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PMC12842104
|
Breast cancer is a significant cause of death worldwide.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Recent research has focused on identifying natural compounds for developing effective cancer treatments.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Resiniferatoxin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist, is a common diterpene in Euphorbia bicolor Engelm. &
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
A. Gray (Euphorbiaceae), a plant native to the southern United States that has not been studied before.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
We investigated the antiproliferative activities and mechanisms of action of E. bicolor xylene extract in estrogen receptor-positive T47D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
|
[
{
"end": 137,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 133,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 168,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 158,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
The extract significantly reduced the viability of T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
|
[
{
"end": 55,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 51,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 70,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 60,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
In MDA-MB-231 cells, the extract induced apoptosis via intracellular calcium overload, triggered by TRPV1 activation.
|
[
{
"end": 13,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 3,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
This effect was diminished by the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine and the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Intracellular calcium influx was confirmed through Fura-2 AM staining, revealing that E. bicolor phytochemicals activated TRPV1 in MDA-MB-231 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 141,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 131,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Treatment of T47D cells with E. bicolor xylene extract resulted in apoptosis associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (10-fold higher in T47D cells than in MDA-MB-231 cells) and mitochondrial calcium overload.
|
[
{
"end": 17,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 13,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 157,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 153,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 182,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 172,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
These effects were significantly blocked when cells were pretreated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS inhibitor.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Both cell lines underwent apoptosis via multiple mitochondrial- and endoplasmic reticulum stress–mediated pathways.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
This was supported by the activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9; increased expression of FAS, XBP1s, and CHOP; upregulation of BAX; and downregulation of BCL-2.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
In addition, PI3K, AKT, and pAKT protein expressions were also reduced in both cell lines, indicating downregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Phytochemicals in E. bicolor xylene extract could become promising ingredients for developing breast cancer therapeutics.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Breast cancer has emerged as a significant concern for women globally, with 2.26 million reported cases in 2020, surpassing all other forms of cancer and becoming the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
The number of new cases in the United States had increased by 31% in 2023 .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Despite significant advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment, the development of chemotherapeutic agents remains an area of intensive research .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
For centuries, plants have served as a foundation of traditional medicine, with many species containing bioactive compounds that exhibit strong anticancer properties .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Plant secondary metabolites with anticancer properties, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics, may provide a broad range of therapeutic benefits .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Recent research suggests that phytochemicals could have various therapeutic effects, such as preventing tumor growth by activating several cellular signaling pathways and targeting specific receptors .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
One of the well-known receptors that can be activated by phytochemicals is the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
TRPV1 receptors are ion channels belonging to the TRP channel superfamily, modulated by several phytochemicals and activating several cell death signaling pathways, thus exhibiting antiproliferative effects .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
The TRPV1 channel is a non-selective cation channel classically associated with nociception and thermosensation .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
However, accumulating evidence indicates that TRPV1 also participates in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including cancer , and is expressed in different carcinoma tissues, including all types of breast cancers .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Various plant phytochemicals, including capsaicin, gingerol, piperine, and resiniferatoxin (RTX), are the commonly known activators of the TRPV1 channel .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
In cancer cells, TRPV1 activation leads to an influx of calcium, initiating subsequent signaling cascades and triggering antiproliferative effects .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Further study is required to fully understand the potential of phytochemicals targeting TRPV1 in cancer therapy.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
One genus known to have antiproliferative effects is Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Many species of Euphorbia are used in traditional folk medicine to treat different diseases and have been extensively studied because of their wide range of biological activities, including antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Extracts of Euphorbia species, such as E. helioscopia L., and E. macroclada Boiss.,
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
applied to different breast cancer cell lines, inhibit cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and were able to reverse multidrug resistance .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Euphorbia bicolor Engelm. &
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
A. Gray, also known as Snow-on-the-prairie, is native to south-central USA.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
No scientific research has been done on this species.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Our previous research found that the latex extract of E. bicolor and its phytochemicals showed antiproliferative properties in ER-positive MCF-7 and T47D, as well as triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-469 breast carcinomas, but the mechanisms of action were not determined .
|
[
{
"end": 144,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 139,
"text": "MCF-7"
},
{
"end": 153,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 149,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 192,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 182,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
},
{
"end": 207,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 197,
"text": "MDA-MB-469"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
The present study aims to determine the antiproliferative mechanisms of action of E. bicolor xylene extract on ER-positive T47D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
|
[
{
"end": 127,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 123,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 158,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 148,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Resiniferatoxin, a common diterpene present in E. bicolor , was reported to activate the TRPV1 channel in neurons and cancer cells .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
We hypothesized that E. bicolor xylene extract, containing diterpenes, would activate TRPV1 and induce TRPV1-dependent antiproliferative mechanisms of action in the breast cancer cell lines.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
We report that E. bicolor xylene extract possesses antiproliferative properties in both breast cancer cell lines under study and induces apoptosis through multiple cell death pathways.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the antiproliferative mechanisms of action of E. bicolor xylene extract on ER-positive T47D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines.
|
[
{
"end": 148,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 144,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 179,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 169,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
ER-positive T47D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of E. bicolor ethanol, xylene extracts, or capsaicin.
|
[
{
"end": 16,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 12,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 47,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 37,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
E. bicolor ethanol extract significantly inhibited the cell viability of ER-positive T47D cell lines at 500 µg/mL (Figure 1A).
|
[
{
"end": 89,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 85,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
However, E. bicolor ethanol extract did not show a reduction in cell viability of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 1B).
|
[
{
"end": 108,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 98,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
E. bicolor xylene extract dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of ER-positive T47D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell lines (Figure 1C,D).
|
[
{
"end": 90,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 86,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 121,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 111,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
The xylene extract significantly inhibited cell viability, starting at 2 µg/mL in T47D and 8 µg/mL in MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
|
[
{
"end": 86,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 82,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 112,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 102,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
At 500 µg/mL, E. bicolor xylene extract significantly inhibited T47D and MDA-MB-231 cell viability by more than 95% (Figure 1C,D).
|
[
{
"end": 68,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 64,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 83,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 73,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Since the xylene extract is significantly more potent than the ethanol extract in inducing antiproliferative effects, all follow-up experiments were performed with E. bicolor xylene extract.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
The proliferation of T47D cells was significantly inhibited by capsaicin treatment at 250 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL concentrations (Figure 1E), while MDA-MB-231 cell viability was significantly reduced at 500 µg/mL capsaicin (Figure 1F).
|
[
{
"end": 25,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 21,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 154,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 144,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
In contrast to E. bicolor ethanol extract, the xylene extract at higher concentrations (125 µg/mL–500 µg/mL) inhibited the growth of human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) (Figure 1G,H).
|
[
{
"end": 163,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 133,
"text": "human mammary epithelial cells"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Therefore, the rest of the experiments were set up to use 62.5 µg/mL xylene extract to determine the antiproliferative mechanisms.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of E. bicolor xylene extract for T47D cells was 0.7834 µg/mL (Figure 2A), and for MDA-MB-231 cells was 9.341 µg/mL (Figure 2B).
|
[
{
"end": 86,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 82,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 141,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 131,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
The IC50 of E. bicolor xylene extract for HMECs was 288.6 µg/mL (Figure 2C).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
The IC50 of capsaicin for T47D cells was 173.4 µg/mL (Figure 2D), and MDA-MB-231 cells were 439.3 µg/mL (Figure 2E).
|
[
{
"end": 30,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 26,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 80,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 70,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Three days after E. bicolor xylene extract treatment (62.5 μg/mL), fewer cells as well as cell morphological changes were observed in both cell lines.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Cells were smaller and more spherical, partially or completely detached from the bottom of the wells after treatment, indicative of the cytotoxic effects of E. bicolor xylene extract (Figure 2F).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with E. bicolor xylene extract (62.5 µg/mL) for 24 h, and TUNEL assays were performed to detect apoptosis.
|
[
{
"end": 4,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 0,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 19,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 9,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Typical DNA fragmentation in T47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was observed (Figure 3A).
|
[
{
"end": 33,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 29,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 48,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 38,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
The number of apoptotic T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells significantly increased with E. bicolor xylene extract treatments, as indicated by the relative red fluorescence intensity of Alexa 594 (Figure 3B).
|
[
{
"end": 28,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 24,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 43,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 33,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with E. bicolor xylene extract, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was monitored using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) to investigate whether E. bicolor treatment could generate ROS accumulation in cells.
|
[
{
"end": 4,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 0,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 19,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 9,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
The DCFDA fluorescence intensity increased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing time of E. bicolor xylene extract treatment in both T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 4A,B).
|
[
{
"end": 142,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 138,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 157,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 147,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
E. bicolor xylene extract treatment significantly and dose-dependently triggered intracellular ROS accumulation in T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the negative control and 20× and 30× higher than the positive control (Figure 4C,D).
|
[
{
"end": 119,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 115,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 134,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 124,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
At higher doses of E. bicolor xylene extract treatments, intracellular ROS accumulation was found to be ten times greater in T47D cells than in MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 4C).
|
[
{
"end": 129,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 125,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 154,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 144,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
To determine whether ROS generation was associated with E. bicolor-induced apoptosis, T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells were pretreated with the ROS inhibitor N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) for 1 h and then treated with E. bicolor xylene extract.
|
[
{
"end": 90,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 86,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 105,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 95,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Pretreatment with NAC significantly ameliorated the effect of E. bicolor in T47D cells (Figure 4E), suggesting that ROS generation is involved in E. bicolor diterpene extract-induced apoptosis in T47D cells.
|
[
{
"end": 80,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 76,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 200,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 196,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
However, NAC could not inhibit the effect of E. bicolor xylene extracts in MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 4F), suggesting that E. bicolor extracts induced apoptosis in a TRPV1-dependent manner and only partially through ROS generation.
|
[
{
"end": 85,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 75,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Resiniferatoxin, commonly known as a TRPV1 agonist, is present in E. bicolor .
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Therefore, we hypothesized that TRPV1 would be activated by E. bicolor xylene extract, causing an influx of calcium that would lead to cell death.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
The T47D cells were treated with E. bicolor xylene extract after pretreating them with 10 μM of capsazepine (CAPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist.
|
[
{
"end": 8,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 4,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
TRPV1 inhibition increased the cell proliferation only at E. bicolor extract concentrations of 2–16 µg/mL. Capsazepine could not completely block the effect of higher concentrations of E. bicolor xylene extract (Figure 5A).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
To determine the calcium involvement in apoptosis, 1 μM of the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM was used to pretreat T47D cells, after which they were treated with E. bicolor xylene extract.
|
[
{
"end": 114,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 110,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Chelating calcium increased the cell proliferation only at concentrations of 2–8 µg/mL of E. bicolor extract.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Chelating calcium could not completely block the effect of higher concentrations of E. bicolor extract (Figure 5B).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Fura2-AM staining was employed to check intracellular calcium concentrations and activation of TRPV1.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Fluorescence followed a downward trend immediately after the E. bicolor treatment (Figure 5C), revealing that TRPV1 may not be involved in the antiproliferative mechanism of action.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
In search of calcium-regulated apoptotic mechanism of action, an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted low-affinity GCaMP6-210 plasmid variant, a fluorescent reporter for ER calcium signaling, was used to visualize ER Ca dynamics.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
T47D cells were transfected with the GCaMP6-210 variant, and immediately after E. bicolor xylene extract treatment, calcium concentration (green fluorescence) was observed.
|
[
{
"end": 4,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 0,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
GCaMP6-210 fluorescence followed a downward trend (Figure 5D), suggesting that E. bicolor treatment in T47D cells triggers the release of calcium from ER.
|
[
{
"end": 107,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 103,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
This suggests that TRPV1 might not be involved in the cell death of E. bicolor-treated T47D cells.
|
[
{
"end": 91,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 87,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Rhod2-AM was used to monitor mitochondrial calcium.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Twenty-seven seconds after E. bicolor xylene extract treatment, Rhod2-AM was localized within the mitochondria of T47D cells (Figure 5E).
|
[
{
"end": 118,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 114,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
MDA-MB-231 cells were pretreated with 10 μM of CAPZ and treated with E. bicolor xylene extract.
|
[
{
"end": 10,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 0,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
TRPV1 inactivation by CAPZ significantly increased the cell viability of extract-treated cells (Figure 6A), indicating that E. bicolor extract reduces the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells in a TRPV1-dependent manner.
|
[
{
"end": 178,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 168,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
To see the effect of calcium chelation, which could oppose the above scenario and increase cell viability, MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to E. bicolor xylene extract after pretreatment with 1 μM of the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM.
|
[
{
"end": 117,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 107,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
At low extract concentrations (2–16 μg/mL), chelating calcium with BAPTA-AM increases the cell viability by blocking the effect of E. bicolor extract (Figure 6B).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
However, at higher extract concentrations (62.5–500 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited a significant decrease in viability, likely attributable to the cytotoxic effects of E. bicolor xylene extract at elevated doses.
|
[
{
"end": 70,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 60,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
To check the calcium dynamics induced by the activation of TRPV1, Fura2-AM staining was used and an increase in intracellular calcium was observed.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Fluorescence intensity followed an upward trend immediately after the E. bicolor xylene extract treatment, which lasted for 6–10 s (Figure 6C).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
To determine if this activation could lead to the accumulation of calcium in mitochondria, Rhod2-AM was used to monitor mitochondrial calcium.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
An immediate accumulation of calcium in the mitochondria was observed.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Within 8 s after E. bicolor xylene extract treatment, Rhod2-AM was predominantly localized in the mitochondria of MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 6D).
|
[
{
"end": 124,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 114,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Mitochondria are critical mediators of apoptotic signaling pathways.
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Activated/cleaved caspase 3 (green fluorescence) was detected in both T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with E. bicolor xylene extract (62.5 μg/mL).
|
[
{
"end": 74,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 70,
"text": "T47D"
},
{
"end": 89,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 79,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Activation of caspase 3 was significantly higher in MDA-MB-231 cells compared with T47D cells (Figure 7A,B).
|
[
{
"end": 62,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 52,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
},
{
"end": 87,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 83,
"text": "T47D"
}
] |
PMC12842104
|
Capsaicin (positive control) and E. bicolor extract treatments were also associated with the expression of caspase 8 and FAS, indicating induction of mitochondrial extrinsic apoptosis (Figure 7C).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
Capsaicin and E. bicolor xylene extract treatments led to the expression of caspase 9 and reduction in anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein compared to the DMSO control (Figure 7D).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
However, the expression of BCL-2 was significantly lower in E. bicolor extract-treated cells than in control and capsaicin (Figure 7E).
|
[] |
PMC12842104
|
The proapoptotic BAX protein showed a higher molecular weight band (47 KDa) in capsaicin and E. bicolor extract-treated cells, compared to its known average molecular weight (21 KDa) (Figure 7F).
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PMC12842104
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The fold activation of BAX is significantly higher than that of DMSO control (Figure 7G), indicating that E. bicolor xylene extract treatment also led to mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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PMC12842104
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The protein kinase B (AKT) plays essential roles in cell survival, growth, and proliferation by regulating cellular signaling .
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in Data Studio
Silver standard CellLine NER Data
Dataset Description
to be completed
Source Data
to be completed
Intended Use
Primary Use
- Supervised NER training for biomedical NLP tasks
Not Intended For
- Clinical or patient-level decision making
Dataset Structure
- Language: English
- Splits: Train
- **Features:
- Labels:
Preprocessing
- Sentence-level segmentation is enforced
Limitations
Ethical Considerations
- All content originates from publicly available, open-access scientific datasets
- No personal, clinical, or identifiable patient information is included
Citation
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