helped shape and formalize Southern Sotho literary and theatrical expression, offering narratives rooted in the culture and language of the Sesotho-speaking community. One of his first books was published in 1969. James Jantjies Moiloa's artefacts and books at the Sesotho Literary Museum collection , Bloemfontein. Plays Jaa, o siele motswalle (1966) – "Yes — she has forsaken/abandoned a friend" Tjhe’– Dia bua! (1977) – "Gosh! They Talk!" Modimo wa Badimo (1977) – "The Voice of the Gods" Mosadi a ntlholla (1981) – "The woman surprised/disgusted me" Tjhee! di a bua! ...: ho llang? (1986) Books / prose / poetry Sediba sa Meqoqo (1962) Dipale le Metlae (1963) Mohahlaula Dithota (1965) Tsietsi e latella Tshotehjo Monna Mosotho (1984) Significance and legacy As an educator and writer, Moiloa contributed significantly to Sesotho language scholarship and literature, helping build a corpus of written and dramatic work in a language and cultural context that was historically marginalized. His appointment during apartheid in 1970 as the first African Sesotho lecturer at the University of the Orange Free State marked an important milestone in higher-education representation and validation of indigenous languages in South Africa. His dramatic works remain influential in South African theatre and academic settings: his plays are studied for structure, language, cultural themes, and character development. He was founder and member of several organizations, like the Language and Culture in the homeland of Qwaqwa and the African Library Association of Southern Africa." Dr JJ Moiloa Floating Trophy for Best Sesotho Poetry Book of the Year is named in his honor. Between 2005 and 2007 Moiloa was honoured with the South African Literary Awards for his work. J.J Moiloas corner at Dingolweng, Sesotho Literary Museum Moiloa's work and collection of artifacts is housed at the Sesotho Literary Museum, Dingolweng, in Bloemfontein. Personal life Moiloa was married to Anna Mmadijelwang, and the couple had two sons and four daughters.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:36:40Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jantjies_Moiloa	{"title": "James Jantjies Moiloa", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:36:40Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:06Z"}
Marine Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar Marine Archaeological Museum in Poompuhar, Mayiladuthurai district Maritime Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar, is a maritime archaeological site museum located at Poompuhar (erstwhile Kaverippumpattinam or Puhar) in the Mayiladuthurai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu on the southern side of Coromandel Coast. Location Poompuhar is a town located at the mouth of the Cauvery River in Tamil Nadu, India. It served as a major port city during the Chola period. The town is situated approximately 24 km (15 mi) from the district headquarters, Mayiladuthurai, 21 km (13 mi) from Sirkazhi, 24 km (15 mi) from Tharangambadi, and 279 km (173 mi) from the state capital, Chennai. The nearest railway station is Mayiladuthurai Junction, and the nearest airport is Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ, ICAO: VOTR). The State Archaeological Museum is located near Poompuhar Beach. Displayed objects Poompuhar is extensively mentioned in Sangam literature(circa 300 BCE to 300 CE), a collection of Tamil poetic works. Texts like Silappathikaram and Manimekalai provide vivid descriptions of the city's grandeur, its bustling markets, and its cultural life. The ancient city believed to have been partially submerged in the sea. In 1981, the Archaeological Survey of India conducted preliminary underwater explorations in the area. An Underwater Archaeological Site Museum was inaugurated in 1997 in Poompuhar to display artifacts recovered during these explorations. It is the only museum of its kind in India dedicated to underwater archaeology. Artifacts have been recovered from both offshore and onshore explorations and excavations in the Poompuhar region. These include Roman rouletted pottery, terracotta figurines such as Buddha heads and Buddhapadam (Buddha footprint in English), large bricks, beads, Roman and Chinese pottery, stamped pottery from Alagankulam, wooden artifacts, ring wells, megalithic objects, Chinese jars, British-era cooling jars, silambu (anklet in english), lead ingots, Buddha statues, stone sculptures of Ayyanar, and ship models. Visiting hours Buddisht Monastery ruins Visitors are allowed to this museum from 10.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m Firday holiday. Future Archaeological Work On 15 March 2025, the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology has announced plans for a series of deep-sea archaeological excavations off the coast of Poompuhar. These excavations aim to uncover submerged structures and artifacts, shedding light on the city’s maritime trade and cultural significance during the early Chola period. Pallavaneswaram excavations Previous explorations, conducted in collaboration with the National Institute of Oceanography in the 1980s and 1990s, revealed man-made structures, brick formations, and artifacts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE. Discoveries included shipwrecks, laterite stone structures, black-and-red ware ceramics, and remnants of Dutch and British ships. Scholars expect that the upcoming excavations will provide further insights into Poompuhar’s seafaring heritage, as documented in Sangam literature and accounts of foreign travelers.	Marine Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar Marine Archaeological Museum in Poompuhar, Mayiladuthurai district Maritime Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar, is a maritime archaeological site museum located at Poompuhar (erstwhile Kaverippumpattinam or Puhar) in the Mayiladuthurai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu on the southern side of Coromandel Coast. Location Poompuhar is a town located at the mouth of the Cauvery River in Tamil Nadu, India. It served as a major port city during the Chola period. The town is situated approximately 24 km (15 mi) from the district headquarters, Mayiladuthurai, 21 km (13 mi) from Sirkazhi, 24 km (15 mi) from Tharangambadi, and 279 km (173 mi) from the state capital, Chennai. The nearest railway station is Mayiladuthurai Junction, and the nearest airport is Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ, ICAO: VOTR). The State Archaeological Museum is located near Poompuhar Beach. Displayed objects Poompuhar is extensively mentioned in Sangam literature(circa 300 BCE to 300 CE), a collection of Tamil poetic works. Texts like Silappathikaram and Manimekalai provide vivid descriptions of the city's grandeur, its bustling markets, and its cultural life. The ancient city believed to have been partially submerged in the sea. In 1981, the Archaeological Survey of India conducted preliminary underwater explorations in the area. An Underwater Archaeological Site Museum was inaugurated in 1997 in Poompuhar to display artifacts recovered during these explorations. It is the only museum of its kind in India dedicated to underwater archaeology. Artifacts have been recovered from both offshore and onshore explorations and excavations in the Poompuhar region. These include Roman rouletted pottery, terracotta figurines such as Buddha heads and Buddhapadam (Buddha footprint in English), large bricks, beads, Roman and Chinese pottery, stamped pottery from Alagankulam, wooden artifacts, ring wells, megalithic objects, Chinese jars, British-era cooling jars, silambu (anklet in english), lead ingots, Buddha statues, stone sculptures of Ayyanar, and ship models. Visiting hours Buddisht Monastery ruins Visitors are allowed to this museum from 10.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m Firday holiday. Future Archaeological Work On 15 March 2025, the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology has announced plans for a series of deep-sea archaeological excavations off the coast of Poompuhar. These excavations aim to uncover submerged structures and artifacts, shedding light on the city’s maritime trade and cultural significance during the early Chola period. Pallavaneswaram excavations Previous explorations, conducted in collaboration with the National Institute of Oceanography in the 1980s and 1990s, revealed man-made structures, brick formations, and artifacts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE. Discoveries included shipwrecks, laterite stone structures, black-and-red ware ceramics, and remnants of Dutch and British ships. Scholars expect that the upcoming excavations will provide further insights into Poompuhar’s seafaring heritage, as documented in Sangam literature and accounts of foreign travelers.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:34:46Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Archaeological_Museum,_Poompuhar	{"title": "Marine Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:34:46Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:06Z"}
Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary in Meghalaya Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in the East Jaintia Hills district of the Indian state of Meghalaya. Notified in 2014, it protects a significant tract of semi-evergreen and evergreen forest in the Jaintia Hills and is important for several threatened species found in north-east India. Geography Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary covers approximately 59.90 km² and lies in the southern part of the Jaintia Hills landscape. The sanctuary contains hilly terrain with evergreen and semi-evergreen forest types and perennial streams that form important catchments for local rivers. The sanctuary boundary and the official eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) are described in the Government of India notification for the ESZ; the ESZ around Narpuh extends beyond the sanctuary and covers a broader area as per the notification. Biodiversity The sanctuary is noted for its floral diversity and for fauna typical of the north-eastern hill forests. Species reported from the sanctuary and surrounding landscape include primates such as the western hoolock gibbon, sambar, barking deer, and a rich bird assemblage including hornbills and other forest birds. Conservation and threats Regional media and local conservation commentary have reported threats such as illegal logging, shifting cultivation and pressure from nearby settlements. It was rated as "Good" in the Wildlife Institute of India's Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) 2020-25 report. See Also Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary	Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary in Meghalaya Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in the East Jaintia Hills district of the Indian state of Meghalaya. Notified in 2014, it protects a significant tract of semi-evergreen and evergreen forest in the Jaintia Hills and is important for several threatened species found in north-east India. Geography Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary covers approximately 59.90 km² and lies in the southern part of the Jaintia Hills landscape. The sanctuary contains hilly terrain with evergreen and semi-evergreen forest types and perennial streams that form important catchments for local rivers. The sanctuary boundary and the official eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) are described in the Government of India notification for the ESZ; the ESZ around Narpuh extends beyond the sanctuary and covers a broader area as per the notification. Biodiversity The sanctuary is noted for its floral diversity and for fauna typical of the north-eastern hill forests. Species reported from the sanctuary and surrounding landscape include primates such as the western hoolock gibbon, sambar, barking deer, and a rich bird assemblage including hornbills and other forest birds. Conservation and threats Regional media and local conservation commentary have reported threats such as illegal logging, shifting cultivation and pressure from nearby settlements. It was rated as "Good" in the Wildlife Institute of India's Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) 2020-25 report. See Also Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:31:10Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narpuh_Wildlife_Sanctuary	{"title": "Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:31:10Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:06Z"}
Refugees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Refugees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are people originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), a country with more than 114 million inhabitants, who seek refuge outside the borders of their native country. For decades, DR Congo has faced recurring conflict, political volatility and deep economic difficulties. Armed violence is widespread, particularly in the east, where more than 120 non-state groups operate and often inflame local tensions. Civilians are frequently trapped in these clashes. These conditions have displaced more than eight million people from their homes. As of September 2025, an estimated 8.2 million people had been internally displaced, but more than 1.2 million Congolese have sought refuge abroad, with almost half living in Uganda. As of December 2023, the country also hosts more than 500,000 refugees from neighbouring states, mainly from Rwanda, the Central African Republic, South Sudan and Burundi. Reasons for displacement Large-scale displacement in the DR Congo has its roots in the First (1996–1997) and Second Congo Wars (1998–2003), but contemporary refugee flows are primarily driven by ongoing violence in the Kivu and Ituri regions. Kivu conflict Further information: Kivu conflict The Kivu conflict is an umbrella term for a series of protracted armed confrontations in North Kivu and South Kivu in eastern DR Congo that have taken place since the end of the Second Congo War. It has broadly consisted of three phases: June 2004 – February 2009; April 2012 – November 2013; and January 2015 to the present. Each phase of the conflict included serious abuses and violence against civilians, but violence did not cease between these phases. The conflict also led to the destruction of many communities and caused severe damage to essential facilities such as schools, hospitals and clinics. Ituri conflict Further information: Ituri conflict The Ituri conflict is an ongoing low intensity asymmetrical conflict between the agriculturalist Lendu and pastoralist Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri region of the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. While the two groups had fought since as early as 1972, there was a period of intense violence between 1999 and 2003. Armed conflict continues to the present day. Since 2018, violence in Ituri has surged, with Lendu militias carrying out widespread attacks on Hema communities, involving killings, sexual violence and the destruction of villages. President Félix Tshisekedi condemned the renewed violence in 2019 as an attempted genocide, and in early 2020, the United Nations described the abuses as crimes against humanity. Internally displaced Congolese Main article: Internally displaced persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo As of February 2025, over 6.9 million people have been forced to leave their homes but remain displaced inside the country. Host countries Uganda	Refugees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Refugees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are people originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), a country with more than 114 million inhabitants, who seek refuge outside the borders of their native country. For decades, DR Congo has faced recurring conflict, political volatility and deep economic difficulties. Armed violence is widespread, particularly in the east, where more than 120 non-state groups operate and often inflame local tensions. Civilians are frequently trapped in these clashes. These conditions have displaced more than eight million people from their homes. As of September 2025, an estimated 8.2 million people had been internally displaced, but more than 1.2 million Congolese have sought refuge abroad, with almost half living in Uganda. As of December 2023, the country also hosts more than 500,000 refugees from neighbouring states, mainly from Rwanda, the Central African Republic, South Sudan and Burundi. Reasons for displacement Large-scale displacement in the DR Congo has its roots in the First (1996–1997) and Second Congo Wars (1998–2003), but contemporary refugee flows are primarily driven by ongoing violence in the Kivu and Ituri regions. Kivu conflict Further information: Kivu conflict The Kivu conflict is an umbrella term for a series of protracted armed confrontations in North Kivu and South Kivu in eastern DR Congo that have taken place since the end of the Second Congo War. It has broadly consisted of three phases: June 2004 – February 2009; April 2012 – November 2013; and January 2015 to the present. Each phase of the conflict included serious abuses and violence against civilians, but violence did not cease between these phases. The conflict also led to the destruction of many communities and caused severe damage to essential facilities such as schools, hospitals and clinics. Ituri conflict Further information: Ituri conflict The Ituri conflict is an ongoing low intensity asymmetrical conflict between the agriculturalist Lendu and pastoralist Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri region of the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. While the two groups had fought since as early as 1972, there was a period of intense violence between 1999 and 2003. Armed conflict continues to the present day. Since 2018, violence in Ituri has surged, with Lendu militias carrying out widespread attacks on Hema communities, involving killings, sexual violence and the destruction of villages. President Félix Tshisekedi condemned the renewed violence in 2019 as an attempted genocide, and in early 2020, the United Nations described the abuses as crimes against humanity. Internally displaced Congolese Main article: Internally displaced persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo As of February 2025, over 6.9 million people have been forced to leave their homes but remain displaced inside the country. Host countries Uganda	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:40:22Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo	{"title": "Refugees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:40:22Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:06Z"}
Society for the Neuroscience of Creativity Scientific society for research on the neuroscience of creativity Society for the Neuroscience of Creativity (SfNC) is an international scientific society devoted to advancing research on the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying creativity. Established in 2015, the society promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among neuroscientists, psychologists, educators, artists, and practitioners working in fields related to creative cognition and creative practice. SfNC supports research dissemination through conferences, publications, and community initiatives, and is supported in part by the National Science Foundation. History SfNC was founded in 2015 by cognitive neuroscientists Adam Green, David Beversdorf, and Rex Jung. Since its founding, SfNC has expanded to include members from more than 30 countries. The society’s leadership has included several prominent scholars in creativity and neuroscience. Past presidents include David Beversdorf, Adam Green, and Evangelia Chrysikou. As of 2025, the president is Indre Viskontas, with Roger Beaty serving as president-elect. Activities SfNC organizes an annual conference that brings together researchers to present and discuss empirical work on the neuroscience of creativity. The meetings typically include keynote lectures, symposia, poster sessions, and opportunities for collaboration among scholars from diverse disciplines. The Society also sponsors special issues, symposia, and publications through its official journal, the Creativity Research Journal, which publishes peer-reviewed research on creativity, innovation, and related cognitive processes.	Society for the Neuroscience of Creativity Scientific society for research on the neuroscience of creativity Society for the Neuroscience of Creativity (SfNC) is an international scientific society devoted to advancing research on the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying creativity. Established in 2015, the society promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among neuroscientists, psychologists, educators, artists, and practitioners working in fields related to creative cognition and creative practice. SfNC supports research dissemination through conferences, publications, and community initiatives, and is supported in part by the National Science Foundation. History SfNC was founded in 2015 by cognitive neuroscientists Adam Green, David Beversdorf, and Rex Jung. Since its founding, SfNC has expanded to include members from more than 30 countries. The society’s leadership has included several prominent scholars in creativity and neuroscience. Past presidents include David Beversdorf, Adam Green, and Evangelia Chrysikou. As of 2025, the president is Indre Viskontas, with Roger Beaty serving as president-elect. Activities SfNC organizes an annual conference that brings together researchers to present and discuss empirical work on the neuroscience of creativity. The meetings typically include keynote lectures, symposia, poster sessions, and opportunities for collaboration among scholars from diverse disciplines. The Society also sponsors special issues, symposia, and publications through its official journal, the Creativity Research Journal, which publishes peer-reviewed research on creativity, innovation, and related cognitive processes.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:15:48Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Neuroscience_of_Creativity	{"title": "Society for the Neuroscience of Creativity", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:15:48Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:07Z"}
Lake Rana Lake in IndonesiaLake Rana is located in the middle of Buru Island, which is the headwaters of Waeapo River. Boats on Lake Rana during the Dutch colonial era. The native inhabitants of the Rana people southeast of Lake Rana during the Dutch colonial era. Lake Rana is a lake on Buru Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Located approximately 63 km inland from Buru Island and at an elevation of 700 m above sea level, Lake Rana is the largest lake in Maluku Province. Administratively, it is located in the districts of Air Buaya and Fena Leisela in Buru Regency. Access Lake Rana can be reached via two main routes. The first is the western route through Wamlana village in Air Buaya district. The village is located approximately 80 km from the center of Namlea and can be reached by car in 1.5 hours. The second route passes through Tifu village in Leksula district. The village is located south of Namlea and can only be reached by sea using a speedboat with a travel time of ± 5 hours. Lake Rana is approximately 43 km long and boasts beautiful natural scenery. It is home to a wide variety of plants. Near Lake Rana there is a protected forest area and several villages in the interior of Buru Island. These villages are inhabited by the Rana people, the indigenous people around the lake, besides that in the Waeapo River a there is the Wai Apu people. In these villages there is a dance called the sawat dance, which is danced as a sign of welcome for guests. Along the road to Lake Rana, will pass through many villages of the indigenous people of Buru Island, most of whom still adhere to animism.	Lake Rana Lake in IndonesiaLake Rana is located in the middle of Buru Island, which is the headwaters of Waeapo River. Boats on Lake Rana during the Dutch colonial era. The native inhabitants of the Rana people southeast of Lake Rana during the Dutch colonial era. Lake Rana is a lake on Buru Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Located approximately 63 km inland from Buru Island and at an elevation of 700 m above sea level, Lake Rana is the largest lake in Maluku Province. Administratively, it is located in the districts of Air Buaya and Fena Leisela in Buru Regency. Access Lake Rana can be reached via two main routes. The first is the western route through Wamlana village in Air Buaya district. The village is located approximately 80 km from the center of Namlea and can be reached by car in 1.5 hours. The second route passes through Tifu village in Leksula district. The village is located south of Namlea and can only be reached by sea using a speedboat with a travel time of ± 5 hours. Lake Rana is approximately 43 km long and boasts beautiful natural scenery. It is home to a wide variety of plants. Near Lake Rana there is a protected forest area and several villages in the interior of Buru Island. These villages are inhabited by the Rana people, the indigenous people around the lake, besides that in the Waeapo River a there is the Wai Apu people. In these villages there is a dance called the sawat dance, which is danced as a sign of welcome for guests. Along the road to Lake Rana, will pass through many villages of the indigenous people of Buru Island, most of whom still adhere to animism.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T08:20:22Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rana	{"title": "Lake Rana", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T08:20:22Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:07Z"}
Alexei Byalynitsky-Birulya Alexei Andreevich Byalynitsky-Birulya (24 October 1864 – 18 June 1937) was a Belarusian, Russian, and Soviet zoologist who studied the Arctic fauna and was a professor of zoogeography at the St. Petersburg University. He was also an artist who documented the landscapes on his travels. He was a victim of the Academic Trial which led to his being dismissed from his position as director of the zoological museum after which he was sent to a Siberian gulag to serve three years of hard labor. Life and work Expedition members aboard the Zarya. Top row, third from left: Alexander Kolchak. Second row: Kolomeitsev, Matisen, Toll, Walter, Seeberg and Byalynitsky-Birulya. Byalynitsky-Birulya was born on Babkovo Estate, Orsha district, Mogilev Province, the son of naturalist Andrei Simplicianovich and Sofia Franzewna née Lisovskaya. Andrei had established a meteorological station at Korolevo, near Vitebsk, in 1864 and ran it until 1941, publishing records in the Vitebsk Gazette. Alexei graduated from the gymnasium in Vyazma in 1886 and went to St. Petersburg University where he graduated in the natural sciences in 1891. He initially took an interest in botany but shifted to zoology. He studied the marine fauna under Vladimir Shimkevich at the Solovetsky Island biological station. In 1891 he collected insects in Transcaucasia on behalf of the Imperial Russian Entomological Society. From 1893 he worked as a curator at the zoological museum and in 1925 he became a professor of zoogeography. In 1899 he joined the expedition to Svalbard as a naturalist and in 1900 he served as zoologist aboard the polar expedition under Baron Eduard von Toll. The hydrographer A. V. Kolchak was also a part of the expedition. In 1902 the team aboard the Zarya stopped on Kotelny in the Novosibirsk Islands and two teams went out. Byalynitksy-Birulya and three Yakuts went to Novaya Zemlya. Baron Toll went in search of Sannikov Land and was never found again. The sea froze and the group did not manage to move to the mainland for a month. A rescue mission was sent in 1903. Byalynitsky-Birulya published extensively on the systematics of invertebrates collected from the polar region. He also studied Ross's gull and the distributions of mammals. In 1919 he participated in the development of laws to regulate hunting. From 1917 he edited the annual reports of the zoological museum that he directed from 1929. In 1921 he received the Konstantinov Medal of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1928 he took part in an expedition into central Asia with a special focus on malaria studies and parasitology. He was dismissed from his position in 1929 by the committee of Figatner. In November 1930, he was arrested as part of an academic purge and sentenced by the Troika of OGPU representatives on February 10, 1931. He was sent to labour camp in Belbaltlag for three years. His sentence was shortened but he was exiled to Archangelsk where he worked with the state oceanographic institute. He was dismissed from this post in 1935. He is said to have died in Leningrad with some sources suggesting that he was executed. Byalynitsky-Birulya was a member of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists from 1892, the Russian Entomological Society from 1895 and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society from 1906.	Alexei Byalynitsky-Birulya Alexei Andreevich Byalynitsky-Birulya (24 October 1864 – 18 June 1937) was a Belarusian, Russian, and Soviet zoologist who studied the Arctic fauna and was a professor of zoogeography at the St. Petersburg University. He was also an artist who documented the landscapes on his travels. He was a victim of the Academic Trial which led to his being dismissed from his position as director of the zoological museum after which he was sent to a Siberian gulag to serve three years of hard labor. Life and work Expedition members aboard the Zarya. Top row, third from left: Alexander Kolchak. Second row: Kolomeitsev, Matisen, Toll, Walter, Seeberg and Byalynitsky-Birulya. Byalynitsky-Birulya was born on Babkovo Estate, Orsha district, Mogilev Province, the son of naturalist Andrei Simplicianovich and Sofia Franzewna née Lisovskaya. Andrei had established a meteorological station at Korolevo, near Vitebsk, in 1864 and ran it until 1941, publishing records in the Vitebsk Gazette. Alexei graduated from the gymnasium in Vyazma in 1886 and went to St. Petersburg University where he graduated in the natural sciences in 1891. He initially took an interest in botany but shifted to zoology. He studied the marine fauna under Vladimir Shimkevich at the Solovetsky Island biological station. In 1891 he collected insects in Transcaucasia on behalf of the Imperial Russian Entomological Society. From 1893 he worked as a curator at the zoological museum and in 1925 he became a professor of zoogeography. In 1899 he joined the expedition to Svalbard as a naturalist and in 1900 he served as zoologist aboard the polar expedition under Baron Eduard von Toll. The hydrographer A. V. Kolchak was also a part of the expedition. In 1902 the team aboard the Zarya stopped on Kotelny in the Novosibirsk Islands and two teams went out. Byalynitksy-Birulya and three Yakuts went to Novaya Zemlya. Baron Toll went in search of Sannikov Land and was never found again. The sea froze and the group did not manage to move to the mainland for a month. A rescue mission was sent in 1903. Byalynitsky-Birulya published extensively on the systematics of invertebrates collected from the polar region. He also studied Ross's gull and the distributions of mammals. In 1919 he participated in the development of laws to regulate hunting. From 1917 he edited the annual reports of the zoological museum that he directed from 1929. In 1921 he received the Konstantinov Medal of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1928 he took part in an expedition into central Asia with a special focus on malaria studies and parasitology. He was dismissed from his position in 1929 by the committee of Figatner. In November 1930, he was arrested as part of an academic purge and sentenced by the Troika of OGPU representatives on February 10, 1931. He was sent to labour camp in Belbaltlag for three years. His sentence was shortened but he was exiled to Archangelsk where he worked with the state oceanographic institute. He was dismissed from this post in 1935. He is said to have died in Leningrad with some sources suggesting that he was executed. Byalynitsky-Birulya was a member of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists from 1892, the Russian Entomological Society from 1895 and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society from 1906.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T07:50:44Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Byalynitsky-Birulya	{"title": "Alexei Byalynitsky-Birulya", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T07:50:44Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:10Z"}
Hong Du-sik Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong and Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha character In this Korean name, the family name is Hong. Fictional character Hong Du-sik (Korean: 홍두식) widely recognized by his nickname Hong Banjang (Korean: 홍반장; lit. Chief Hong), is a fictional character that has been featured as the main lead in two different productions: one film and one series. He was first created by screenwriters Kang Seok-beom and Shin Jeong-goo for the 2004 film Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong, where he was played by Kim Joo-hyuk. Hong Banjang was later reimagined for the 2021 series Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha, adapted from the original by screenwriter Shin Ha-eun, and portrayed by Kim Seon-ho. Coproduced by Studio Dragon and GTist, this 16-episode miniseries ran from August 2021 until October 17, 2021 on tvN on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:00 (KST). It is also available for streaming on Netflix. Appearance Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong Main article: Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong Hong Banjang, portrayed by Kim Joo-hyuk, first appeared in the romantic comedy film Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong, released in 2004. The film, which has a runtime of 145 minutes, centers on the love story between Hong and Yoon Hye-jin, played by Uhm Jung-hwa. Hong is depicted as a country bumpkin who takes on various odd jobs in the village for a fee of 50,000 KRW per day. Yoon, a dentist from Seoul, opens her clinic in the village after losing her previous job. She is characterized as a city girl with a slight princess complex. Hong’s timely appearances whenever Yoon encounters trouble lead to a series of frequent encounters that ultimately blossom into romance. Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha Main article: Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha In the 2021 series adaptation, Hong Banjang is portrayed by Kim Seon-ho as the village chief (banjang) of Gongjin, a fictional seaside village situated in Gangwon-do. The screenplay, crafted by Shin Ha-eun, reimagines the main characters and broadens the narrative scope. While it still retains the love story between Hong Banjang, the jack-of-all-trades neighborhood hero, and Hye-jin (Shin Min-a), the city-girl dentist; it also emphasizes their relationships with the various residents of Gongjin. Character Inspiration The film is known in English as Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong. Its original Korean title, however, is Eodiseonga nugungae museun iri saenggimyeon teullimeopsi natananda Hong banjang (어디선가 누군가에 무슨 일이 생기면 틀림없이 나타난다 홍반장), holds the distinction of being the second longest title for a Korean film. The title translates to "If something happens to someone somewhere, Hong Banjang will surely appear," a phrase inspired by the opening theme song of the Japanese anime Astroganger. This title directly reflects the film's central theme: Hong Banjang is portrayed as a neighborhood hero who appears precisely when he is most needed. Additionally, the character is often compared to MacGyver due to his ability to solve virtually any problem. Character description Hong Du-sik serves as the central, paradoxical figure of the story. He is tall and handsome, yet noticeably lacking in fashion sense. Highly intelligent and well-educated, he has chosen to forgo a conventional career in favor of remaining in his hometown. He holds the honorary title of 'Hong Banjang' (Chief Hong), indicating his voluntary, low-compensation role as the head of the smallest administrative unit, known as a Ban. His decision to live by taking on various odd jobs masks a deeper mystery: the true reason for his unusual lifestyle remains unknown, linked to an unexplained period of absence between his graduation and his return home. He is also known for speaking banmal. In the original film, Du-sik is presented as an almost impossibly perfect character. He is tall and attractive, boasting a wide range of skills and qualifications, including certification as a real estate agent and advanced interior design expertise. His capabilities extend into athletic and strategic realms, excelling in golf, Go, and various forms of combat. He has even received recognition from the police for his efforts in apprehending criminals. This idealized image is further enhanced by his hobbies, such as collecting books and LP records, as well as his culinary skills. His friendly demeanor has made him a beloved local figure, even forming bonds with the local seagulls. Despite his impressive attributes, he opted to serve as the village chief for six years, performing odd jobs for a fixed daily rate of 50,000 KRW, following a three-year period during which his whereabouts were unknown. The drama adaptation delves deeper into Hong Du-sik's duality. Visually marked by a sharp nose, boyish smile, and expressive "melo eyes," he is portrayed as highly capable, having graduated from the prestigious Seoul National University. Nevertheless, he commits himself to the community as the Banjang (head of Ban 1, Tong 5, Gongjin-dong, Cheongho City) for three years, receiving minimal compensation (semi-annual bonus of 50,000 KRW). His mysterious past is extended to five	Hong Du-sik Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong and Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha character In this Korean name, the family name is Hong. Fictional character Hong Du-sik (Korean: 홍두식) widely recognized by his nickname Hong Banjang (Korean: 홍반장; lit. Chief Hong), is a fictional character that has been featured as the main lead in two different productions: one film and one series. He was first created by screenwriters Kang Seok-beom and Shin Jeong-goo for the 2004 film Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong, where he was played by Kim Joo-hyuk. Hong Banjang was later reimagined for the 2021 series Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha, adapted from the original by screenwriter Shin Ha-eun, and portrayed by Kim Seon-ho. Coproduced by Studio Dragon and GTist, this 16-episode miniseries ran from August 2021 until October 17, 2021 on tvN on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:00 (KST). It is also available for streaming on Netflix. Appearance Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong Main article: Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong Hong Banjang, portrayed by Kim Joo-hyuk, first appeared in the romantic comedy film Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong, released in 2004. The film, which has a runtime of 145 minutes, centers on the love story between Hong and Yoon Hye-jin, played by Uhm Jung-hwa. Hong is depicted as a country bumpkin who takes on various odd jobs in the village for a fee of 50,000 KRW per day. Yoon, a dentist from Seoul, opens her clinic in the village after losing her previous job. She is characterized as a city girl with a slight princess complex. Hong’s timely appearances whenever Yoon encounters trouble lead to a series of frequent encounters that ultimately blossom into romance. Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha Main article: Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha In the 2021 series adaptation, Hong Banjang is portrayed by Kim Seon-ho as the village chief (banjang) of Gongjin, a fictional seaside village situated in Gangwon-do. The screenplay, crafted by Shin Ha-eun, reimagines the main characters and broadens the narrative scope. While it still retains the love story between Hong Banjang, the jack-of-all-trades neighborhood hero, and Hye-jin (Shin Min-a), the city-girl dentist; it also emphasizes their relationships with the various residents of Gongjin. Character Inspiration The film is known in English as Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong. Its original Korean title, however, is Eodiseonga nugungae museun iri saenggimyeon teullimeopsi natananda Hong banjang (어디선가 누군가에 무슨 일이 생기면 틀림없이 나타난다 홍반장), holds the distinction of being the second longest title for a Korean film. The title translates to "If something happens to someone somewhere, Hong Banjang will surely appear," a phrase inspired by the opening theme song of the Japanese anime Astroganger. This title directly reflects the film's central theme: Hong Banjang is portrayed as a neighborhood hero who appears precisely when he is most needed. Additionally, the character is often compared to MacGyver due to his ability to solve virtually any problem. Character description Hong Du-sik serves as the central, paradoxical figure of the story. He is tall and handsome, yet noticeably lacking in fashion sense. Highly intelligent and well-educated, he has chosen to forgo a conventional career in favor of remaining in his hometown. He holds the honorary title of 'Hong Banjang' (Chief Hong), indicating his voluntary, low-compensation role as the head of the smallest administrative unit, known as a Ban. His decision to live by taking on various odd jobs masks a deeper mystery: the true reason for his unusual lifestyle remains unknown, linked to an unexplained period of absence between his graduation and his return home. He is also known for speaking banmal. In the original film, Du-sik is presented as an almost impossibly perfect character. He is tall and attractive, boasting a wide range of skills and qualifications, including certification as a real estate agent and advanced interior design expertise. His capabilities extend into athletic and strategic realms, excelling in golf, Go, and various forms of combat. He has even received recognition from the police for his efforts in apprehending criminals. This idealized image is further enhanced by his hobbies, such as collecting books and LP records, as well as his culinary skills. His friendly demeanor has made him a beloved local figure, even forming bonds with the local seagulls. Despite his impressive attributes, he opted to serve as the village chief for six years, performing odd jobs for a fixed daily rate of 50,000 KRW, following a three-year period during which his whereabouts were unknown. The drama adaptation delves deeper into Hong Du-sik's duality. Visually marked by a sharp nose, boyish smile, and expressive "melo eyes," he is portrayed as highly capable, having graduated from the prestigious Seoul National University. Nevertheless, he commits himself to the community as the Banjang (head of Ban 1, Tong 5, Gongjin-dong, Cheongho City) for three years, receiving minimal compensation (semi-annual bonus of 50,000 KRW). His mysterious past is extended to five years of unexplained absence. As a quintessential jack-of-all-trades, Du-sik undertakes a wide array of part-time jobs, such as repairs, barista work, fishing, auctioneering, and various service roles, all for the standard minimum wage of 8,720 KRW per hour, which was the norm in South Korea in 2021. His numerous professional certifications underscore his ability to navigate the challenges of being a professional part-timer. Backstory The backstory of Hong Du-sik differs between the film and the drama adaptation. In the original film, Du-sik is depicted as an orphan who lost his parents in a car accident during his childhood. The townspeople collectively arranged for him to be adopted by an elderly man who owned the local rice shop. His distinctive house, marked by a large metal door, was originally a rice warehouse that Du-sik personally renovated. The drama adaptation alters this story to reveal that Du-sik also lost his parents young but was primarily raised by his grandfather. Following his grandfather's sudden death from a heart attack while Du-sik was attending a World Cup match, he experienced profound guilt. In the wake of this tragedy, the residents of Gongjin, particularly the local grandmothers, offered him care and support. One of these figures, Gam-ri, became particularly significant in his life. His home is depicted as a self-renovated hanok, overlooking a red lighthouse and the sea. Du-sik graduated with a degree in Mechanical Engineering from Seoul National University. His past includes a mysterious period of absence that stretches from his graduation to his return to his hometown. In the film, this absence lasts for three years, creating significant speculation among the villagers. In the drama, this period is extended to five years, with the reasons for his disappearance and the emotional trauma he endured revealed later in the narrative. Despite these narrative differences, both the film and the drama symbolize Du-sik's deep-seated emotional pain through "the boat on the hill," which belonged to his grandfather. This boat serves as a representation of Du-sik's inner self and his profound fear of abandonment, symbolized by his decision to place the boat high on the hill to protect it from being lost to the sea. Relationship with Yoon Hye-jin Yoon Hye-jinUhm Jung-hwa acted as Yoon Hye-jin in film versionShin Min-ah acted as Yoon Hye-jin in drama version The central plot revolves around the opposites-attract romance that develops between Hong Banjang (Hong Du-sik) the local neighborhood leader and highly skilled handyman and Yoon Hye-jin, a proud former city dentist. This dynamic begins when Hye-jin opens a dental clinic in his hometown. Hong Banjang, famous for instantly appearing to solve neighborhood issues, frequently crosses paths with the initially reluctant Hye-jin. The film establishes that Du-sik is one year older than Hye-jin, who is portrayed as 30 years old (Korean age). The film tightly focuses on the romantic dynamic between the two leads, tracing the interactions, bickering, and evolving relationship. The primary source of conflict stems specifically from their clash of personality rather than the village's culture. The subsequent drama series, retains the core characters, key events, and the one-year age gap, with Du-sik's birthday revealed as July 24, 1987, making him 34 in 2021. However, the drama significantly expands the story. It explores the relationships between Du-sik, Hye-jin, and the supporting characters in the seaside village of Gongjin. As Hye-jin initially struggles to adapt to village life, Du-sik serves as both her guide and ally. A key element of the drama is Hye-jin's journey to integrate into the community and form deep bonds with village residents, a process that simultaneously strengthens her relationship with Du-sik. In both the film and the drama, Hye-jin and Du-sik initially refer to each other by their nicknames: Hye-jin is called "Chikwa" (dentist), while Du-sik is referred to as "Hong Banjang." Their relationship begins with notable conflict, primarily stemming from Hye-jin's perception of their differing social statuses. As she overcomes these barriers, Du-sik grapples with his own internal struggles. His past trauma, related to his orphan status and his strong attachment to his hometown, leads him to hesitate in accepting Hye-jin's love. In the film, Hye-jin faces rejection from Du-sik and ultimately decides to move back to Seoul. However, after meeting a stylish man at a high-society party, she realizes where her heart truly belongs. She eventually returns to the village, seeking to reconnect with Du-sik. In contrast, the drama depicts Du-sik accepting Hye-jin’s confession, but he struggles to open up about his past trauma as their relationship grows more serious. Hye-jin eventually learns part of his past through a third party during a shocking event. This incident temporarily drove them apart. However, Hye-jin's willingness to give Du-sik time eventually led to him finally opening up. Casting and portrayal On October 10, 2003, it was announced that Kim Joo-hyeok had been cast in a lead role in Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong. It was also reported that the filming will start on October 25, 2003. Produced by Zenith Entertainment, The film was the directorial debut of Kang Seok-beom and the screenplay was written by Kang and Shin Jung-goo. Kim Joo-hyuk expressed his initial surprise regarding his casting:"At first, I wondered why the director gave me the script. I've never lived in the countryside, and all the roles I’ve played so far have had a strong city person vibe. I tried my best to look as country as possible, but to be honest, my biggest regret is that I couldn't completely shed my city person vibe in Hong Banjang."Kim Joo-hyuk portrayed Hong Banjang in the film versionKim Seon-ho portrayed Hong Banjang in the drama version In another interview, Kim confessed that he questioned his casting, believing the role of Hong Banjang was a "perfect fit" for Im Chang-jung. In November 2003, it was reported that Kim Joo-hyuk was taking private guitar lessons. He was tasked with singing two songs while playing the guitar in scenes where Hong Banjang fills in as a singer, despite having no prior experience with the instrument. Kim Joo-hyuk humorously remarked: "I started learning guitar a while ago, but since it's my first time, my fingers hurt. I have to get better..." Plans to adapt the film Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong into a drama series were first announced on December 21, 2020, under the working title Hong Banjang. The adaptation was written by Shin Ha-eun with Kim Seon-ho being offered the lead role. On April 2, 2021, it was officially announced that Yoo Je-won would direct the drama. Kim Seon-ho also confirmed as Hong Banjang. Later, Kim Seon-ho commented on the unique appeal of the script and setting: "When I first got the script, each and every phrase was so pretty to me. I wanted to appear a bit ordinary to others. My actor friends said that it was like watching a stage play after tuning in to the drama. Gongjin Village is the stage and the citizens appear in it, simply existing and interacting with each other. The script didn’t really say much, but as an actor, I thought that it is already a blessing to simply exist like this. Drama characters usually run towards their respective goals, in order to achieve and gain something in the process. However, in Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha, the villagers are kind to new people in town and even give advice to them, including the newcomers into their lot. There is no special event to be shown, just people living their daily lives in the small town. I have always wanted to do something like this." To prepare for the role, Kim Seon-ho also took on various private courses, including learning how to surf and making coffee as a barista. He also practiced playing the guitar in order to cover "Old Love" by Lee Moon-sae in the drama. Reception Kim Joo-hyuk's portrayal of Hong Banjang in the original film, Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong, is frequently cited as a career-defining performance and his first leading role. Though the film itself wasn't a major box-office success, Kim was widely considered perfectly cast, with critics noting his performance relied more on personal charisma and warmth. Kim Du-chan, the film producer, praised Kim Joo-hyuk, calling him "the best romantic comedy actor," dubbed him as "Korea's Hugh Grant." In a 2017 posthumous survey, Hong Banjang was voted as his most memorable role. The series Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha aired concurrently tvN and Netflix from September to October, drawing viewers both domestically and internationally. With peak ratings of 13.322%, it became one of the highest-rated series in Korean cable television history. Furthermore, it ranked among Netflix's most-watched non-English shows, spending 16 weeks on the non-English Top 10 list and reaching the Top 10 in over 20 countries. It also remained on the global Top 10 for more than two months after its finale. Kim Seon-ho's performance as Hong Banjang in Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha also garnered positive reviews, with Matt O’Neill praising his chemistry with Shin Min-a and Kim "is akin to that of Julia Roberts and Richard Gere in Pretty Woman." Han Su-jin, writing for Ize, noted that "while Kim Joo-hyuk's Hong Banjang is an upright pine tree, Kim Seon-ho's is more like a sweet-smelling fruit tree. During the drama's run, He secured first place in Good Data's "Drama Performer Buzzworthiness" list from the fourth week of August to the fourth week of September, and ranked second in the fifth week of September 2021. In September 2021, Kim topped the Korean Business Research Institute's brand reputation ranking index. In 2021 Gallup Korea's year-end poll, he was named Television Actor of the Year. On April 18, 2022, the results of The 2021 Big Data Utilization Hallyu Market Research were announced. This report, published by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and The Korean Foundation for International Cultural Exchange (KOFICE), focused on public interest in the Korean Wave. It analyzed the current status of the Korean Wave by collecting and analyzing real-time global online reactions. Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha, and Kim Seon-ho was among the most searched and prominent keywords related to K-drama in the report. He later won the Outstanding Actor Award in 2022 Seoul Drama Awards. Cultural impact Our neighborhood Hong Banjang The concept of "Our Neighborhood Hong Banjang" (Korean: 우리 도에 홍반장) highlights the essential role of community heroes in real life, inspired by the fictional character Hong Banjang. This has contributed to the usage of Hong Banjang as a meme, where the name is frequently used as an honorary nickname for proactive village or community leaders who are equally dedicated to their community, thereby being recognized as the modern-day, real-world 'Hong Banjangs' in their neighborhoods." The aspiration to fulfill the "Hong Banjang" role transcends cultural reference; it fosters ongoing discussions and inspires welfare policies and community initiatives. For instance, in 2016, the name was referenced during the 10th Social Economy Joint Forum of the National Social Solidarity Economy Local Government Council in connection with intermediate support organizations. These organizations typically called Social Economy Support Centers, Village Development Support Centers, and Local Self-Sufficiency Centers. One example of the community initiatives is the Saetdeul Village Project in Donui-dong, Jongno District, Seoul (established in 2019), which creates local jobs by employing "Hong Banjang" (village butlers) to provide essential services such as short-distance moving, laundry pickup and delivery, cleaning, and gardening for shantytown communities. In 2020, several intermediate support organizations launched welfare programs to assist vulnerable populations. Yeoju City Happy Village Management Offices focused on home visitations, aid for vulnerable groups, and minor household repairs. Sacheon City Dongseo-dong Administrative Welfare Center introduced the "Our Neighborhood Hong Banjang blanket laundry service" for elderly and disabled individuals, providing sanitized winter blankets and well-being checks. Suwon City Gyeonggi Happy Village Management Office deployed 'village guardians' to offer a range of public services in high-risk areas, including household repairs, childcare, elderly care, and community surveillance. More recently, in 2023, Seoul's Gangseo District launched the "OK! Hong Banjang Residential Complaints Mobile Team," directly referencing the character by offering mobile home repair services to socially vulnerable residents. Also in 2023, Gunsan City launched the "Our Neighborhood Hong Banjang Mobile Social Welfare Program," utilizing local councils to facilitate neighborly care. This program, which assisted 210 households by 2024, has been recognized as a successful model for strengthening local welfare. Return to the fishing village The character Hong Du-sik, a well-educated young man who returned to his hometown, as well as serving his community as Hong Banjang, represents a widespread societal yearning for a simpler life away from urban stress. His reliable nature serves as a symbol of successful integration and contribution to the local community, driving the trend of returning to fishing villages. To cater to this growing interest, Gwieo Schools (Korean: 귀어학교; lit. School for Returning to Fishing) have been established across the country, offering fundamental training in fishing and aquaculture. Admission to these schools is highly competitive, with some programs experiencing application rates as high as 11:1. This new wave of aspiring fishermen are mostly in their 20s and 30s and coming from diverse backgrounds, including programmers, bankers, and chefs, often seek a fresh start after experiencing job loss or burnout in the corporate world. Successful returnee Jang Bu-geun emphasized the critical importance of integrating with the established village community (eochon-gye). Much like the example set by the character Hong Du-sik (Hong Banjang), active participation in village events and assisting with communal tasks is essential for gaining acceptance. However, the primary practical challenge for newcomers is securing a boat spot (baetjari). As Kim Deok-hyeon, director of the Gyeongsangnam-do Gwieo Schools, pointed out, boat spots are often controlled by established community rights, making them difficult for outsiders to obtain. To help ease these specific challenges, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries of South Korea revamped its existing website, relaunching it as the "Return to the Seaside Village Comprehensive Information Platform" in December 2021. This platform consolidates information from support centers and Gwieo Schools, providing essential details on available support programs and educational opportunities for prospective residents. Literary and musical influences Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha's Hong Du-sik had a significant influence on the wider exposure of literary works. After he recites Kim Haeng-sook’s poem "The Gate Keeper" in the series, the poetry book, Portrait of Echo, experienced a revival, making it a bestseller seven years after its initial release. By the second week of October, it ranked second on Kyobo Bookstore's poetry chart and third on Yes24’s Korean poetry list. The Korean translation of Henry David Thoreau's Walden, shown being read by Du-sik in episode 2 and quoted in a promotional clip, also rose to 11th place on Yes24’s essay bestseller list. Yes24 reported sales increases of 3,257% for Portrait of Echo and 369% for Walden in the weeks following their appearances in the drama. In music, Yael Yuzon, the frontman of the Filipino rock band Sponge Cola, composed a song inspired by Du-sik and Hye-jin love story. He described the track as striking a "perfect balance of light and weight" and considered titles such as "Penguins and Polar Bears" before ultimately choosing "Hometown." This marks his second work influenced by a Korean drama, following "Siguro Nga," which was inspired by another character portrayed by Kim Seon-ho, Han Ji-pyeong of Start-Up (2020). Contribution to set-jetting "Hallyu Pilgrimage" The original film Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong was shot on Jeju Island, and its filming locations remain popular tourist destinations. A key setting is Beophwan Village, southeast of Seogwipo, which lies at the midpoint of Course 7 on the Jeju Olle Trail—regarded as one of the island's most scenic routes. The 1.3 km coastal path from Beophwan Port to World Cup Road offers views of Seogwipo’s Beomseom and is frequently visited by fans to remember the late actor Kim Joo‑hyuk. The drama Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha significantly contributed to set-jetting tourism in Pohang. The drama's filming locations became a popular choice of tourism itineraries, reportedly revitalizing the local commercial district and economy. One notable example is Sabang Memorial Park in Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang, which features Hong Banjang's boat on a hill, often referred to by visitors as Kim Seon-ho's boat. According to Choi Young-moo, the leader of the Pohang City Tourism Marketing Team, the park experienced a substantial increase in visitors after the drama aired, with an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 daily visitors compared to about 500 on holidays before the show. Another notable example is Cheongha Market. Once a modest local market with about 25 shops operating on a traditional 5-day schedule, it has become a tourist hotspot following the drama's success, now known as Cheongha Gongjin Market. Attractions include the Squid Statue, Gongjin Chinese Restaurant, Bora Supermarket, Cheongho Hardware Store, and Oh Yoon's Cafe "Coffee by Day, Beer by Night." Pohang City has worked to preserve these important sites and invested in tourism infrastructure. On February 2, 2023, plans to incentivize travel agencies to attract group tourists was announced, with a goal of reaching 10 million visitors. The Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) also actively promotes these attractions. Following the broadcast of Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha, they partnered with the production house Studio Dragon and LG U+ to create virtual reality content showcasing the drama's picturesque locations, made available on the LG U+ XR platform, U+DIVe, since November 24, 2021. In the same month, they also showcased the drama's filming locations on their Visit Korea website, as part of a K-Drama tour destination. In February 2023, they promoted selected destinations under the "Hallyu Pilgrimage" banner, highlighting 53 locations across six cities, including Pohang's Cheongha Gongjin Market. The series also contributed to tourism in Yangju, where the Chang Ucchin Museum of Art was featured in episode 12 as one of dating spot of Hong Banjang and Hye-jin. Following this episode, officials noted a rise in inquiries about the museum, attracting viewers drawn to its unique architecture and natural surroundings.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T07:50:10Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Du-sik	{"title": "Hong Du-sik", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T07:50:10Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:10Z"}
Validiblatta Genus of large cockroaches Validiblatta is a genus of large cockroaches in the family Blattidae, established in 2025 following a major phylogenetic revision of the subfamily Blattinae. The genus comprises several synanthropic species formerly placed in the genus Periplaneta, most notably the cosmopolitan pest Validiblatta australasiae (the Australian cockroach). Members of this genus are distributed globally due to human activity, though the member species are believed to have originated in tropical Africa. Taxonomy and systematics For over a century, the genus Periplaneta (Burmeister, 1838) served as a polyphyletic wastebasket taxon for many large, reddish-brown cockroaches. Molecular phylogenetic studies conducted in the early 21st century consistently demonstrated that the type species of Periplaneta (P. americana, the American cockroach) was not the closest relative of other species in the group, such as P. australasiae and P. brunnea, requiring a formal separation. In 2025, a comprehensive taxonomic revision formally split the genus. The American cockroach was retained in Periplaneta, while the australasiae species group was moved to a new genus. Naming history The authors of the 2025 revision initially proposed the name Fortiblatta (Latin: fortis, meaning "strong") for the new genus. However, the name was quickly identified as a junior homonym of an extinct fossil cockroach genus. In accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the replacement name Validiblatta was established later that same year. Description Species of Validiblatta are large, robust insects, typically measuring 25–40 mm (0.98–1.57 in) in length. They are characterized by a reddish-brown to dark-brown base coloration. Distinctive morphological features separating Validiblatta from Periplaneta include: Pronotal Markings: A strongly contrasting yellow or pale margin on the pronotum, which is particularly sharp in V. australasiae. Tegmina: The forewings (tegmina) often feature a yellow or pale streak along the costal (outer) margin near the base. Genitalia: Distinct configurations of the male subgenital plate and phallic sclerites, which were the primary morphological drivers for the generic split. Both sexes possess fully developed wings and are capable of flight, particularly in warm temperatures. Biology and life cycle Ecology Validiblatta species are omnivorous detritivores. While they are often associated with human structures, they are fundamentally outdoor species in their native tropical ranges. They prefer high humidity and are commonly found in decaying leaf litter, hollow trees, and woodpiles. In temperate climates, they are restricted to heated environments such as greenhouses, steam tunnels, and sewer systems, earning them the nickname "greenhouse cockroaches." Reproduction Like all members of the order Blattodea, Validiblatta undergoes hemimetabolous metamorphosis (egg, nymph, adult). Females produce an ootheca (egg case), which contains 20–24 eggs. Females typically drop or glue the ootheca to a substrate in a concealed location shortly after it is formed. Species The following species were transferred to Validiblatta as of the 2025 revision: Validiblatta australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) – Australian cockroach. The type species of the genus. Validiblatta brunnea (Burmeister, 1838) – Brown cockroach. Validiblatta fuliginosa (Serville, 1839) – Smokybrown cockroach. Pest status Members of Validiblatta are significant sanitary pests. They can mechanically transmit pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli on their legs and bodies. Because they frequent decaying organic matter and sewage, their presence in food preparation areas is a health risk. However, Validiblatta species are generally considered "peridomestic"—they often live around the perimeter of homes (in mulch, woodpiles, or drains) and enter structures only incidentally or in search of water, rather than infesting the interior living spaces permanently.	Validiblatta Genus of large cockroaches Validiblatta is a genus of large cockroaches in the family Blattidae, established in 2025 following a major phylogenetic revision of the subfamily Blattinae. The genus comprises several synanthropic species formerly placed in the genus Periplaneta, most notably the cosmopolitan pest Validiblatta australasiae (the Australian cockroach). Members of this genus are distributed globally due to human activity, though the member species are believed to have originated in tropical Africa. Taxonomy and systematics For over a century, the genus Periplaneta (Burmeister, 1838) served as a polyphyletic wastebasket taxon for many large, reddish-brown cockroaches. Molecular phylogenetic studies conducted in the early 21st century consistently demonstrated that the type species of Periplaneta (P. americana, the American cockroach) was not the closest relative of other species in the group, such as P. australasiae and P. brunnea, requiring a formal separation. In 2025, a comprehensive taxonomic revision formally split the genus. The American cockroach was retained in Periplaneta, while the australasiae species group was moved to a new genus. Naming history The authors of the 2025 revision initially proposed the name Fortiblatta (Latin: fortis, meaning "strong") for the new genus. However, the name was quickly identified as a junior homonym of an extinct fossil cockroach genus. In accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the replacement name Validiblatta was established later that same year. Description Species of Validiblatta are large, robust insects, typically measuring 25–40 mm (0.98–1.57 in) in length. They are characterized by a reddish-brown to dark-brown base coloration. Distinctive morphological features separating Validiblatta from Periplaneta include: Pronotal Markings: A strongly contrasting yellow or pale margin on the pronotum, which is particularly sharp in V. australasiae. Tegmina: The forewings (tegmina) often feature a yellow or pale streak along the costal (outer) margin near the base. Genitalia: Distinct configurations of the male subgenital plate and phallic sclerites, which were the primary morphological drivers for the generic split. Both sexes possess fully developed wings and are capable of flight, particularly in warm temperatures. Biology and life cycle Ecology Validiblatta species are omnivorous detritivores. While they are often associated with human structures, they are fundamentally outdoor species in their native tropical ranges. They prefer high humidity and are commonly found in decaying leaf litter, hollow trees, and woodpiles. In temperate climates, they are restricted to heated environments such as greenhouses, steam tunnels, and sewer systems, earning them the nickname "greenhouse cockroaches." Reproduction Like all members of the order Blattodea, Validiblatta undergoes hemimetabolous metamorphosis (egg, nymph, adult). Females produce an ootheca (egg case), which contains 20–24 eggs. Females typically drop or glue the ootheca to a substrate in a concealed location shortly after it is formed. Species The following species were transferred to Validiblatta as of the 2025 revision: Validiblatta australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) – Australian cockroach. The type species of the genus. Validiblatta brunnea (Burmeister, 1838) – Brown cockroach. Validiblatta fuliginosa (Serville, 1839) – Smokybrown cockroach. Pest status Members of Validiblatta are significant sanitary pests. They can mechanically transmit pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli on their legs and bodies. Because they frequent decaying organic matter and sewage, their presence in food preparation areas is a health risk. However, Validiblatta species are generally considered "peridomestic"—they often live around the perimeter of homes (in mulch, woodpiles, or drains) and enter structures only incidentally or in search of water, rather than infesting the interior living spaces permanently.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T07:37:05Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validiblatta	{"title": "Validiblatta", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T07:37:05Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:11Z"}
Cali Martinez Canadian rugby union player Rugby player Cali Martinez (born 13 October 1996) is a Canadian rugby union player, currently playing for Old Glory DC in Major League Rugby (MLR). His preferred position is prop. Early career Martinez is from White Rock, British Columbia and attended the University of British Columbia where he won the Canadian University Championship. He attended the Earl Marriott high school in the region before this. In 2015, he represented the Canada U20 team. Professional career Martinez was drafted third overall in the 2022 MLR Draft by Old Glory DC, making him the highest selection for a Canadian player. He made his debut for the side in round 1 of the 2023 Major League Rugby season against the Chicago Hounds. He would make a further eleven appearances in 2023. He has remained with the side since, re-signing for the 2026 Major League Rugby season in November 2025. Martinez made his debut for the Canada national team in July 2024, debuting against Romania.	Cali Martinez Canadian rugby union player Rugby player Cali Martinez (born 13 October 1996) is a Canadian rugby union player, currently playing for Old Glory DC in Major League Rugby (MLR). His preferred position is prop. Early career Martinez is from White Rock, British Columbia and attended the University of British Columbia where he won the Canadian University Championship. He attended the Earl Marriott high school in the region before this. In 2015, he represented the Canada U20 team. Professional career Martinez was drafted third overall in the 2022 MLR Draft by Old Glory DC, making him the highest selection for a Canadian player. He made his debut for the side in round 1 of the 2023 Major League Rugby season against the Chicago Hounds. He would make a further eleven appearances in 2023. He has remained with the side since, re-signing for the 2026 Major League Rugby season in November 2025. Martinez made his debut for the Canada national team in July 2024, debuting against Romania.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T10:38:45Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_Martinez	{"title": "Cali Martinez", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T10:38:45Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:12Z"}
Juan José Origel Juan José Origel Padilla (born 14 September 1947), known professionally as Pepillo Origel, is a Mexican television presenter, journalist, and actor. He made his acting debut in the telenovela Vivo por Elena, portraying “El Panameño”. Origel has worked for both major Mexican television networks, TV Azteca and Televisa, and appeared in entertainment programs such as Ventaneando, La Oreja, and Hoy. He currently co-hosts the show Con permiso with Martha Figueroa for Unicable. Biography Origel began his journalism career in 1996 as part of a newspaper in New York City. He was invited by Pati Chapoy to join the newly launched TV Azteca entertainment program Ventaneando, where he worked alongside Martha Figueroa and Pedro Sola. He left the show in 1997 to move to rival network Televisa. At Televisa, he hosted the entertainment program La botana, which aired for nearly a year. After its cancellation, he began Hacer y deshacer. In 2002, he became host of La Oreja, broadcast on Canal 9, remaining on the show until January 2009. In 2013, he joined Hoy as part of the entertainment segment. In 2016, he launched his own program Hacen y deshacen for Unicable. He returned to Ventaneando in 2018 for the program’s 22nd anniversary. In June 2018, he joined the show Intrusos with Aurora Valle, Martha Figueroa and Maca Carriedo on Canal 9, which aired until June 2019. In the same year, he launched Con permiso on Unicable, where he continues to appear. Filmography As actor 2017 – Hoy voy a cambiar: Himself 2016 – Por siempre Joan Sebastian: Presenter 2016 – Sueño de amor: Gonzalo Santillana 2013 – Amores verdaderos 2008–2009 – Un gancho al corazón: Gossipmonger 2009 – Verano de amor: Bruno Gallarza 2009 – Plaza Sésamo 2008–2009 – Mañana es para siempre: Gossipmonger 2007 – Amor sin maquillaje 2007 – Destilando amor: Gossipmonger 2006 – La fea más bella: Reporter 2006 – Mundo de fieras 2004 – Rebelde 2003 – Clase 406 2001 – Diseñador ambos sexos (episode "Rumores"): Himself 1999 – Rosalinda: Journalist 1998 – Derbez en cuando: “Espejo” 1998 – Vivo por Elena: El Panameño As collaborator Todo para la mujer Vida y milagros Hablar por hablar Parodiando (2012–2013) As presenter 2020 – Hoy (Wednesdays) 2018–present – Con permiso 2018–2019 – Intrusos 2016–2018 – Hacen y deshacen 2006–2016 – Derecho de admisión 2013–2015 – Hoy 2002–2009 – La Oreja 2001 – Trapitos al sol 1997 – Hacer y deshacer 1997 – La botana 1996 – Ventaneando As producer 2006 – Derecho de admisión Guest appearances 2009 – 100 mexicanos dijeron 2004 – La Parodia 2004 – Big Brother VIP (México) 2004 – El show de Cristina 2000, 2006 – Teletón (México)	Juan José Origel Juan José Origel Padilla (born 14 September 1947), known professionally as Pepillo Origel, is a Mexican television presenter, journalist, and actor. He made his acting debut in the telenovela Vivo por Elena, portraying “El Panameño”. Origel has worked for both major Mexican television networks, TV Azteca and Televisa, and appeared in entertainment programs such as Ventaneando, La Oreja, and Hoy. He currently co-hosts the show Con permiso with Martha Figueroa for Unicable. Biography Origel began his journalism career in 1996 as part of a newspaper in New York City. He was invited by Pati Chapoy to join the newly launched TV Azteca entertainment program Ventaneando, where he worked alongside Martha Figueroa and Pedro Sola. He left the show in 1997 to move to rival network Televisa. At Televisa, he hosted the entertainment program La botana, which aired for nearly a year. After its cancellation, he began Hacer y deshacer. In 2002, he became host of La Oreja, broadcast on Canal 9, remaining on the show until January 2009. In 2013, he joined Hoy as part of the entertainment segment. In 2016, he launched his own program Hacen y deshacen for Unicable. He returned to Ventaneando in 2018 for the program’s 22nd anniversary. In June 2018, he joined the show Intrusos with Aurora Valle, Martha Figueroa and Maca Carriedo on Canal 9, which aired until June 2019. In the same year, he launched Con permiso on Unicable, where he continues to appear. Filmography As actor 2017 – Hoy voy a cambiar: Himself 2016 – Por siempre Joan Sebastian: Presenter 2016 – Sueño de amor: Gonzalo Santillana 2013 – Amores verdaderos 2008–2009 – Un gancho al corazón: Gossipmonger 2009 – Verano de amor: Bruno Gallarza 2009 – Plaza Sésamo 2008–2009 – Mañana es para siempre: Gossipmonger 2007 – Amor sin maquillaje 2007 – Destilando amor: Gossipmonger 2006 – La fea más bella: Reporter 2006 – Mundo de fieras 2004 – Rebelde 2003 – Clase 406 2001 – Diseñador ambos sexos (episode "Rumores"): Himself 1999 – Rosalinda: Journalist 1998 – Derbez en cuando: “Espejo” 1998 – Vivo por Elena: El Panameño As collaborator Todo para la mujer Vida y milagros Hablar por hablar Parodiando (2012–2013) As presenter 2020 – Hoy (Wednesdays) 2018–present – Con permiso 2018–2019 – Intrusos 2016–2018 – Hacen y deshacen 2006–2016 – Derecho de admisión 2013–2015 – Hoy 2002–2009 – La Oreja 2001 – Trapitos al sol 1997 – Hacer y deshacer 1997 – La botana 1996 – Ventaneando As producer 2006 – Derecho de admisión Guest appearances 2009 – 100 mexicanos dijeron 2004 – La Parodia 2004 – Big Brother VIP (México) 2004 – El show de Cristina 2000, 2006 – Teletón (México)	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T10:22:45Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_José_Origel	{"title": "Juan José Origel", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T10:22:45Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:13Z"}
History of PAOK FC History of a Greek football club PAOK FC (Greek: ΠΑΕ ΠΑΟΚ, ), short for "Pan-Thessalonian Athletic Club of Constantinopolitans" (Greek: Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινουπολιτών, romanized: Panthessaloníkios Athlitikós Ómilos Konstadinoupolitón), and commonly known as PAOK Thessaloniki, PAOK Salonika or simply PAOK, is a Greek professional football club based in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. PAOK are one of the top domestic clubs, the most successful and widely supported in Northern Greece. Established on 20 April 1926 by Greek refugees who fled to Thessaloniki from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), they play their home games at Toumba Stadium, a 29,000 seating capacity football ground. Their name, along with the club's emblem, the Byzantine-style double-headed eagle with retracted wings, honours the memory of the people and places (mostly from the city of Constantinople) that once belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire. PAOK currently plays in the top-flight Super League, which they have won four times (in 1976, 1985, 2019 and 2024). They are eight-time winners of the Greek Cup (in 1972, 1974, 2001, 2003, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2021). The club is one of the three which have never been relegated from the top national division and the only team in Greece that have won the Double (in 2019) going unbeaten (26–4–0 record) in a national round-robin league tournament (league format since 1959). The team has appeared several times in the UEFA Europa League, but has yet to reach the group stage of the UEFA Champions League. PAOK have reached the quarter-finals of a European competition three times; once in the 1973–74 European Cup Winners' Cup and twice in the UEFA Conference League, in the 2021–22 and 2023–24 seasons. PAOK is the only Greek team that has more wins than losses in their European record (101 wins, 70 draws and 88 defeats, as of 27 November 2025) and the 0–7 away UEFA Cup win over Locomotive Tbilisi on 16 September 1999 is the largest ever achieved by a Greek football club in all European competitions. Foundation and early years (1926–1939) For the founding members and 1st Board of Directors of the major multi-sport club, see P.A.O.K. PAOK in 1926 PAOK FC is the oldest department of the major multi-sport club AC P.A.O.K., which is closely linked with Hermes Sports Club, that was formed in 1875 by the Greek community of Pera, a district of Istanbul (Constantinople). The football club was founded in April 1926 by Constantinopolitans who fled to Thessaloniki after the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War. PAOK's policy was to be open to every citizen of Thessaloniki, leading to a minor rivalry with AEK Thessalonikis, the other Constantinopolitan club of the city, in which only refugees were allowed to play. Both clubs were founded by Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis (E.K.Th.), a social and political organisation. The original logo of PAOK was a horseshoe and a four-leaf clover. PAOK played their primary friendly match on 4 May 1926 at the stadium of Thermaikos, defeating Megas Alexandros Thessaloniki 2–1. The first coach of the club was Kostas Andreadis who spent five years on the team's bench without demanding payment. Their first captain was Michalis Ventourelis. PAOK in 1937 In 1926–1927 season, PAOK participated in the 2nd tier of Macedonia Football Clubs Association (Greek: Ένωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Μακεδονίας or Ε.Π.Σ.Μ.) local Macedonia championship. PAOK FC historic inaugural official match was a 3–1 win against Nea Genea Kalamarias on 12 December 1926. PAOK finished at the top of the 2nd division and faced the 1st division teams in classification matches, defeating all of them: Thermaikos 4–1, Aris 2–1, Atlas Ippodromiou (w/o) and Iraklis 1–0. In 1927–1928, PAOK participated for the first time in the 1st tier of Macedonian league The first professional contract was signed by the club on 5 September 1928. The contract stipulated that the French footballer Raymond Etienne (of Jewish descent from Pera Club) would be paid 4,000 drachmas per month. The contract was signed by Dr. Meletiou, the PAOK chairman, and Mr. Sakellaropoulos, the Hon. Secretary. In March 1929, Athlitiki Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis (AEK Thessaloniki) was disbanded as a sports club and their members joined PAOK. PAOK thereupon changed their emblem, adopting the Double-headed eagle, as a symbol of the club's Byzantine/Constantinopolitan heritage. PAOK also got possession of AEK facilities located around Syntrivani (i.e. Fountain Square), next to the Children's Heritage Foundation, where today stands the Faculty of Theology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The same year PAOK and Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis (E.K.Th.) wanted to expand the football ground, but they faced problems with the underground flow of the river. Finally, after technical works the keystone was put on 12 December 1930. In 1930–1931, PAOK made their	History of PAOK FC History of a Greek football club PAOK FC (Greek: ΠΑΕ ΠΑΟΚ, ), short for "Pan-Thessalonian Athletic Club of Constantinopolitans" (Greek: Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινουπολιτών, romanized: Panthessaloníkios Athlitikós Ómilos Konstadinoupolitón), and commonly known as PAOK Thessaloniki, PAOK Salonika or simply PAOK, is a Greek professional football club based in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. PAOK are one of the top domestic clubs, the most successful and widely supported in Northern Greece. Established on 20 April 1926 by Greek refugees who fled to Thessaloniki from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), they play their home games at Toumba Stadium, a 29,000 seating capacity football ground. Their name, along with the club's emblem, the Byzantine-style double-headed eagle with retracted wings, honours the memory of the people and places (mostly from the city of Constantinople) that once belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire. PAOK currently plays in the top-flight Super League, which they have won four times (in 1976, 1985, 2019 and 2024). They are eight-time winners of the Greek Cup (in 1972, 1974, 2001, 2003, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2021). The club is one of the three which have never been relegated from the top national division and the only team in Greece that have won the Double (in 2019) going unbeaten (26–4–0 record) in a national round-robin league tournament (league format since 1959). The team has appeared several times in the UEFA Europa League, but has yet to reach the group stage of the UEFA Champions League. PAOK have reached the quarter-finals of a European competition three times; once in the 1973–74 European Cup Winners' Cup and twice in the UEFA Conference League, in the 2021–22 and 2023–24 seasons. PAOK is the only Greek team that has more wins than losses in their European record (101 wins, 70 draws and 88 defeats, as of 27 November 2025) and the 0–7 away UEFA Cup win over Locomotive Tbilisi on 16 September 1999 is the largest ever achieved by a Greek football club in all European competitions. Foundation and early years (1926–1939) For the founding members and 1st Board of Directors of the major multi-sport club, see P.A.O.K. PAOK in 1926 PAOK FC is the oldest department of the major multi-sport club AC P.A.O.K., which is closely linked with Hermes Sports Club, that was formed in 1875 by the Greek community of Pera, a district of Istanbul (Constantinople). The football club was founded in April 1926 by Constantinopolitans who fled to Thessaloniki after the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War. PAOK's policy was to be open to every citizen of Thessaloniki, leading to a minor rivalry with AEK Thessalonikis, the other Constantinopolitan club of the city, in which only refugees were allowed to play. Both clubs were founded by Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis (E.K.Th.), a social and political organisation. The original logo of PAOK was a horseshoe and a four-leaf clover. PAOK played their primary friendly match on 4 May 1926 at the stadium of Thermaikos, defeating Megas Alexandros Thessaloniki 2–1. The first coach of the club was Kostas Andreadis who spent five years on the team's bench without demanding payment. Their first captain was Michalis Ventourelis. PAOK in 1937 In 1926–1927 season, PAOK participated in the 2nd tier of Macedonia Football Clubs Association (Greek: Ένωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Μακεδονίας or Ε.Π.Σ.Μ.) local Macedonia championship. PAOK FC historic inaugural official match was a 3–1 win against Nea Genea Kalamarias on 12 December 1926. PAOK finished at the top of the 2nd division and faced the 1st division teams in classification matches, defeating all of them: Thermaikos 4–1, Aris 2–1, Atlas Ippodromiou (w/o) and Iraklis 1–0. In 1927–1928, PAOK participated for the first time in the 1st tier of Macedonian league The first professional contract was signed by the club on 5 September 1928. The contract stipulated that the French footballer Raymond Etienne (of Jewish descent from Pera Club) would be paid 4,000 drachmas per month. The contract was signed by Dr. Meletiou, the PAOK chairman, and Mr. Sakellaropoulos, the Hon. Secretary. In March 1929, Athlitiki Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis (AEK Thessaloniki) was disbanded as a sports club and their members joined PAOK. PAOK thereupon changed their emblem, adopting the Double-headed eagle, as a symbol of the club's Byzantine/Constantinopolitan heritage. PAOK also got possession of AEK facilities located around Syntrivani (i.e. Fountain Square), next to the Children's Heritage Foundation, where today stands the Faculty of Theology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The same year PAOK and Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis (E.K.Th.) wanted to expand the football ground, but they faced problems with the underground flow of the river. Finally, after technical works the keystone was put on 12 December 1930. In 1930–1931, PAOK made their debut in the Panhellenic Championship, playing their first match on 1 February 1931 against Olympiacos at Piraeus, where they were defeated by 3–1, and ended the season in 5th place. The first foreign coach in team's history was Austrian Rudolf Gasner, who served at PAOK in 1931–1932. On 5 June 1932 the Syntrivani Stadium was inaugurated with PAOK's 3–2 victory over Iraklis. Syntrivani meant to be their home ground for 27 years. In 1937, PAOK won their first regional title, the Macedonia championship (Greek: Ε.Π.Σ.Μ.) and participated in the Panhellenic Championship, finishing 2nd. The 1937 team included: Sotiriadis, Vatikis, Goulios, Kontopoulos, Bostantzoglou, Panidis, Glaros, Kritas, Ioannidis, Kalogiannis, Koukoulas, Kosmidis, Apostolou, Vafiadis, Vasiliadis, Anastasiadis, Moschidis, Tzakatzoglou, Zakapidas. Greco-Italian War and World War II (1939–1945) On 28 May 1939, PAOK competed for first time in a Greek Cup final against AEK Athens and were defeated 2–1 at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium. The following season, PAOK won the Northern Greece Championship and reached the two-legged final of the Panhellenic Championship, but they lost 5–3 on aggregate to AEK. The team of 1939 The declaration of the Greco-Italian War caused mobilization in Greece and ended every sport activity. PAOK football players recruited to Hellenic Army and two of them died on duty: left defender Georgios Vatikis and goalkeeper Nikolaos Sotiriadis. They were among four Greek footballers who died in the war (the others were Spyridon Kontoulis of AEK and Mimis Pierrakos of Panathinaikos). Georgios Vatikis, the first Greek athlete to fall on the Greek-Italian front, served as a warrant officer. He was 22 years old when he died in Battle of Morava–Ivan. After his death, Vatikis was honorarily promoted to lieutenant and awarded the Silver Cross of Valour and the Homeland of Gratitude. Nikolaos Sotiriadis, who played from 1932 until 1940 for PAOK, died on 28 January 1941 in Kleisura, fighting with the rank of Sergeant for the 5th Infantry Regiment. He was 33 years old. Macedonia Football Clubs Association League (1946–1959) After the World War II, in the early 1950s, PAOK Academy was created by the Austrian coach, Wilhelm (Willy) Sevcik, and was known as the "chicos of Willi". From the newly founded academy sprang some great football players of the period, such as Leandros Symeonidis, Giannelos Margaritis and Giorgos Havanidis. In 1948, PAOK won their second Macedonia Championship, and then participated in the final phase of the Panhellenic Championship where they were ranked third. PAOK footballers dedicated the title to the memory of team captain, Thrasyvoulos Panidis, who had lost his life (18 February 1948) in the civil war few days before. Panidis played for PAOK since 1930 and had 122 appearances. In 1950, they became champions of Macedonia for a third time, and the following year (1950–51), the team reached their second Greek Cup final, but lost 4–0 to Olympiacos at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium. During the summer transfer period of 1953 Kouiroukidis, Petridis, Progios, Geroudis, Kemanidis, Chassiotis and Angelidis joined the team. The arrival of Lampis Kouiroukidis from Doxa Drama was vital and alongside Lefteris Papadakis and Christophoros Yientzis, they formed a famous attacking trio. For four consecutive seasons (1954, 1955, 1956, 1957), PAOK won the Macedonia championship and participated in the Panhellenic Championship, finishing fourth each year. Yientzis was the top scorer in 1953–54 season and Kouiroukidis in 1955–56 season. Coached by Nikos Pangalos, PAOK won the 1954 and 1955 local Macedonia championship unbeaten. In 1955, PAOK participated in a third Greek Cup final and were defeated 2–0 by Panathinaikos at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium (home ground of Panathinaikos). Ιn 1956, under Hungarian coach Erman Hoffman they won their third consecutive unbeaten local championship. The successful 4-year period ended with 1957 championship, coached by the Austrian Walter Pfeiffer. Toumba Stadium and rise of Giorgos Koudas to prominence (1959–1969) Snapshot from the old Syntrivani stadium The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki purchased a two-acre piece of land in the area of Syntrivani Stadium in order to construct new schools. PAOK had to relocate and a 7.5 acres area, owned by the Ministry of National Defence at Toumba district was chosen as the adequate location. The purchase cost was set at 1.5 million drachmas and was paid by PAOK administration in 20 six-month instalments of 75,000 drachmas each. On 7 February 1958, a committee of III Army Corps officers delivered the land to PAOK representatives. There were still barracks on the premises, housing victims of the Greek Civil War and the 1953 Ionian earthquake. Relocating all these people cost the club 70,000 drachmas. The total cost of the stadium's construction amounted to 6 million drachmas, with just 1.1 million coming from the General Secretariat of Sports as subvention. In spring of 1958 construction work started, based on the plans of architect Minas Trempelas and civil engineer Antonis Triglianos. In an attempt to collect the necessary funds, the club issued the "Lottery for the construction of PAOK New Stadium" in April 1958 at a cost of 20 drachmas each. Since 1956, the administration was withholding 15% of the gate income in order to fund the construction of the new stadium. Many PAOK fans, apart from money, also contributed to construction by volunteering to work as builders. The construction of the stadium was completed at a record time of one year. The inauguration event was scheduled for Sunday 6 September 1959 with a friendly encounter against AEK (PAOK prevailed 1–0 with a goal by Kostas Kiourtzis). Prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis's attendance was cancelled at the last minute. However, several ministers of his government were there for the occasion. As for the ball for the first kick-off, it fell at 17:30 off an airplane of Sedes Military Air Base. On inauguration day, 15,000 PAOK supporters packed Toumba Stadium, as that was the stadium's capacity back then. It would increase to 20,000 seats in the following months until it reached a 45,000-seat capacity in the mid-'70s through extensive expansion work. The attendance record remains at 45,252 tickets and was registered on 19 December 1976 in the goalless draw against AEK. In European football, the highest attendance was a 45,200 crowd in the 1–0 win against Barcelona (UEFA Cup, 16 September 1975). The first Alpha Ethniki years In 1959-60 Alpha Ethniki – the precursor of the current Super League – was set up as a national round-robin tournament and the 1959–60 championship was the first nationwide league competition. In the first decade of Greek Alpha Ethniki (1959–1969), PAOK had a top-half finish in every season except from the 10th-place finish in 1961. The best outcome came out in 1963 and 1967 with a 4th-place finish. Notable players of this period were Leandros Symeonidis, Giannis Giakoumis, Giannis Nikolaidis, Toulis Mouratidis, Pavlos Papadopoulos, Anestis Afentoulidis and Giorgos Makris. Giorgos Koudas debut and start of the rivalry with Olympiacos Giorgos Koudas, the most capped PAOK player with 607 games Giorgos Koudas was born on 23 November 1946 in Thessaloniki. Aged 12, he signed his first contract with PAOK and made his first team debut on 21 December 1963 in a 1–0 loss to Ethnikos at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium. Koudas' talent immediately started to excel and in 1965–66 season he made 29 appearances and scored 13 goals. On 14 July 1966, PAOK fans were shocked by the news of Koudas' descent to Piraeus, accompanied by his father (who was enraged with PAOK administration for financial reasons) and determined to sign for Olympiacos, who tempted him by offering a much higher annual salary without going into a negotiation with his club. PAOK president Giorgos Pantelakis never gave his consent for the transfer to be completed and for the next two seasons, Koudas participated only in Olympiacos friendly games. Military junta's General Secretary of Sports Kostas Aslanidis suggested in 1968 that Koudas should return to PAOK for two years and then move to Olympiacos, but Pantelakis refused saying "I may go to Gyaros island (place of exile for leftist political dissidents), but Koudas would never go to Olympiacos". Eventually, Koudas returned to PAOK in the summer of 1968 and led the great team of the 1970s to glorious days. Fueled by this incident, Olympiacos–PAOK rivalry is considered nowadays the fiercest intercity football rivalry in Greece. 1970s The 1970s decade was one of the best periods in the history of the football club. Scouting some of the best youth players in Northern Greece at the time and signing many of them to PAOK, president Giorgos Pantelakis built a strong team (including Stavros Sarafis, Christos Terzanidis, Kostas Iosifidis, Giannis Gounaris, Dimitris Paridis, Achilleas Aslanidis, Koulis Apostolidis, Filotas Pellios, Aristotelis Fountoukidis, Panagiotis Kermanidis, Angelos Anastasiadis, Neto Guerino and captained by Giorgos Koudas). The team won their first Championship (1976), two Cups (1972, 1974), a Greater Greece Cup (1973) and distinguished themselves in European competitions. Christos Terzanidis, member of the great team of PAOK during the 1970s PAOK participated in seven Greek Cup finals from 1970 to 1978. In the 1969–70 Greek Cup PAOK lost 1–0 to local rivals Aris in the final held at Kaftanzoglio Stadium and in the 1970–71 Greek Cup final they were defeated 3–1 by Olympiacos at Karaiskakis Stadium (home ground of Olympiacos). The first domestic title PAOK won, was the Cup of 1971–72 season. PAOK reached the final for the third straight year, sixth in total and it would be the fifth time traveling to Athens for the trophy match. This time PAOK faced league champions Panathinaikos (runners-up in 1971 European Cup). The final was held at Karaiskakis Stadium on 5 July 1972. PAOK players had 10,000 fans on their side and they vowed that it was about time to return with the trophy to Thessaloniki. PAOK won the game 2–1 with Koudas scoring both goals. In the second half, a magnificent bicycle kick of Matzourakis found the net, but the goal was surprisingly disallowed by referee Michas. PAOK triumphed and their first Greek Cup title was widely celebrated by fans in Thessaloniki. In 1972–73 season, PAOK came close to winning their first championship title playing exceptional football under the guidance of Les Shannon. On 25 February 1973 (matchday 20), PAOK, who were leading the league table by three points (point system 3–2–1) from rivals Olympiacos, suffered their first loss with 1–0 in a much disputed derby against Olympiacos at Karaiskakis Stadium. PAOK complained that referee Fakis was not taking the proper disciplinary action against Olympiacos players who committed violent fouls. Two players (Iosifidis and Aslanidis) were substituted in the first half after sustaining injuries. One week later, PAOK lost 1–0 to Fostiras in Athens and Olympiacos drew 0–0 away to Egaleo, results that left the two teams level on points. On 22 April 1973 (matchday 28), PAOK suffered a 3–5 shock defeat against Panachaiki at Toumba Stadium and Olympiacos who drew 1–1 away to Kavala, took the lead in the standings and with six wins in their remaining matches won the championship. At the end of the season, PAOK participated for fourth consecutive year in the Greek Cup final and lost 1–0 to Olympiacos at Karaiskakis Stadium (home ground of Olympiacos). In 1973–74 season, PAOK reached the quarter-finals of 1973–74 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup where they were knocked out by Milan 5–2 on aggregate. PAOK had defeated Legia Warsaw 2–1 on aggregate and Lyon 7–3 on aggregate in the previous rounds. That season, PAOK reached the Greek Cup final for a fifth consecutive year. The final was held at Nikos Goumas Stadium, once again in Athens, on 16 June, and was the first to be decided by a penalty shoot-out. The game ended 2–2 and PAOK won 4–3 on penalties over Olympiacos with Koulis Apostolidis converting the last of the procedure. 1975–76 Alpha Ethniki (first league title) For the entire season results, see 1975–76 PAOK FC season. Furtula Fountoukidis Pellios Gounaris Iosifidis Terzanidis Anastasiadis Sarafis Koudas Apostolidis Guerino PAOK lineup in 1975–76 season (Kermanidis was also a first-team regular) In the 1975–76 PAOK FC season, with Gyula Lóránt at the helm, the team had two daily practices instead of one and physical condition of the players improved significantly. On 4 January 1976, PAOK won 4–0 away at Olympiacos (their biggest home defeat in their history). On 11 April, PAOK defeated Panionios 4–0 and topped the table for first time that season, level on points with AEK who lost 0–1 to Panathinaikos. On matchday 25, AEK were defeated 1–0 by Aris in Thessaloniki and PAOK, with a 3–0 away win over Panachaiki, were alone at the top of the league table. The league title would be decided in two consecutive high-profile encounters at Toumba Stadium. PAOK prevailed 3–1 over Olympiacos and 1–0 over AEK with Neto Guerino scoring the winner in the 89th minute, giving the Double-Headed Eagle of the North a four-point lead (point system 2–1–0). The league title was clinched on the following matchday, when AEK were held to a goalless draw at Panserraikos and PAOK defeated 3–1 Iraklis at Kaftanzoglio Stadium. In the 1976–77 season, the team tried to defend the title and reached the last 16 of 1976–77 European Cup where they were knocked out by a far superior Dynamo Kyiv side. On 1 May 1977 (matchday 28), PAOK were leading the league table and lost 1–0 to AEK at Nikos Goumas Stadium with a controversial first-half goal that was scored from a direct free kick while goalkeeper Milinis was still setting up the wall. Referee Tsoukaladelis credited the goal to AEK despite the heavy protests from PAOK players and also sent off PAOK midfielder Damanakis in the first half for dangerous play. In the second half, a headed goal scored by Sarafis was wrongly ruled out for offside. PAOK fell from the top of the table. On 12 June (matchday 32), the team had a great chance against Panathinaikos at a packed Toumba Stadium to regain the lead (Panathinaikos were a point ahead). The game ended in a 0–0 stalemate, disappointing fans eager to win a back-to-back championship, while the team performance in the championship decider also did not meet expectations. On 22 June, PAOK lost 2–1 to Panathinaikos in the Greek Cup final held at Karaiskakis Stadium. President Pantelakis was furious with referee Platopoulos who sent off Gounaris in the 64th minute and ordered PAOK players to leave the awarding ceremony without receiving their medals. In the 1977–78 season, PAOK finished runners-up in the league, with Kostas Orfanos finishing top scorer of the club in the league with 15 goals. The team's loss to AEK at the Nea Filadelfeia Stadium at the end of the season sealed the title to the latter. The team also mounted a strong Cup run, beating Aris in the semi–finals on extra time, but lost 2–0 to AEK in the Cup final held at Karaiskakis Stadium. Compared to the previous three seasons, the 1978–79 season was lackluster, with a 4th place and early eliminations in the domestic Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup to Olympiacos and Servette, respectively, under Polish manager Egon Piechaczek. However, the team mounted a near perfect home run in all competitions, having only wins, save for a draw against Iraklis in October. The team was also affected by the deadly June earthquake that plagued the city of Thessaloniki, with Toumba Stadium being unusable for a period of time. Prior to the 1979–80 season, football in Greece became fully professional and PAOK would become entangled in ownership controversies involving the club's ultras Gate 4 that would go on via various means for over two decades. By March 1980, five teams were battling for the championship title. On 9 March 1980 (matchday 24), PAOK were leading the table and lost 0–2 to rivals Panathinaikos at Toumba Stadium. This was the first home defeat after a 62-game unbeaten run (52 wins/10 draws). Kostikos scored two goals in the first half, but both of them were disallowed by referee Litsas. In the second half, Kostikos was brought down in the area by Kovis, but Litsas denied the penalty and sent off PAOK defender Pellios who was protesting. In the final minutes of the game, PAOK had a chance to score from the penalty spot, but the fans shouted to Orfanos to send the ball wide. Orfanos made a really weak side foot-kick which was easily saved by goalkeeper Konstantinou. After the final whistle, all hell broke loose in and around the stadium with 23 police officers and 20 fans sustaining injuries. In April, Piecharczek was sacked after a series of poor results and was replaced by Gyula Lóránt, who returned after his successful title charge four years earlier, but couldn't pull the team above an ultimately disappointing 5th place in the league table. Adding to the club's short term troubles, Toumba's Gate 8 collapsed in February due to the 1978 earthquake, which rendered the stadium unusable until early into the following season, with the team playing at Iraklis' Kaftanzoglio Stadium for that time period. 1980s: Professionalism, league title and financial troubles On 31 May 1981, PAOK manager Gyula Lóránt had a heart attack in the 16th minute of the match against Olympiacos at Toumba Stadium when Koudas headed the ball wide from close range. Doctors attempted to resuscitate him, but he died before the ambulance arrived. At half-time PAOK players were told that he had been taken to hospital and were only told about his death after the game. PAOK eventually won the derby 1–0 with the goal by substitute Vassilis Vasilakos (who had been sitting next to Lóránt when he collapsed). PAOK players wanted to dedicate a Greek Cup title to his memory, but the team lost 3–1 to Olympiacos in the Greek Cup final held at Nikos Goumas Stadium on 21 June. In the 1981–82 season PAOK contested a domestic double, but ultimately fell short of both trophies, owing to a mediocre form in the last fixtures of the league, which condemned the team to a 3rd-place position, and a tense semi–final at Leoforos Alexandras against Panathinaikos, where the team conceded a late goal from Grigoris Charalampidis, resulting in elimination. Moreover, the team engaged in a memorable tie against West German powerhouse Eintracht Frankfurt in that year's Cup Winners' Cup. After a 2–0 loss at the Waldstadion, anticipation for the return tie was massive. In front of a crowd of 35,000 (unofficial estimates range much higher), the team had a dominant display and managed to equal the 2–0 deficit, but failed to score the third goal prior to the penalty shootout. After up-and-coming Christos Dimopoulos's penalty was saved, Bruno Pezzey netted the winning penalty kick. On 29 June 1983, PAOK participated once again in the Greek Cup final which was held for first time at the newly built Olympic Stadium of Athens. Captained for last time in a Greek Cup final by Koudas, the team lost 2–0 to AEK despite their superiority over the opponents that day. A first-half goal by Giorgos Kostikos was ruled out for offside. PAOK also made a memorable appearance against German giants Bayern Munich in the second round of the 1983–84 UEFA Cup, where they were knocked out on penalties (9–8) after two goalless draws. Bayern's first penalty kick, taken by Klaus Augenthaler, was saved twice by PAOK goalkeeper Mladen Furtula, but the English referee Arthur Robinson ordered the penalty to be retaken both times. Augenthaler admitted in a 2018 interview that the referee favored Bayern and that he felt uncomfortable when he was asked to take the penalty for a third time. At the end of the season, Koudas and Furtula retired from professional football. 1984–85 Alpha Ethniki (second league title) For the entire season results, see 1984–85 PAOK FC season. Pantelis Baniotis Jurišić Tsourelas Alavantas Singas Skartados Vasilakos Paprica Dimopoulos Kostikos Players with most apps in 1984–85 season (Kostikos had 23 apps / 10 goals, Damanakis and Alexandridis had 24 apps each) PAOK's second championship came in 1984–85 season, under Austrian manager Walter Skocik. Notable team figures included Georgios Skartados, Nikos Alavantas, Thomas Singas, Rade Paprica and the attacking duo of Giorgos Kostikos and Christos Dimopoulos. It was the last season at the club for Ioannis Damanakis and captain Kostas Iosifidis, who ended his football career. On 20 January 1985 (matchday 15), PAOK gained a five-point lead (point system 2–1–0) with a 1–0 away win over Panathinaikos at the Olympic Stadium of Athens. The crucial goal was scored by Paprica in the 80th minute with a diving header. On 9 June, PAOK clinched the league title with a goalless draw at Nea Smyrni Stadium against Panionios, as Panathinaikos were held to a 2–2 draw by bottom of the table Pierikos. On 22 June, 10-man (Vasilakos was sent-off early in the first half) PAOK lost 4–1 to Larissa in the Greek Cup final held at the Olympic Stadium of Athens and wasted the opportunity to win a first domestic Double. PAOK's top goalscorer that season, Christos Dimopoulos, did not participate as he left the team at Athens airport when they arrived from Thessaloniki for the game. He went to the headquarters of Motor Oil (company of Panathinaikos president Vardinogiannis) in order to seal his transfer to Panathinaikos as his five-year contract with PAOK was expiring. In the 1987–88 season, PAOK were fighting for the title (along with AEL and AEK) up to matchday 23, when they suffered a surprising 0–2 home defeat to Iraklis. Earlier that season, on 6 December 1987, PAOK made a record 6–1 win over rivals Olympiacos at Serres Municipal Stadium (biggest defeat of Olympiacos in Greek Alpha Ethniki/Superleague history). PAOK finished third in the league and qualified for 1988–89 UEFA Cup where they faced Napoli of Maradona, Careca and Alemão. The team fought vigorously, but lost 2–1 on aggregate. Maradona, when asked on RAI TV, moments after the final whistle of the second leg at Toumba Stadium, if he had ever played in such an atmosphere, said "I have played a lot of games, but I have never seen anything like this. We couldn't find any rhythm and I believe that it was difficult for the opponents too. It was a weird encounter". The Thomas Voulinos era (1989–1996) In the 1989–90 season, with Magdy Tolba shining and youngster Giorgos Toursounidis rising, the team managed to reach the half-way stage of the competition topping the table (winter champions), but good form deteriorated and PAOK finished third. The 1990–91 season started with PAOK facing Sevilla in the first round of the UEFA Cup and they were knocked out on penalties after two goalless draws. On 23 September 1990 (matchday 2), president Thomas Voulinos stormed the field in the 77th minute of the derby against Panathinaikos at the Olympic Stadium of Athens. Voulinos was furious with referee Karamanis and despite the fact that the scoreline was 3–0 and the winner was already determined, he ordered PAOK players to leave the pitch. After the game which was eventually abandoned, he said "We felt like sheep that were heading to be butchered and that was unacceptable". PAOK were later penalised with a three-point deduction and had to play five home games behind closed doors. The two teams met again in the Greek Cup semi-finals and in the 57th minute of the second leg at Toumba Stadium, Voulinos once again entered the pitch angry at decisions by referee Vasilakis. Panathinaikos won 2–1 on aggregate. In 1991–92 season, under Croatian manager Miroslav Blažević, PAOK qualified against the then strong KV Mechelen (winners in 1988, semi-finalists in 1989 Cup Winners' Cup / quarter-finalists in 1990 European Cup) in the first round of 1991–92 UEFA Cup, 2–1 on aggregate. Stefanos Borbokis scored the winner in the 85th minute of the second leg at Achter de Kazerne Stadium. Blazevic was replaced by Gounaris later and the team lost in the two-legged Greek Cup final to Olympiacos, 3–1 on aggregate. On 24 May 1992 (matchday 32), PAOK lost 1–2 to Olympiacos at Toumba Stadium and suffered their first home defeat against rivals Olympiacos after a 24-game unbeaten run (21 wins/3 draws – 21 league matches/3 cup matches – goals 52/12) which lasted for 23 years. It is rumoured that after this shock defeat, the renowned PAOK ultras leader Thomas Mavromichalis (nicknamed Makis Manavis, i.e., greengrocer due to his profession – PAOK ultras refer to him as «The General») decided to never set foot again at Toumba Stadium. On 1 October 1992, the PAOK v. Paris Saint–Germain UEFA Cup match was abandoned due to crowd violence. PAOK were punished with a two-year ban from all European competitions by UEFA's disciplinary committee. The sentence was later reduced to one year. In the 1994–95 season, under Dutch manager Arie Haan, PAOK finished third in the league and Apollon Athens took their place in the next season's UEFA Cup. The 1995–96 season was the worst in the club's history. PAOK were seriously threatened with a possible relegation for first time in their history. The team managed to avoid relegation a few weeks before the end of the season, finishing in a record low 14th place, with various demonstrations and riots against Voulinos throughout the season, including an arson attack on his house after a 1–3 loss to AEK in November 1995. However, the team mounted a consistent Cup run, being eliminated in the semi–finals by Apollon Athens. The George Batatoudis era (1996–2003) Angelos Anastasiadis, 2002–03 Greek Cup winner as a coach In 1996, Thomas Voulinos handed over a debt-free PAOK to Giorgos Batatoudis. Numerous transfers of quality players such as Zisis Vryzas, Spyros Marangos, free kick specialist Kostas Frantzeskos, Percy Olivares and Joe Nagbe took place under the new administration. In May 1997, after a five-year absence from European competitions, PAOK qualified for the UEFA Cup under coach Angelos Anastasiadis. The club's reappearance at European level was marked by a victory and qualification over Arsenal, 2–1 on aggregate. Arsenal went on to win a domestic Double that season. Remembering the first leg encounter, captain Tony Adams and goalkeeper David Seaman spoke very highly of the atmosphere created by PAOK fans at Toumba Stadium. On 9 February 1998, PAOK player Panagiotis Katsouris, aged 21, was returning from an amateur 5x5 match, when his car skidded off the road due to excessive speed, hitting the barriers at the Thermi interchange outside Thessaloniki. His death was verified in AHEPA Hospital shortly afterwards. He was buried on 12 February in the Anastaseos Cemetery in Thessaloniki. A bust was erected in his memory at Toumba Stadium and memorial services are held each year near the accident scene. In February 2009, PAOK announced that a football tournament, bearing his name, would be held annually. Katsouris' No 17 jersey was permanently retired by the club in his memory. Early on 4 October 1999, in a bus accident in the Vale of Tempe, Thessaly, six PAOK fans were killed (Kyriakos Lazaridis, Christina Tziova, Anastasios Themelis, Charalampos Zapounidis, Georgios Ganatsios, Dimitris Andreadakis). The bus was heading back to Thessaloniki after a 1–1 draw against Panathinaikos at the Olympic Stadium of Athens. A ceremony in commemoration of the incident has taken place every year since. In January 2000, PAOK appointed Dušan Bajević as their new manager. PAOK won the 2001 Greek Cup beating Olympiacos 4–2 in the final held at Nikos Goumas Stadium on 12 May 2001. On 17 May 2003, PAOK defeated local rivals Aris 1–0 in the final held at Toumba Stadium with an excellent goal scored by Georgiadis and earned their fourth Greek Cup title. PAOK manager Angelos Anastasiadis became the first in the club's history to win the Cup both as a player (in 1974) and manager. During the seven-year period of Batatoudis' ownership, PAOK's debts rose to about €10 million. The Giannis Goumenos era: troubled times (2003–2006) The 2003–04 season was an unexpected success. Batatoudis was no longer the major shareholder and under coach Anastasiadis, PAOK managed to finish third in the league and reached the third qualifying round of 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, where they faced Maccabi Tel Aviv. The first leg at Toumba Stadium ended 1–2, but it was later awarded 0–3 against PAOK for fielding a suspended player - Liasos Louka, a Cypriot player still serving a two-match ban in UEFA competitions (for his sending-off in a UEFA Intertoto Cup tie while playing for Nea Salamis on 8 July 2000) had played. Eventually, the team failed to qualify for the group stage. Rolf Fringer succeeded Angelos Anastasiadis in September 2004, but after a few games, he was replaced by Nikos Karageorgiou, who led the club to a fifth-place finish in May 2005 and a subsequent 2005–06 UEFA Cup qualification. In late May 2006, the club's poor financial position started to emerge; players declared they had been unpaid for months. A shocking decision by UEFA to ban the club from the upcoming UEFA Cup brought the club close to dissolution. The organized supporters' groups launched an all-out war against president Giannis Goumenos during the summer of 2006, even occupying the club's offices in Toumba stadium for a handful of days. The situation was worsening for Goumenos after various negotiations with possible investors failed, constant allegations of embezzlement emerged, and especially after his decision to sell star player Dimitris Salpingidis to Panathinaikos. On 13 November 2006, Goumenos resigned from PAOK presidency leaving huge debts behind (during the three-year period of Goumenos' ownership, the club's debts rose from about €10 million to around €30 million → €10 million were the primary debt obligations plus €20 million from additional taxes, fines and surcharges) and few weeks later, Nikos Vezyrtzis–Apostolos Oikonomidis duo (former PAOK BC presidents) assumed temporary management of the club. Zagorakis – Vryzas management with massive fans' support (2007–2012) Theodoros Zagorakis, the iconic captain and former president of PAOK FC In June 2007, former player and captain Theodoros Zagorakis assumed the presidency of the club, replacing the Nikos Vezyrtzis and Apostolos Oikonomidis administration and thus ushered a new era, in an effort to bring the club back to successes. In 2007–08 PAOK FC season, the early replacement of Georgios Paraschos by the well-known established manager Fernando Santos did little to prevent a ninth-place finish in the league. On 6 January 2008, Zisis Vryzas ended his football career coming on as a substitute in the game against AEL and immediately started his tenure as PAOK sports director. Coach Fernando Santos The club's finances gradually improved thanks to new sponsorship deals and the continuing support from fans (the number of season tickets was vastly increased). In June 2008, Theodoros Zagorakis announced the club's intention of building a new PAOK FC Sport Center in the Nea Mesimvria urban area of Thessaloniki, owned by the club. The administration had already acquired land from the municipality of Agios Athanasios and the project would be executed by former president Vasilis Sergiannidis' construction company. In the summer of 2008, the club brought in promising winger Vieirinha and widely known internationals Pablo Contreras, Zlatan Muslimović and Pablo García. In the winter transfer window that followed, Olivier Sorlin and Lino joined the team. The end of the 2008–09 PAOK FC found PAOK in second place, eight points behind champions Olympiacos. However, the team lost in the Super League playoffs (pos. 2–5) to Panathinaikos and finished in fourth place. Pablo García in action for PAOK in 2010 In the 2009–10 PAOK FC season, PAOK fought for the title up to matchday 26 (Panathinaikos were two points ahead), when they lost 2–0 against local rivals Aris at Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium. The club complained about referee Spathas; after the final whistle, Zagorakis went to the dressing room and apologized to PAOK players for not being able to protect them against poor refereeing. PAOK went on to win the league playoffs (pos. 2–5) and qualified for 2010–11 UEFA Champions League third qualifying round, but the success was swiftly followed by Fernando Santos' announcement of his decision to depart, having concluded his three-year contract as head coach. It was eventually decided in mid-June that Mario Beretta would be his successor. Beretta was quickly replaced by Pavlos Dermitzakis and became the shortest-serving PAOK coach ever, sitting on the bench for just 38 days. With Dermitzakis at the helm, PAOK faced Ajax and was ultimately eliminated on the away goals rule, managing a 1–1 draw in Amsterdam and a thrilling 3–3 draw in Thessaloniki. Entering the UEFA Europa League playoff round, PAOK were drawn against Fenerbahçe, also eliminated from the Champions League third qualifying round. PAOK won the home game 1–0 in Thessaloniki, then secured a 1–1 draw after extra time in Constantinople. Dermitzakis was removed after a 1–0 loss to Panathinaikos FC on 17 October. His assistant, Makis Chavos, replaced him as caretaker manager and PAOK reached the knockout phase of the Europa League, losing 2–1 on aggregate to CSKA Moscow. In the league, PAOK finished third and qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. Tottenham 1–2 PAOK, László Bölöni at White Hart Lane PAOK board appointed Romanian László Bölöni as the club's new head coach for the following season. The team qualified from the UEFA Europa League playoff round and entered the group stage. On 30 November 2011, PAOK achieved a historic 2–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. With this victory, the club qualified for the knockout phase for a second consecutive year. On 26 January 2012, Theodoros Zagorakis resigned from the club's presidency and was replaced by Zisis Vryzas. The Ivan Savvidis era (2012–present) On 10 August 2012, Ivan Savvidis acquired PAOK ownership by depositing a fee of €9,951,000 and thus becoming the major shareholder of the club. In 2012–13 PAOK FC season, under manager Giorgos Donis, PAOK finished 2nd during the regular period, qualifying for the Super League Greece playoffs (pos. 2–5). After a Greek Cup semi-final loss to Asteras Tripoli, Donis was replaced by technical director and former player Georgios Georgiadis, who was appointed as caretaker manager. PAOK managed to win qualification for the third qualifying round of the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League through the playoffs after a last game win against PAS Giannina. In June 2013, PAOK appointed Huub Stevens as their new coach, but he was dismissed in March 2014 after achieving poor results. Once again, Georgiadis was appointed as caretaker manager and the team managed to reach the 2013–14 Greek Cup final, but lost 4–1 to Panathinaikos at the Olympic Stadium of Athens. In March 2015, Law N° 4321/2015 on regulations for kickstarting the economy was adopted by the Greek government and stated that a total repayment of a company's primary debt obligations would lead to the deletion of all additional taxes, fines and surcharges. On 12 May 2015, PAOK owner Ivan Savvidis paid the total amount of the club's debts towards Greek public authorities, a fee of €10,886,811. On 27 May, PAOK hired Frank Arnesen as their new sports director. On 18 June, Igor Tudor was hired as the new manager of the club, signing a three-year contract. On 2 September, PAOK announced the signing of Dimitar Berbatov on a one-year deal. Playing a 3–5–2 formation, the team progressed through three qualifying rounds to reach the UEFA Europa League group stage and on 10 December, PAOK made a surprising 1–0 away win over Borussia Dortmund at Signal Iduna Park. Tudor was replaced in March 2016 by youth-team coach Vladimir Ivić and the team won the Super League playoffs (pos. 2–5) and qualified for the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League third qualifying round. PAOK won the 2016–17 Greek Cup beating AEK 2–1 in the final held at Panthessaliko Stadium with a controversial goal scored by Pedro Henrique in the 81st minute. Linesman Kalfoglou failed to indicate that the scorer was in an offside position. In the same phase of play, moments before Leovac made the cross to Henrique, Crespo was brought down in the area by Simoes, but PAOK were denied a penalty by referee Kominis. The final was marred by crowd violence before the kick-off. In the Super League playoffs (pos. 2–5) that followed, a game against Panathinaikos at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium was abandoned (scoreline 1–0 at the time) when Ivić was struck on his head by a beer can that was thrown from the crowd. The Serbian coach was taken to a public hospital and the match was interrupted by referee Kominis in the 54th minute. Panathinaikos representatives claimed that Ivić exaggerated the impact of the injury and could continue. The game was awarded 0–3 to PAOK by court decision. AEK went on to win the playoffs and PAOK finished 4th. After the end of the season, Ivić did not renew his contract and the club appointed Aleksandar Stanojević whose tenure as PAOK manager did not last long. On 11 August 2017, he was replaced by Răzvan Lucescu. 2017–18 eventful season For the entire season results, see 2017–18 PAOK FC season. Aleksandar Prijović, Top goalscorer in 2017–2018 season On 25 February 2018 (and while PAOK were leading the league table being 2pts ahead of AEK), PAOK–Olympiacos derby was suspended before kick-off when Olympiacos manager Óscar García Junyent was hit by an object thrown from the crowd (reportedly by an unfolding cash register paper roll). Óscar García received medical attention before being taken to a private general hospital (Interbalkan Medical Center). The private clinic where García was taken issued a statement about five hours after the coach was admitted, saying that due to his medical condition (sensitivity in the jaw, neck pain, dizziness and nausea) García had to stay at the hospital overnight and PAOK vs Olympiacos game never started. Olympiacos communications chief Karapapas stated that he expected a huge apology from PAOK for the incident and that their rivals should become more civilized if they want to develop into a big club. He also claimed that the object that fell onto García was a sealed cash register paper roll, which can be as heavy as a stone and when thrown from a certain height and distance with a certain force can be a very powerful blow. PAOK representatives claimed that the whole incident was a certain tactic from Olympiacos, which eventually did not work out because there was no injury sustained. Medical report of the official doctor of the match, approved by the Greek Football Federation (EPO), stated that García was not seriously injured and could return on the bench, but Olympiacos questioned doctor's credibility because he was a PAOK employee, working in PAOK youth academy. Referee Aretopoulos (who had many controversial moments in his career) submitted two match reports to describe why the game was abandoned (an initial report at Toumba Stadium and a supplementary report few days later that was demanded by first-instance court judge). Olympiacos were later awarded a 0–3 win by court decision. Răzvan Lucescu, most successful PAOK manager On 11 March 2018, during a championship decider derby against AEK (timeline of events before the game: 24 Feb: PAOK 52pts/AEK 50pts, 25 Feb: PAOK–Olympiacos suspended before kick-off, 26 Feb: Atromitos–AEK 1–1 and PAOK 52pts/AEK 51pts, 4 Mar: Asteras Tripoli–PAOK 3–2, AEK–Panionios 1–0 and AEK 54pts/PAOK 52pts, 5 Mar: first-instance court sentence: PAOK deducted 3pts, game awarded 0–3 to Olympiacos, 2 home games behind closed doors and AEK 54pts/PAOK 49pts, 10 Mar: court of appeal sentence: 3pts returned to PAOK, game awarded 0–3 to Olympiacos, closed doors penalty suspended and AEK 54pts/PAOK 52pts), the president of the team, Ivan Savvidis, stormed onto the pitch when referee Georgios Kominis disallowed a 90th-minute goal scored by Fernando Varela with a header. The goal was initially credited to PAOK by both the referee who pointed the center spot and the linesman who never raised his flag and ran towards the center. About 10–15 seconds later and while PAOK players were celebrating, linesman Pontikis was approached by AEK players who were protesting and approximately 3 minutes after the goal was scored, they altered their decision. The goal was ruled out for offside (according to referee Kominis, Maurício influenced play). Savvidis entered the pitch with few members of his personal guard and Ľuboš Micheľ (former UEFA Elite referee). At first, he ordered his team to leave the pitch, but his request was denied by PAOK captain Vieirinha. Afterwards they went close to the referee, where Micheľ expressed his complaints about the decision. Leaving the pitch 1 minute after his entry, a tension was built between Savvidis and members of AEK bench and moments later Savvidis took off his jacket and a gun appeared attached to his belt. The referee suspended the game and sent the two teams to the dressing rooms. Savvidis tried to enter into the referees' dressing room, but he was denied entrance by security and few minutes later he left the stadium. Kominis' intention was the game to be continued after 1 hour (and blew his whistle outside the dressing rooms calling the two teams), but AEK general manager Vasilis Dimitriadis approached him and claimed (as can be heard in audio) that the players of AEK were terrified from the incident and could not continue as he felt that their safety was at risk. PAOK vice-president Chrisostomos Gagatsis is heard trying to persuade Dimitriadis to order AEK players to return on the pitch. Soon after, the game was abandoned. Vieirinha, PAOK most decorated player The incident caused the league to be suspended by the Greek government. AEK manager Manolo Jiménez giving his side of the story, confirmed that Kominis wanted the game to be concluded, but AEK president told them not to play. He also said about a year later, that AEK players and himself realized that Savvidis was actually carrying a gun on his belt when they received photos on their cellphones and not while they were on the pitch. AEK midfielder Panagiotis Kone in an interview after the game also confirmed that Kominis told them to go out and play for the remaining 5 minutes, but he did not inform AEK players as to whether he would award or overturn PAOK goal when asked in the dressing rooms. He replied that they would be informed outside on the pitch. Of course, both Jiménez and Kone condemned Savvidis' actions and held him responsible for the interruption. PAOK goalkeeper Alexandros Paschalakis stated that it was clearly a legitimate goal scored by Varela, because Maurício was behind the goalkeeper and did not influence play. He also said that Savvidis' invasion of the pitch wasn't proper. On his official match report, referee Kominis wrote down that when the match was interrupted the scoreline was 1–0 and that he decided to award the goal. Kominis received a summons to appear at the court hearing, but he sent a letter instead, explaining that he could not show up for personal reasons. He also received a legal document with 3 questions from first-instance court judge and gave a definite answer in one of them and a vague response in the other two. Ivan Savvidis apologised for his behaviour two days after the game and he was later banned from all football stadiums for three years. PAOK were sentenced with a 3pt deduction (and 2pts from next season's championship) and AEK were awarded a 0–3 win by court decision. The 6-point swing was a major blow to PAOK's title hopes and the club was unable to secure the title as AEK were crowned champions with three match-days to go. The club still managed to end their season on a high note by winning their second consecutive Greek Cup beating AEK Athens 2–0 in the final held at the Olympic Stadium of Athens (AEK home ground at the time), with the match refereed after many years in Greece by a foreign referee (David Fernández Borbalán). During the post-game press conference, manager Lucescu and captain Vieirinha (final MVP) both stated that 2018 championship title was stolen from PAOK. 2018–19 unbeaten Champions and first Domestic Double PAOK 3–2 Spartak Moscow, August 2018 Paschalakis Varela Crespo Matos Vieirinha Maurício Shakhov Jabá Biseswar Pelkas Prijović PAOK 2018–19 unbeaten Champions (Akpom was the striker for the 2nd half of the season) For the entire season results, see 2018–19 PAOK FC season. 2018–19 season was the best in club's history. During the 2018–19 Super League Greece, the major derbies, after decades in Greek football history, were refereed by foreign referees. On 21 April, PAOK beat Levadiakos 5–0 and clinched the league title, hosting a memorable celebration. On 5 May, PAOK earned their 26th win in 30 games to complete an undefeated season (26–4–0 record). This is arguably the best performance in Greek football history, the previous held by Panathinaikos, who won the 1963–64 Alpha Ethniki title undefeated, but with a 24–6–0 record. PAOK were also the only unbeaten European football club in the national championships held across Europe during the 2018–2019 season. On 11 May, PAOK won the Greek Cup for third consecutive year, defeating AEK 1–0. This was the third consecutive Greek Cup final against the same opponent and it was held for second consecutive year at the Olympic Stadium of Athens (AEK home ground at the time). The Video assistant referee (VAR) was used for the first time in Greek football and in a Greek Cup final. The winning goal came in the 45th minute with an overhead kick of Chuba Akpom. Dimitris Pelkas provided the assist. With this Greek Cup victory, PAOK FC achieved a domestic Double for first time in their history. Vieirinha was named MVP of the Season. 2020–21 Greek Cup winners and UEFA Europa Conference League quarter-finalists On 22 May 2021, under Uruguayan manager and fan favorite Pablo García, PAOK won their eighth Greek Cup title, beating Olympiacos 2–1 in the final held at the Athens Olympic Stadium with Michael Krmenčík scoring the winner in the 90th minute.And PAOK conquered the Greek Cup for 8th time in the history of the club. In the 2021–22 season, PAOK reached the quarter-finals of the inaugural UEFA Conference League, losing 1–3 on aggregate to Marseille. On 21 May 2022, PAOK lost 1–0 to Panathinaikos in the Greek Cup final which was held at the Olympic Stadium of Athens. 2022–23 Greek Cup final disappointment and early European exit The 2022–23 season started with an early elimination in the UECL 2nd Qualifying Round to Levski Sofia and a slow start in the league, being 5th at the end of October. However, the team resurged and entered the play–offs as title contenders, but, in a repeat of the previous season, failed to live up to expectations and finished 4th, 16 points below the top. The team's cup run was stopped at the final against AEK Athens, behind closed doors at the Panthessaliko Stadium, losing 2–0 even though AEK Athens received an early red card in the game. 2023–24 Greek Championship and UEFA Conference League quarter-finalists Kotarski Kędziora Koulierakis Sastre Baba Meïté Schwab Živković Taison Konstantelias Brandon PAOK starting XI in the 2023–24 season (Ozdoyev, Despodov and Murg were also first-team regulars) For the entire season results, see 2023–24 PAOK FC season. The 2023–24 season started with new signings in the summer window, such as Kiril Despodov. The team managed to suffice in the qualifying rounds of the Conference League, tightly beating Beitar Jerusalem and topping HNK Hajduk Split and Hearts in the 2nd, 3rd and play–off qualifying rounds respectively. In the group stage, the team defeated HJK before scoring a memorable home victory at an atmospheric Toumba Stadium against 2022 Europa League winners Eintracht Frankfurt 2–1 on injury time, a feat which the club would repeat against Aberdeen in Pittodrie, followed by a draw against Aberdeen at home. In March, PAOK played Dinamo Zagreb at the Maksimir Stadium for the competition's round of 16, suffering a 2–0 defeat. However, in the return leg, PAOK managed an impressive 5–1 comeback, qualifying to the quarterfinals with a score of 5–3 on aggregate. The 2023–24 UEFA Conference League run ended in the quarter-finals where PAOK played against Club Brugge. In the first leg, PAOK lost 1–0. They didn't manage to make up for the loss in the second leg, where PAOK lost 0–2. In 2023–24 season, PAOK after finishing first in the regular season, managed to remain on top after the conclusion of the play-offs winning their fourth Greek Championship on a remarkable fashion. PAOK defeated all their major rivals (AEK, Olympiacos, Panathinaikos and Aris) in the last four matches, winning against the three league contenders from Athens at home and clinching the title with a 1–2 away victory over city rivals Aris at the Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium on 19 May 2024. Crest and colours Crest The first emblem of PAOK depicted a four-leaf clover and a horseshoe. The leaves were green and above them were the initials of the word "PAOK". Kostas Koemtzopoulos, one of PAOK's founding members, came up with this idea, inspired by his favourite brand of cigarettes. On 20 March 1929, Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis (A.E.K.) was dissolved and absorbed by PAOK and a mournful version of the double-headed eagle with the wings closed instead of stretched, indicating the grief for the lost homelands, was adopted as the club's new emblem. On 11 June 2013, under the presidency of Ivan Savvidis, a golden outline was added to the crest, as a symbol of the club's Byzantine heritage. During the 2018–19 season, the first emblem was used on the third kit. Colours The club's colours have always been black and white, black for the sorrow related to countless thousands of Greek refugees who were forced to leave the land their ancestors had been living in for centuries (Asia Minor, Eastern Thrace, Pontus, Caucasus) and white for the hope of a new beginning that came with settling in a new home. PAOK's traditional kit features a black and white vertical striped shirt, combined with black or white shorts and socks. Various types of shirts were used throughout the club's history and the most common alternatives were those with thinner or wider stripes, the all-black one and the all-white one. Over the years, several other colours were used on the 3rd kit, such as grey, silver, blue, purple, orange and red. Honours Domestic The Double Trophies in 2019 Super League Greece Winners (4): 1975–76, 1984–85, 2018–19, 2023–24 Greek Football Cup Winners (8): 1971–72, 1973–74, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21 Double Winners (1): 2018–19 Continental European Cup: Last 16 (1): 1976–77 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: Quarter-finalists (1): 1973–74 UEFA Conference League Quarter-finalists (2): 2021–22, 2023–24 Regional Macedonia FCA Championship: Winners (7): 1936–37, 1947–48, 1949–50, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1956–57 Macedonia–Thrace FCA Championship: Winners (1): 1939–40 Other Greater Greece Cup (defunct) Winners (1): 1973	wikipedia_english	2025-12-02T07:57:21Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_PAOK_FC	{"title": "History of PAOK FC", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-02T07:57:21Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:14Z"}
9fin British financial data and software company 9fin is a London-based financial technology company that provides data, news, and predictive analytics for debt capital markets (DCM). Its platform is used by investment banks, asset managers, and law firms to track leveraged finance, private credit, and distressed debt. Founded in 2016, the company uses machine learning to extract data from financial documents. In December 2024, the company raised a $50 million Series B funding round led by Highland Europe. In 2025, 9fin acquired the primary issuance data provider Bond Radar. History 9fin was founded in 2016 by Steven Hunter and Huss El-Sheikh, who were university friends and former banking and technology professionals. They established the company to address the reliance on manual data entry and fragmented information sources in the debt markets. In October 2021, the company raised an £8 million Series A round led by Redalpine, which supported its initial expansion into the US market. In December 2022, 9fin raised a $23 million (£19 million) Series A+ funding round led by Spark Capital. As part of the deal, general partner Alex Finkelstein joined the company's board. The company secured a $50 million Series B investment in December 2024, led by Highland Europe. The capital was allocated to further develop the firm's artificial intelligence capabilities and scale its presence in the US market. Highland Europe partner Fergal Mullen joined the board following the investment. By late 2024, the company employed approximately 250 people. In March 2025, 9fin completed its first major acquisition, purchasing Bond Radar, a data provider specialising in real-time tracking of new bond issuances. The acquisition added 20 years of historical primary issuance datasets to 9fin's platform. Products and services The company operates a web-based intelligence platform that aggregates legal, financial, and news data for credit investors and advisors. The software uses computer vision and machine learning to extract key terms from financial documents, such as offering memoranda and earnings reports, covering asset classes including high-yield debt, leveraged loans, and private credit. It competes in the market against providers such as Reorg, Fitch and Debtwire. Following the acquisition of Bond Radar in 2025, the platform integrated global primary issuance data, allowing users to track new bond deals from announcement to pricing. The company publishes league tables and law firm rankings which track activity in the structured credit and private credit sectors. These rankings are referenced by industry participants such as Milbank LLP and Davis Polk & Wardwell. Operations 9fin is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It maintains a US headquarters in New York City and an engineering and data hub in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which opened in 2024. In 2025, the company was listed in The Sunday Times 100 Tech (Software) league table, a ranking of Britain's fastest-growing private technology companies.	9fin British financial data and software company 9fin is a London-based financial technology company that provides data, news, and predictive analytics for debt capital markets (DCM). Its platform is used by investment banks, asset managers, and law firms to track leveraged finance, private credit, and distressed debt. Founded in 2016, the company uses machine learning to extract data from financial documents. In December 2024, the company raised a $50 million Series B funding round led by Highland Europe. In 2025, 9fin acquired the primary issuance data provider Bond Radar. History 9fin was founded in 2016 by Steven Hunter and Huss El-Sheikh, who were university friends and former banking and technology professionals. They established the company to address the reliance on manual data entry and fragmented information sources in the debt markets. In October 2021, the company raised an £8 million Series A round led by Redalpine, which supported its initial expansion into the US market. In December 2022, 9fin raised a $23 million (£19 million) Series A+ funding round led by Spark Capital. As part of the deal, general partner Alex Finkelstein joined the company's board. The company secured a $50 million Series B investment in December 2024, led by Highland Europe. The capital was allocated to further develop the firm's artificial intelligence capabilities and scale its presence in the US market. Highland Europe partner Fergal Mullen joined the board following the investment. By late 2024, the company employed approximately 250 people. In March 2025, 9fin completed its first major acquisition, purchasing Bond Radar, a data provider specialising in real-time tracking of new bond issuances. The acquisition added 20 years of historical primary issuance datasets to 9fin's platform. Products and services The company operates a web-based intelligence platform that aggregates legal, financial, and news data for credit investors and advisors. The software uses computer vision and machine learning to extract key terms from financial documents, such as offering memoranda and earnings reports, covering asset classes including high-yield debt, leveraged loans, and private credit. It competes in the market against providers such as Reorg, Fitch and Debtwire. Following the acquisition of Bond Radar in 2025, the platform integrated global primary issuance data, allowing users to track new bond deals from announcement to pricing. The company publishes league tables and law firm rankings which track activity in the structured credit and private credit sectors. These rankings are referenced by industry participants such as Milbank LLP and Davis Polk & Wardwell. Operations 9fin is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It maintains a US headquarters in New York City and an engineering and data hub in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which opened in 2024. In 2025, the company was listed in The Sunday Times 100 Tech (Software) league table, a ranking of Britain's fastest-growing private technology companies.	wikipedia_english	2025-12-12T09:56:15Z	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9fin	{"title": "9fin", "entry_created_at": "2025-12-12T09:56:15Z", "crawled_at": "2025-12-15T12:58:16Z"}

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