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SAT_Writting_Reading_Assessment_Question_Bank

id stringlengths 8 8	passage stringlengths 67 918	question stringclasses 21 values	choice_A stringlengths 2 206	choice_B stringlengths 2 210	choice_C stringlengths 2 258	choice_D stringlengths 2 122	correct_answer stringclasses 4 values	rationale stringlengths 356 2.6k	difficulty stringclasses 3 values	domain stringclasses 2 values
fa7a89f1	Studying how workload affects productivity, Maryam Kouchaki and colleagues found that people who chose to do relatively easy tasks ﬁrst were less ______ compared to those who did hard tasks ﬁrst. Finishing easy tasks gave participants a sense of accomplishment, but those who tackled hard tasks ﬁrst actually became more...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	secretive	eﬃcient	outgoing	unsympathetic	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion about Kouchaki and colleagues’ research into how workload affects productivity. In context, “eﬃcient” means effective or well organized. The text indicates that, according to Kouchaki and colleagues’ research, people who worked on har...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
dddfa043	Before the Erie Canal was completed in 1825, transporting goods by wagon between New York City and the Midwest took up to forty-ﬁve days and cost one hundred dollars per ton. By linking the Hudson River to Lake ______ canal reduced transport time to nine days and cut costs to six dollars per ton.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	Erie; the	Erie (the	Erie, the	Erie: the	C	Choice C is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation between a supplementary phrase and a main clause. This choice correctly uses a comma to mark the boundary between the introductory supplementary phrase (“By linking the Hudson River to Lake Erie”), which identiﬁes how the canal reduced transport ti...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
59209b6d	Based on genetic evidence, archaeologists have generally agreed that reindeer domestication began in the eleventh century CE. However, since uncovering fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia, ______ may have begun much earlier.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	researcher Robert Losey has argued that domestication	researcher Robert Losey’s argument is that domestication	domestication, researcher Robert Losey has argued,	the argument researcher Robert Losey has made is that domestication	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modiﬁer placement. This choice makes the noun phrase “researcher Robert Losey” the subject of the sentence and places it immediately after the modifying phrase “since…Siberia.” In doing so, this choice clearly establishes that researcher Robert Losey—a...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
96e5da01	The alga species Chlorella vulgaris is very eﬃcient at making oxygen. For this reason, scientists are currently exploring ways to use this species in space. C. vulgaris might be used, for example, to build future biological air exchange systems that ______ oxygen for astronauts.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	are producing	produced	produce	have produced	C	Choice C is the best answer. The convention being tested is the use of verbs to express tense. Simple present tense verbs can be used to describe actions that tend to occur, including in a hypothetical or future scenario. In this case, the simple present tense verb “produce” indicates what the air exchange systems migh...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
b13378c8	Early in the Great Migration of 1910–1970, which involved the mass migration of Black people from the southern to the northern United States, political activist and Chicago Defender writer Fannie Barrier Williams was instrumental in helping other Black women establish themselves in the North. Many women hoped for bette...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	To introduce and illustrate Barrier Williams’s integral role in supporting other Black women as their circumstances changed during part of the Great Migration	To establish that Barrier Williams used her professional connections to arrange employment for other Black women, including jobs with the Chicago Defender	To demonstrate that the factors that motivated the start of the Great Migration were different for Black women than they were for Black men	To provide an overview of the employment challenges faced by Black women in the agricultural and domestic spheres in	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes the text’s purpose, which is to discuss the important role Barrier Williams played in supporting many other Black women as they relocated to the northern United States during the early years of the Great Migration. After introducing Barrier Williams, the ...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
afd48140	In 1877, 85% of California’s railways were already controlled by the Southern Paciﬁc Railroad. The company further solidiﬁed its ______ in rail access to the state’s Paciﬁc coast when it completed the Sunset Route in 1883: running from Louisiana to Southern California, the route established the ﬁrst transcontinental ra...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	dominance	creativity	insigniﬁcance	neutrality	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most logically and precisely completes the text’s discussion of the Southern Paciﬁc Railroad. As used in this context, "dominance" means the state of being more successful than others. The text states that the Southern Paciﬁc Railroad already controlled 85% of California’s railway...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
c91ef0f0	During the American Civil War, Thomas Morris Chester braved the front lines as a war correspondent for the Philadelphia Press. Amplifying the voices and experiences of Black soldiers ______ of particular importance to Chester, who later became an activist and lawyer during the postwar Reconstruction period.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	were	have been	are	was	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-verb agreement. The singular verb "was" agrees in number with the singular subject "amplifying." Gerunds such as "amplifying" are always singular. Choice A is incorrect because the plural verb "were" doesn’t agree in number with the singular subject "a...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
7ce4ee13	After immigrating from Mexico and obtaining U.S. citizenship, Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo entered politics, earning a reputation for being a fervent defender of Hispanic civil rights. In 1919 Larrazolo was elected governor of ______ in 1928 he became the nation’s ﬁrst Hispanic U.S. Senator.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	New Mexico and	New Mexico,	New Mexico, and	New Mexico	C	Choice C is the best answer. The convention being tested is the coordination of main clauses within a sentence. This choice correctly uses a comma and the coordinating conjunction "and" to join the ﬁrst main clause ("In 1919 Larrazolo was elected governor of New Mexico") and the second main clause ("in 1928 he became t...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
ff97fd53	In 1973, poet Miguel Algarín started inviting other writers who, like him, were Nuyorican—a term for New Yorkers of Puerto Rican heritage—to gather in his apartment to present their work. The gatherings were so well attended that Algarín soon had to rent space in a cafe to accommodate them. Thus, the Nuyorican Poets Ca...	Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?	To explain what motivated Algarín to found the Nuyorican Poets Cafe	To situate the Nuyorican Poets Cafe within the cultural life of New York as a whole	To discuss why the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its scope to include art and music	To provide an overview of the founding and mission of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe	D	Choice D is the best answer. The text presents a brief history of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, from how it got started in the ’70s, to its expansion in the ’80s, to its ongoing mission today. Choice A is incorrect. This isn’t the overall purpose. The text never mentions Algarín’s motivations. Choice B is incorrect. This i...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
a2835734	Visual artist Gabriela Alemán states that the bold colors of comics, pop art, and Latinx culture have always fascinated her. This passion for the rich history and colors of her Latinx community translates into the ______ artworks she produces.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	vivid	unknown	deﬁnite	reserved	A	Choice A is the best answer. "Vivid" can mean "colorful" or "bright-colored." This deﬁnition ﬁts the context clues about Alemán’s fascination with and passion for bold colors. Choice B is incorrect. This doesn’t ﬁt the logic of the text. Nothing in the text indicates that Alemán’s artworks are "unknown." Choice C is in...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
b7363ba2	Mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz used the metaphor of the “butterﬂy effect” to explain how seemingly minor events can have major impacts on future weather. According to Lorenz’s metaphor, the wind from a butterﬂy ﬂapping ______ in Brazil might eventually grow into a storm elsewhere across the globe.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	its wings	its wings’	it’s wing’s	it’s wings’	A	Choice A is the best answer. The conventions being tested are the use of possessive determiners and plural nouns. The singular possessive determiner "its" and the plural noun "wings" correctly indicate that the butterﬂy has multiple wings. Choice B is incorrect because the context requires the plural noun "wings," not ...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
0ff8477b	Food and the sensation of taste are central to Monique Truong’s novels. In The Book of Salt, for example, the exiled character of Bình connects to his native Saigon through the food he prepares, while in Bitter in the Mouth, the character of Linda ______ a form of synesthesia whereby the words she hears evoke tastes.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	experienced	had experienced	experiences	will be experiencing	C	Choice C is the best answer. The convention being tested is the use of verbs to express tense. In this choice, the present tense verb “experiences” is consistent with the other present tense verbs (e.g., “connects” and “prepares”) used to describe the events in Truong’s novels. Furthermore, it’s conventional to use the...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
db2e480a	By the time Hawaiian king Kamehameha III ______ the throne, the number of longhorn cattle, ﬁrst introduced to the islands in 1793, had drastically increased, and so too had the need for paniolo (Hawaiian cowboys) to manage the wild herds that then roamed throughout the volcanic terrain.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	ascended	will ascend	ascends	is ascending	A	Choice A is the best answer. "Ascended" is in the simple past tense. Since Kamehameha became king in the past, this makes the most sense. Choice B is incorrect. "Will ascend" is in the future tense, but we wouldn’t know about Kamehameha III’s ascent if it hadn’t happened yet. The information in the sentence, as well as...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
48e4021d	The following text is from Holly Goldberg Sloan’s 2017 novel Short. More than two years ago my parents bought a piano from some people who were moving to Utah. Mom and Dad gave it to my brothers and me for Christmas. I had to act really happy because it was such a big present, but I pretty much hated the thing from th...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	It explains why the narrator always wanted a piano close to her bedroom.	It establishes how the narrator feels about the piano.	It suggests that the narrator’s brothers are talented piano players.	It describes the event that led the narrator’s parents to buy a piano.	B	Choice B is the best answer because it best states the main purpose of the text, which is to establish the narrator’s feelings about the piano. The narrator reveals that she “had to act really happy” about the piano even though she “pretty much hated the thing” as soon as it was placed upstairs near her bedroom. The na...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
c06af4d8	Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places, which includes Pi‘ilanihale Heiau and the ‘Ōpaeka‘a Road Bridge. Okinaka doesn’t make such decisions ______ all historical designations must be approved by a group of nine other experts from the ﬁ...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	single-handedly, however;	single-handedly; however,	single-handedly, however,	single-handedly however	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is the punctuation of a supplementary word or phrase between two main clauses. This choice correctly uses a comma to separate the supplementary adverb “however” from the preceding main clause (“Okinaka doesn’t…single-handedly”) and a semicolon to join the next ma...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
bcc91b1e	The spacecraft OSIRIS-REx brieﬂy made contact with the asteroid 101955 Bennu in 2020. NASA scientist Daniella DellaGiustina reports that despite facing the unexpected obstacle of a surface mostly covered in boulders, OSIRIS-REx successfully ______ a sample of the surface, gathering pieces of it to bring back to Earth.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	attached	collected	followed	replaced	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft’s contact with the asteroid 101955 Bennu. In this context, “collected” means acquired and took away. The text indicates that although the boulders on the asteroid’s surface caused some unforeseen problems,...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
37e5c794	Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, ______ they are made from nonrenewable petroleum, and most do not biodegrade in landﬁlls.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	there are two problems associated with commercial plastics:	two problems are associated with commercial plastics:	commercial plastics’ two associated problems are that	commercial plastics have two associated problems:	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-modiﬁer placement. This choice ensures that the modifying phrase “despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce” appears immediately before the noun it modiﬁes, “commercial plastics,” clearly establishing that the commercial plastics—and not anot...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
1d971f75	Photographer Ansel Adams’s landscape portraits are iconic pieces of American art. However, many of the ______ of landscapes were intended not as art but as marketing; a concessions company at Yosemite National Park had hired Adams to take pictures of the park for restaurant menus and brochures.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	photographer’s early photo’s	photographers early photo’s	photographer’s early photos	photographers early photos	C	Choice C is the best answer. There’s only one photographer (Adams), and the photos are his, so the singular possessive "photographer’s" is correct. There’s more than one photo, and nothing belongs to the photos, so the simple plural "photos" is correct. Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses the singular possessive "p...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
6f5fc289	The following text is adapted from Charles Dickens’s 1854 novel Hard Times. Coketown is a ﬁctional town in England. [Coketown] contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	To emphasize the uniformity of both the town and the people who live there	To explain the limited work opportunities available to the town’s residents	To reveal how the predictability of the town makes it easy for people lose track of time	To argue that the simplicity of life in the town makes it a pleasant place to live	A	Choice A is the best answer. The author describes Coketown as having streets that are all very similar and residents who live similarly and do the same work. This repetition of similarities emphasizes how everything in Coketown is alike. Choice B is incorrect. While the text mentions that all the residents “do the same...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
acb852e7	The following text is from the 1923 poem “Black Finger” by Angelina Weld Grimké, a Black American writer. A cypress is a type of evergreen tree. I have just seen a most beautiful thing, Slim and still, Against a gold, gold sky, A straight black cypress, Sensitive, Exquisite, A black ﬁnger Pointing upwards. Why, beaut...	Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?	The speaker assesses a natural phenomenon, then questions the accuracy of her assessment.	The speaker describes a distinctive sight in nature, then ponders what meaning to attribute to that sight.	The speaker presents an outdoor scene, then considers a human behavior occurring within that scene.	The speaker examines her surroundings, then speculates about their inﬂuence on her emotional state.	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most accurately describes the overall structure of the text. First, the speaker describes observing a “most beautiful” sight: a tree (“black cypress”) standing out from the golden sky behind it, looking like a person’s ﬁnger “pointing upwards” and appearing “sensitive” and “exquis...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
f631132b	In the Here and Now Storybook (1921), educator Lucy Sprague Mitchell advanced the then controversial idea that books for very young children should imitate how they use language, since toddlers, who cannot yet grasp narrative or abstract ideas, seek reassurance in verbal repetition and naming. The most enduring example...	Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?	The text outlines a debate between two authors of children’s literature and then traces how that debate shaped theories on early childhood education.	The text summarizes an argument about how children’s literature should be evaluated and then discusses a contrasting view on that subject.	The text lists the literary characteristics that are common to many classics of children’s literature and then indicates the narrative subjects that are most appropriate for young children.	The text presents a philosophy about what material is most suitable for children’s literature and then describes a book	D	Choice D is the best answer. The text starts by introducing Mitchell’s philosophy about using simple, repetitive language in books for young children. Then it describes a book inﬂuenced by that philosophy, Goodnight Moon. Choice A is incorrect. Although two authors are mentioned in the text, they both agree about the t...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
b74f676f	Classical composer Florence Price’s 1927 move to Chicago marked a turning point in her career. It was there that Price premiered her First Symphony—a piece that was praised for blending traditional Romantic motifs with aspects of Black folk music—and ______ supportive relationships with other Black artists.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	developing	developed	to develop	having developed	B	Choice B is the best answer. The missing verb is part of the same clause as the verb "premiered," and "Price" is the subject of both. So we need the past-tense form "developed" in order to match "premiered." Choice A is incorrect. This choice creates a verb form error. The missing verb is part of the same clause as the...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
7d84fe2b	Particle physicists like Ayana Holloway Arce and Aida El-Khadra spend much of their time ______ what is invisible to the naked eye: using sophisticated technology, they closely examine the behavior of subatomic particles, the smallest detectable parts of matter.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	selecting	inspecting	creating	deciding	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the work of particle physicists. In this context, “inspecting” means viewing closely in order to examine. The text indicates that as particle physicists, Arce and El-Khadra’s work involves using advanced technology to “closely exam...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
975b0602	A number of Indigenous politicians have been elected to the United States Congress since 2000 as members of the country’s two established political parties. In Canada and several Latin American countries, on the other hand, Indigenous people have formed their own political parties to advance candidates who will advocat...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	To trace the history of an Indigenous political movement and speculate about its future development	To argue that Indigenous politicians in the United States should form their own political party	To highlight two approaches to achieving political representation for Indigenous people	To consider how Indigenous politicians in the United States have inﬂuenced Indigenous politicians in Canada and Latin	C	Choice C is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text, which is to illustrate two approaches that Indigenous politicians have taken to achieve political representation for their communities. The text begins by explaining that one approach is exempliﬁed by Indigenous politicians i...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
84a7fbca	When Mexican-American archaeologist Zelia Maria Magdalena Nuttall published her 1886 research paper on sculptures found at the ancient Indigenous city of Teotihuacan in present-day Mexico, other researchers readily ______ her work as groundbreaking; this recognition stemmed from her convincing demonstration that the sc...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	acknowledged	ensured	denied	underestimated	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Nuttall’s 1886 research paper. In this context, “acknowledged” means recognized as having a certain status. The text indicates that other researchers recognized Nuttall’s work as groundbreaking because of its “convincing demonstrat...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
479c7e82	Although critics believed that customers would never agree to pay to pick their own produce on farms, such concerns didn’t ______ Booker T. Whatley’s efforts to promote the practice. Thanks in part to Whatley’s determined advocacy, farms that allow visitors to pick their own apples, pumpkins, and other produce can be f...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	enhance	hinder	misrepresent	aggravate	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Booker T. Whatley. In this context, “hinder” means hold back or obstruct. The text explains that Whatley encouraged farms to allow customers on site to pick their own produce for a fee. He did so despite critics’ concerns that the ...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
47598085	Yawn contagion occurs when one individual yawns in response to another’s yawn. Studies of this behavior in primates have focused on populations in captivity, but biologist Elisabetta Palagi and her colleagues have shown that it can occur in wild primate populations as well. In their study, which focused on a wild popul...	Which choice best describes the function of the ﬁrst sentence in the text as a whole?	It deﬁnes a phenomenon that is discussed in the text.	It introduces a problem that is examined in the text.	It makes a claim that is challenged in the text.	It presents a hypothesis that is evaluated in the text.	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes how the ﬁrst sentence functions in the text as a whole. The ﬁrst sentence introduces what yawn contagion is, explaining that it occurs when an individual yawns in response to the yawn of another individual. The text goes on to describe Elisabetta Palagi a...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
19688783	The following text is from Lucy Maud Montgomery’s 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables. Anne, an eleven-year-old girl, has come to live on a farm with a woman named Marilla in Nova Scotia, Canada. Anne reveled in the world of color about her. “Oh, Marilla,” she exclaimed one Saturday morning, coming dancing in with her arm...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	To demonstrate that Anne has a newly developed appreciation of nature	To describe an argument that Anne and Marilla often have	To emphasize Marilla’s disapproval of how Anne has decorated her room	To show that Anne and Marilla have very different personalities	D	Choice D is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text. The text begins by noting that Anne “reveled in the world of color about her”—that is, she takes great delight in colorful things. It then relates a scene when she enthusiastically enters the house with autumn foliage and ann...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
066a3295	Researchers have found a nearly 164,000-year-old molar from a member of the archaic human species known as Denisovans in a cave in Laos, suggesting that Denisovans lived in a wider range of environments than indicated by earlier evidence. Before the discovery, Denisovans were thought to have lived only at high altitude...	Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?	It dismisses as untrue the research presented in the previous sentence.	It deﬁnes a term used in the description that follows in the rest of the sentence.	It emphasizes the main goal of the research introduced in the previous sentence.	It provides context that clariﬁes the signiﬁcance of the information that follows in the rest of the sentence.	D	Choice D is the best answer. The text describes how a new discovery expands our understanding of Denisovans. The underlined portion describes what we used to believe about Denisovans, which helps the reader understand the signiﬁcance of the discovery of the molar: it suggests that they lived in more places than we’d pr...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
6ea8c23f	In 2018, a team of researchers led by Dr. Caitlin Whalen compiled every available measurement of ocean mixing rates from the past two decades. With this novel data set, the team was able to determine how current-driven mixing varies across ______ and what impact it has on the distribution of heat and nutrients in the o...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	regions,	regions:	regions;	regions	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation between coordinates in a sentence. The two elements "how…regions" and "what…ocean" work together as coordinates to complete the description of what the team was able to determine. Because there are only two coordinates in this case (as opposed to a...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
49bbe4d7	For painter Jacob Lawrence, being ______ was an important part of the artistic process. Because he paid close attention to all the details of his Harlem neighborhood, Lawrence’s artwork captured nuances in the beauty and vitality of the Black experience during the Harlem Renaissance and the Great Migration.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	skeptical	observant	critical	conﬁdent	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Jacob Lawrence’s artistic process. In this context, “observant” means watchful and perceptive. The text emphasizes that the “close attention” Lawrence paid to “all the details” of his neighborhood allowed him to reﬂect subtle eleme...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
adf210e7	The haiku-like poems of Tomas Tranströmer, which present nature- and dream-inﬂuenced images in crisp, spare language, have earned the Swedish poet praise from leading contemporary ______ them Nigerian American essayist and novelist Teju Cole, who has written that Tranströmer’s works “contain a luminous simplicity.”	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	writers. Among	writers among	writers; among	writers, among	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation use between a main clause and a supplementary phrase. This choice correctly uses a comma to mark the boundary between the main clause (“The haiku-like…writers”) and the supplementary phrase (“among…Cole”) that speciﬁes a contemporary writer who has...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
eef91a50	Nine months before Rosa Parks made history by refusing to comply with the segregated seating policy on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus, a ﬁfteen-year-old Montgomery girl named Claudette Colvin was arrested for the same ______ to some historians, Colvin’s arrest led to Parks’s action and eventually to the desegregation of Mo...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	offense. According	offense, according	offense according	offense and according	A	Choice A is the best answer. “Nine months…offense” and “according to…system” are both independent clauses. Separating them with a period and turning them into their own sentences is the only grammatically correct choice among the provided options. Choice B is incorrect. This choice results in a comma splice error, whic...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
cb526866	The recent discovery of a carved wooden ﬁgure dating to around 2,000 years ago in a ditch in England was truly surprising. Wooden objects ______ survive for so long due to their high susceptibility to rot, but archaeologists suspect layers of sediment in the ditch preserved the ﬁgure by creating an oxygen-free environm...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	sturdily	carelessly	rarely	simply	C	Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the discovery of a carved wooden ﬁgure dating to around 2,000 years ago. In this context, “rarely” means infrequently. The text states that the discovery of the ﬁgure was “truly surprising” and notes that wooden objects are highly ...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
e5da61f1	The following text is adapted from Charles Chesnutt’s 1899 short story “Mars Jeems’s Nightmare.” The narrator and his wife have recently moved to the southern United States, and Julius is their carriage driver. Julius [was] very useful when we moved to our new residence. He had a thorough knowledge of the neighborhood,...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	To compare the narrator’s reaction to a new home with his wife’s reaction	To give an example of Julius’s knowledge about soil	To show that the narrator and Julius often hunt and ﬁsh together	To explain different ways in which Julius was helpful	D	Choice D is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text, which is to explain different ways in which Julius was helpful. The text begins with the narrator stating that Julius was very helpful to him and his wife when they moved to their new residence. The narrator then provides a l...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
576b2c70	A member of the Cherokee Nation, Mary Golda Ross is renowned for her contributions to NASA’s Planetary Flight Handbook, which ______ detailed mathematical guidance for missions to Mars and Venus.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	provided	having provided	to provide	providing	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is the use of ﬁnite verbs in a relative clause. Relative clauses, such as the one beginning with “which,” require a ﬁnite verb, a verb that can function as the main verb of a clause. This choice correctly supplies the clause with the ﬁnite past tense verb “provid...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
790fc366	Using satellite remote sensing, Dr. Catherine Nakalembe, director of NASA’s Harvest Africa initiative, gathers important data on crop health. Nakalembe doesn’t just compile the ______ she also shares her ﬁndings with African farmers, enabling them to make data-driven decisions about managing critical food crops.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	information, though;	information, though,	information; though	information though,	A	Choice A is the best answer. This choice uses a semicolon to join two independent clauses ("Nakalembe doesn’t just… though" and "she also shares..."). This choice also appropriately includes "though" in the ﬁrst clause, where it logically belongs. Choice B is incorrect. This choice results in a grammar error called a c...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
9d73c9eb	Osage Nation citizen Randy Tinker-Smith produced and directed the ballet Wahzhazhe, which vividly chronicles Osage history and culture. Telling Osage stories through ballet is ______ choice because two of the foremost ballet dancers of the twentieth century were Osage: sisters Maria and Marjorie Tallchief.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	a suitable	a determined	an arbitrary	an unpredictable	A	Choice A is the best answer. “Suitable” means “appropriate for a particular purpose.” Since the text indicates that two of the best ballet dancers of the twentieth century were Osage, we can infer that the author believes that ballet is a very suitable artform for telling Osage stories. Choice B is incorrect. The text ...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
2903a041	Using NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Mercedes López-Morales and colleagues measured the wavelengths of light traveling through the atmosphere of WASP-39b, an exoplanet, or planet outside our solar system. Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of light, and the wavelength measurements show...	Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?	It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an alternative method is superior to it.	It describes how researchers made a scientiﬁc discovery, then explains the importance of that discovery.	It outlines the steps taken in a scientiﬁc study, then presents a hypothesis based on that study.	It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then shows how other scientists have challenged that	B	Choice B is the best answer. The text begins by describing how the researchers used the JWST to detect CO₂ in WASP-39b’s atmosphere. Then the text discusses the signiﬁcance of this ﬁnding, both as the ﬁrst evidence of CO₂ in an exoplanet’s atmosphere and as an illustration of the JWST’s potential for making new discove...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
cdbbbf94	As British scientist Peter Whibberley has observed, “the Earth is not a very good timekeeper.” Earth’s slightly irregular rotation rate means that measurements of time must be periodically adjusted. Speciﬁcally, an extra “leap second” (the 86,401st second of the day) is ______ time based on the planet’s rotation lags a...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	added, whenever	added; whenever	added. Whenever	added whenever	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation between a verb and a preposition. When, as in this case, a verb (“is added”) is immediately followed by a preposition (“whenever”), no punctuation is needed. Choice A is incorrect because no punctuation is needed between the verb and the prepositio...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
22a41819	Rejecting the premise that the literary magazine Ebony and Topaz (1927) should present a uniﬁed vision of Black American identity, editor Charles S. Johnson fostered his contributors’ diverse perspectives by promoting their authorial autonomy. Johnson’s self-effacement diverged from the editorial stances of W.E.B. Du B...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	proﬁcient	dogmatic	ambiguous	unpretentious	B	Choice B is the best answer. A person who is "dogmatic" believes strongly that their principles and opinions are true. Because Du Bois and Locke are implied to have one "uniﬁed vision" of Black American identity that they prioritize over the "diverse perspectives" of different writers, they can be described as dogmatic...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
6fece68e	Emperor Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire in South Asia from roughly 270 to 232 BCE. He is known for enforcing a moral code called the Law of Piety, which established the sanctity of animal ______ the just treatment of the elderly, and the abolition of the slave trade.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	life	life;	life:	life,	D	Choice D is the best answer. Notice that "the sanctity of animal life" is the ﬁrst item in a list of three things. We must use a comma to separate the ﬁrst two items in the list, just as a comma is used to separate "the just treatment of the elderly" and "the abolition of the slave trade." Choice A is incorrect. This c...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
0a04cac5	The following text is adapted from Jane Austen’s 1814 novel Mansﬁeld Park. The speaker, Tom, is considering staging a play at home with a group of his friends and family. We mean nothing but a little amusement among ourselves, just to vary the scene, and exercise our powers in something new. We want no audience, no pub...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	To offer Tom’s assurance that the play will be inoffensive and involve only a small number of people	To clarify that the play will not be performed in the manner Tom had originally intended	To elaborate on the idea that the people around Tom lack the skills to successfully stage a play	To assert that Tom believes the group performing the play will be able to successfully promote it	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately portrays the main purpose of the text. At the beginning of the text, Tom asserts that he and the other people staging the play are doing so only for “a little amusement among ourselves” and aren’t interested in attracting an audience or any attention with the produ...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
ad046778	To humans, it does not appear that the golden orb-weaver spider uses camouﬂage to capture its ______ the brightly colored arachnid seems to wait conspicuously in the center of its large circular web for insects to approach. Researcher Po Peng of the University of Melbourne has explained that the spider’s distinctive co...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	prey, rather,	prey rather,	prey, rather;	prey; rather,	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is the coordination of main clauses within a sentence. The semicolon is correctly used to join the ﬁrst main clause (“To humans…prey”) and the second main clause (“rather… approach”). Further, the comma after the adverb “rather” is correctly used to separate the ...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
9f737b2a	In Death Valley National Park’s Racetrack Playa, a ﬂat, dry lakebed, are 162 rocks—some weighing less than a pound but others almost 700 pounds—that move periodically from place to place, seemingly of their own volition. Racetrack-like trails in the ______ mysterious migration.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	playas sediment mark the rock’s	playa’s sediment mark the rocks	playa’s sediment mark the rocks’	playas’ sediment mark the rocks’	C	Choice C is the best answer. The convention being tested is the use of plural and possessive nouns. The singular possessive noun “playa’s” and the plural possessive noun “rocks’” correctly indicate that the sediment is that of one playa (the Racetrack Playa) and that there are multiple rocks that have mysteriously migr...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
2b085bc6	The following text is adapted from Paul Laurence Dunbar’s 1902 novel The Sport of the Gods. Joe and some of his family members have recently moved to New York City. [Joe] was wild with enthusiasm and with a desire to be a part of all that the metropolis meant. In the evening he saw the young fellows passing by dressed ...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	It illustrates a character’s reaction to a new environment.	It explains why a character has traveled to a city.	It compares a character’s thoughts about an event at two different times of day.	It presents a character feeling regret over leaving home.	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text. The narrator describes how Joe responds to being in “the metropolis”: he’s excited and “wild with enthusiasm.” He also envies the young fellows who walk by because, dressed as they are, they look as if they have somewhere spe...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
4a90a978	In 1990, California native and researcher Ellen Ochoa left her position as chief of the Intelligent Systems Technology Branch at a NASA research center ______ the space agency’s astronaut training program.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	to join	is joining	joined	joins	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is the use of nonﬁnite verb forms in a sentence. The nonﬁnite to- inﬁnitive verb "to join" is correctly used to form a subordinate clause that expresses why Ochoa left her position (to join the training program). Choice B is incorrect because the ﬁnite verb "is j...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
aab74a3b	Researcher Lin Zhi developed a process for increasing the tensile strength—measured in gigapascals, or GPa—of silkworm ______ dissolving and reweaving the silk in a solution of iron metal ions, zinc, and sugar, Zhi increased the amount of force required to stretch it from approximately 0.5 GPa to 2 GPa.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	silk, by	silk by	silk and by	silk. By	D	Choice D is the best answer. The independent clauses "researcher Lin Zhi…silk" and "by dissolving…2 GPa" can be grammatically separated by a period. They can stand alone as sentences, and this is the only choice that lets them do that. Choice A is incorrect. This choice results in a grammar error called a comma splice....	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
79fe7550	Researcher Haesung Jung led a 2020 study showing that individual acts of kindness can ______ prosocial behavior across a larger group. Jung and her team found that bystanders who witness a helpful act become more likely to offer help to someone else, and in doing so, can inspire still others to act.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	require	remember	foster	discourage	C	Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Jung and her team’s study of acts of kindness. In this context, “foster” means encourage or promote the development of. The text indicates that Jung and her team found that seeing a helpful (or prosocial) act makes a bystander more...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
21d95d1d	Ofelia Zepeda’s contributions to the ﬁeld of linguistics are ______: her many accomplishments include working as a linguistics professor and bilingual poet, authoring the ﬁrst Tohono O’odham grammar book, and co-founding the American Indian Language Development Institute.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	pragmatic	controversial	extensive	universal	C	Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of how Ofelia Zepeda has contributed to the ﬁeld of linguistics. As used in this context, “extensive” means having a wide or considerable extent. The text indicates that Zepeda’s many accomplishments in linguistics are varied, includi...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
c468db1c	A group of ecologists led by Axel Mithöfer at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Germany examined the defensive responses of two varieties of the sweet potato ______ TN57, which is known for its insect resistance, and TN66, which is much more susceptible to pests.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	plant.	plant;	plant	plant:	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation use between a main clause and a supplementary phrase. In this choice, a colon is correctly used to mark the boundary between the main clause (“A group…plant”) and the supplementary element (“TN57…pests”) and to introduce the following elaboration o...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
e13171c4	Historians Tiya Miles and Roy E. Finkenbine have both documented the assistance Indigenous peoples gave to Black freedom seekers leaving the South before the US Civil War. Much of the historical evidence of this help comes from Indigenous oral traditions and from autobiographies written by the freedom seekers. One such...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence?	It provides an example of an autobiography that describes help given by an Indigenous people to a Black freedom seeker.	It shows why Loguen decided to write in great detail about his experiences traveling from Tennessee to Canada in his autobiography.	It argues that autobiographies are particularly important sources of information about geography in the United States before the Civil War.	It suggests that most historians believe that Neshnabé villagers were more successful in assisting freedom seekers than	A	Choice A is the best answer. The previous sentence broadly mentions "autobiographies written by the freedom seekers." This sentence identiﬁes Loguen’s autobiography as a speciﬁc example. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence never explains why Loguen chose to write about his experiences. Choice C is incorrect. The previo...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
8d53e7a0	Slam poet Elizabeth Acevedo’s debut novel The Poet X, winner of the 2018 National Book Award for Young People’s Literature, is composed of ______ protagonist, ﬁfteen-year-old Xiomara Batista.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	poems putatively written by the novel’s	poem’s putatively written by the novel’s	poem’s putatively written by the novels’	poems putatively written by the novels’	A	Choice A is the best answer. Nothing belongs to the “poems” in the sentence, so it should not be possessive—just a simple plural noun. The protagonist does belong to the novel—it’s the protagonist of the novel—so “novel” needs to be a singular possessive noun. Choice B is incorrect. This doesn’t complete the text in a ...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
94eb800d	For a 2020 exhibition, photographer and neurobiologist Okunola Jeyifous ______ a series of new images based on a series of alphabet posters from the 1970s known as the “Black ABCs,” which featured Black children from Chicago. Jeyifous photographed the now-adult models and layered the photos over magniﬁed images of the ...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	validated	created	challenged	restored	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically and precisely completes the text’s discussion of Jeyifous’s series of images for the 2020 exhibition. In this context, “created” means produced. The text explains that Jeyifous, a photographer and neurobiologist, photographed adults who had appeared as children in p...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
c0e1b70a	The following text is adapted from Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto’s 1925 memoir A Daughter of the Samurai. As a young woman, Sugimoto moved from feudal Japan to the United States. The standards of my own and my adopted country differed so widely in some ways, and my love for both lands was so sincere, that sometimes I had an od...	Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?	To convey the narrator’s experience of observing and making sense of differences between two cultures she embraces	To establish the narrator’s hope of forming connections with new companions by sharing customs she learned as a child	To reveal the narrator’s recognition that she is hesitant to ask questions about certain aspects of a culture she is newly encountering	To emphasize the narrator’s wonder at discovering that the physical distance between two countries is greater than she	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text. The narrator asserts that she loves both her “own” country (Japan) and her “adopted country” (the United States) even though the two countries differ “widely.” She also indicates that, at ﬁrst, she would try to explain unfami...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
a60b0004	Scholarly discussions of gender in Shakespeare’s comedies often celebrate the rebellion of the playwright’s characters against the rigid expectations ______ by Elizabethan society. Most of the comedies end in marriage, with characters returning to their socially dictated gender roles after previously defying them, but ...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	interjected	committed	illustrated	prescribed	D	Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of gender roles in Shakespeare’s comedies. As used in this context, “prescribed” would mean laid down as rules. The text indicates that the characters in the comedies often defy gender roles that are “socially dictated” (even if most ...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
59e41600	Why are Rome’s famous concrete structures, such as the Colosseum, still standing after 2,000-plus years, when modern concrete may not even last for ﬁfty? Scientists ______ that the secret to Roman concrete’s durability was its unique blend of ingredients, which included volcanic ash and seawater.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	explain	having explained	explaining	to explain	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is the use of verb forms within a sentence. The main clause of a sentence requires a ﬁnite (tensed) verb, and this choice supplies the ﬁnite present tense verb “explain” to indicate what the scientists do. Choice B is incorrect because it results in an ungrammati...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
cd2ce51f	Like the 1945 play it reimagines—Federico García Lorca’s The House of Bernarda Alba—Marcus Gardley’s 2014 play The House That Will Not Stand prominently features women. In both plays, the all-female cast ______ an array of female characters, including a strong mother and several daughters dealing with individual strugg...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	engulfs	encourages	comprises	provokes	C	Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Gardley’s play. In this context, “comprises” means constitutes or makes up the totality of, and the text indicates that The House That Will Not Stand had an “all-female cast” that stands in some relationship to “an array of female ...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
67667d72	Humans were long thought to have begun occupying the Peruvian settlement of Machu Picchu between 1440 and 1450 CE. However, a team led by anthropologist Dr. Richard Burger used accelerator mass spectrometry to uncover evidence that it was occupied ______ 1420 CE, according to Burger, humans were likely inhabiting the a...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	earlier. In	earlier, in	earlier, which in	earlier in	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation use between sentences. In this choice, the period is used correctly to mark the boundary between one sentence (“However...earlier”) and another (“In...area”). The supplementary phrase “in 1420 CE” modiﬁes “humans,” the subject of the third sentence...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
de2c2f57	Text 1 The fossil record suggests that mammoths went extinct around 11 thousand years (kyr) ago. In a 2021 study of environmental DNA (eDNA)—genetic material shed into the environment by organisms—in the Arctic, Yucheng Wang and colleagues found mammoth eDNA in sedimentary layers formed millennia later, around 4 kyr ag...	Which choice best describes how Text 1 and Text 2 relate to each other?	Text 1 discusses two approaches to studying mammoth extinction without advocating for either, whereas Text 2 advocates for one approach over the other.	Text 1 presents ﬁndings by Wang and colleagues and gives another research team’s attempt to explain those ﬁndings, whereas Text 2 provides additional detail that calls that explanation into question.	Text 1 describes Wang and colleagues’ study and a critique of their methodology, whereas Text 2 offers additional details showing that methodology to be sound.	Text 1 argues that new research has undermined the standard view of when mammoths went extinct, whereas Text 2	B	Choice B is the best answer. Text 1 introduces Wang and colleagues’ study and its surprising results, and then mentions Miller and Simpson’s hypothesis as a possible way to explain them. Text 2, however, challenges Miller and Simpson’s hypothesis by pointing out the diﬃculties of preserving mammoth carcasses on the sur...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
0d402146	US traﬃc signals didn’t always contain the familiar three lights (red, yellow, and green). Traﬃc lights only ______ red and green lights until the three-light traﬃc signal was developed in the 1920s.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	avoided	featured	appreciated	disregarded	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of traﬃc signals. As used in this context, “featured” means had as a characteristic or part. The text indicates that although US traﬃc signals have lights of three different colors (red, yellow, and green), this wasn’t the case until ...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
d75d57a0	While many video game creators strive to make their graphics ever more ______ others look to the past, developing titles with visuals inspired by the “8-bit” games of the 1980s and 1990s. (The term “8-bit” refers to a console whose processor could only handle eight bits of data at once.)	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	lifelike but	lifelike	lifelike,	lifelike, but	C	Choice C is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation between a subordinate clause and a main clause. This choice correctly uses a comma to mark the boundary between the subordinate clause (“While…lifelike”) and the main clause (“others look to the past”). Choice A is incorrect because it results in a...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
ac9a3a26	According to historian Vicki L. Ruiz, Mexican American women made crucial contributions to the labor movement during World War II. At the time, food processing companies entered into contracts to supply United States armed forces with canned goods. Increased production quotas conferred greater bargaining power on the c...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?	It elaborates on a claim about labor relations in a particular industry made earlier in the text.	It offers an example of a trend in the World War II–era economy discussed earlier in the text.	It notes a possible exception to the historical narrative of labor activism sketched earlier in the text.	It provides further details about the identities of the workers discussed earlier in the text.	A	Choice A is the best answer because it best describes how the underlined portion functions in the text as a whole. The text says that the increased production quotas of food processing companies during World War II enabled employees to make better bargains in exchange for their labor. The underlined portion presents an...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
31d0bd9a	The parasitic dodder plant increases its reproductive success by ﬂowering at the same time as the host plant it has latched onto. In 2020, Jianqiang Wu and his colleagues determined that the tiny dodder achieves this ______ with its host by absorbing and utilizing a protein the host produces when it is about to ﬂower.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	synchronization	hibernation	prediction	moderation	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of a relationship between the dodder plant and its host plant. As used in this context, “synchronization” means the act of things happening at the same time. The text indicates that the dodder and its host plant ﬂower in unison and th...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
f4166aae	In addition to being an accomplished psychologist himself, Francis Cecil Sumner was a ______ increasing the opportunity for Black students to study psychology, helping to found the psychology department at Howard University, a historically Black university, in 1930.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	proponent of	supplement to	beneﬁciary of	distraction for	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of Francis Cecil Sumner. As used in this context, “proponent of” means supporter of. The text says that Sumner helped to found the psychology department at historically Black Howard University in 1930. This is evidence that Sumner sup...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
ca47273b	Biologist Jane Edgeloe and colleagues have located what is believed to be the largest individual plant in the world in the Shark Bay area of Australia. The plant is a type of seagrass called Posidonia australis, and it ______ approximately 200 square kilometers.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	acknowledges	produces	spans	advances	C	Choice C is the best answer. “Spans” means “extends over a distance of” or “encompasses.” Since we’re talking about the world’s largest plant, it makes sense to say that it “spans” about 200 square kilometers. Choice A is incorrect. “Acknowledges” means “recognizes” or “admits the truth of.” Either way, it doesn’t make...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
5a278f24	The work of molecular biophysicist Enrique M. De La Cruz is known for ______ traditional boundaries between academic disciplines. The university laboratory that De La Cruz runs includes engineers, biologists, chemists, and physicists, and the research the lab produces makes use of insights and techniques from all those...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	epitomizing	transcending	anticipating	reinforcing	B	Choice B is the best answer. Based on the text, we’re looking for a word that means something similar to "mak[ing] use of insights and techniques from all those ﬁelds." "Transcending" means "going beyond," so "transcending traditional boundaries" would mean crossing into all those various ﬁelds of research, which is ex...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
a06c434d	The work of Kiowa painter T.C. Cannon derives its power in part from the tension among his ______ inﬂuences: classic European portraiture, with its realistic treatment of faces; the American pop art movement, with its vivid colors; and ﬂatstyle, the intertribal painting style that rejects the effect of depth typically ...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	complementary	unknown	disparate	interchangeable	C	Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the artistic styles that have inﬂuenced Cannon’s work. As used in this context, “disparate” means distinct or dissimilar. The text indicates that a tension exists among the styles that have inﬂuenced Cannon’s work and goes on to de...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
91fbd59d	Award-winning cinematographer James Wong Howe was known for his innovative ﬁlming techniques. While ﬁlming a boxing match for the movie Body and Soul ______ Howe had a handheld camera operator wear roller skates. This allowed the operator to move smoothly around actors in a boxing ring, creating an immersive experience...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	(1947), and	(1947),	(1947) and	(1947)	B	Choice B is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation between a supplementary element and a main clause. This choice correctly uses a comma to mark the boundary between the supplementary phrase (“While...1947”), which indicates when the action occurred, and the main clause (“Howe had a handheld camera...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
df46a2ee	The following text is from Joseph Conrad’s 1907 novel The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale. Mr. Verloc is navigating the London streets on his way to a meeting. Before reaching Knightsbridge, Mr. Verloc took a turn to the left out of the busy main thoroughfare, uproarious with the traﬃc of swaying omnibuses and trotting van...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined phrase in the text as a whole?	It qualiﬁes an earlier description of Mr. Verloc.	It emphasizes an internal struggle Mr. Verloc experiences.	It contrasts Mr. Verloc with his surroundings.	It reveals a private opinion Mr. Verloc holds.	A	Choice A is the best answer. The underline phrase qualiﬁes (meaning adds limits or conditions to) the description of Mr. Verloc as “steady like a rock,” adding that he is a “soft” rock. Choice B is incorrect. In fact, the passage never mentions Mr. Verloc experiencing any internal struggles. Choice C is incorrect. The ...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
29c9be28	To survive when water is scarce, embryos inside African turquoise killiﬁsh eggs ______ a dormant state known as diapause. In this state, embryonic development is paused for as long as two years—longer than the life span of an adult killiﬁsh.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	enter	to enter	having entered	entering	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is ﬁnite and nonﬁnite verb forms within a sentence. A main clause requires a ﬁnite verb to perform the action of the subject (in this case, “embryos”), and this choice supplies the clause with the ﬁnite present tense verb “enter” to indicate how the embryos achie...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
f4fd123c	The African Games Co-production Market, one of over 180 annual international conferences supporting video game development, ______ the growth of the African gaming industry by helping start-up studios in Africa ﬁnd partners.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	promote	are promoting	promotes	have promoted	C	Choice C is the best answer. The subject of the sentence is “The African Games Co-production Market.” That’s one market, so it’s a singular noun, which means it needs a singular verb. “Promotes” is the only singular verb among the choices. Choice A is incorrect. This choice creates a subject-verb agreement error. The ...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
b4d29611	Michelene Pesantubbee, a historian and citizen of the Choctaw Nation, has identiﬁed a dilemma inherent to research on the status of women in her tribe during the 1600s and 1700s: the primary sources from that era, travel narratives and other accounts by male European colonizers, underestimate the degree of power confer...	Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?	It details the shortcomings of certain historical sources, then argues that research should avoid those sources altogether.	It describes a problem that arises in research on a particular topic, then sketches a historian’s approach to addressing that problem.	It lists the advantages of a particular research method, then acknowledges a historian’s criticism of that method.	It characterizes a particular topic as especially challenging to research, then suggests a related topic for historians to	B	Choice B is the best answer. The text begins by stating a problem with research on the status of Choctaw women in the 1600s and 1700s: written primary sources underestimate the power they had in their traditional roles. Then it presents one historian’s solution: looking to oral tradition and archeological ﬁndings for m...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
fff4c7f4	American poet Emily Dickinson wrote many of her poems on scraps of paper, but she also took steps to collect these works. From 1858 to around 1864, for example, she copied more than 800 of ______ into forty homemade booklets (known as fascicles).	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	them	this	that	it	A	Choice A is the best answer. The pronoun "them" agrees with the plural antecedents "poems" and "works." Choice B is incorrect. "This" is a singular pronoun, but its antecedents, "poems" and "works," are plural. Choice C is incorrect. "That" is a singular pronoun, but its antecedents, "poems" and "works," are plural. Ch...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
e38b3e4f	The radiation that ______ during the decay of radioactive atomic nuclei is known as gamma radiation.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	occurs	have occurred	occur	are occurring	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-verb agreement. The singular verb "occurs" agrees in number with the singular subject "radiation." Choice B is incorrect because the plural verb "have occurred" doesn’t agree in number with the singular subject "radiation." Choice C is incorrect becaus...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
1fbf276a	Interruptions in the supply chain for microchips used in personal electronics have challenged an economist’s assertion that retailers can expect robust growth in sales of those devices in the coming months. The delays are unlikely to ______ her projection entirely but will almost certainly extend its time frame.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	dispute	withdraw	underscore	invalidate	D	Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the economist’s claim about sales of personal electronic devices. In this context, “invalidate” most nearly means nullify or make invalid. The text indicates that interruptions in the supply of microchips for personal electronics “...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
2c50ed1a	Text 1 Literary scholars have struggled with the vastness of Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka’s collective works of drama (spanning over 20 plays in total). It is best, however, to understand Soyinka’s body of work as a dramatist chronologically. Soyinka’s progression as a playwright can be considered to fall into three pe...	Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view the study of Soyinka’s works of drama?	While the author of Text 1 believes that thinking about Soyinka’s works of theater in phases is useful, the author of Text 2 views such an approach as limiting.	Although the author of Text 1 claims that Soyinka’s style as a dramatist has evolved over time, the author of Text 2 argues that Soyinka’s style has remained consistent throughout his career.	The author of Text 1 considers Soyinka’s plays to showcase his strongest writing, whereas the author of Text 2 believes that Soyinka’s poetry is where he is most skilled.	The author of Text 1 argues that Soyinka’s early plays were his most politically charged, whereas the author of Text 2	A	Choice A is the best answer. The author of Text 1 states that Soyinka’s progression as a playwright can be considered to fall into three periods, implying that this is a helpful way to understand his works. The author of Text 2, on the other hand, challenges this view and says that it overlooks potential commonalities ...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
ca50de52	“How lifelike are they?” Many computer animators prioritize this question as they strive to create ever more realistic environments and lighting. Generally, while characters in computer-animated ﬁlms appear highly exaggerated, environments and lighting are carefully engineered to mimic reality. But some animators, such...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined question in the text as a whole?	It reﬂects a primary goal that many computer animators have for certain components of the animations they produce.	It represents a concern of computer animators who are more interested in creating unique backgrounds and lighting effects than realistic ones.	It conveys the uncertainty among many computer animators about how to create realistic animations using current technology.	It illustrates a reaction that audiences typically have to the appearance of characters created by computer animators.	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes the function of the underlined question in the text as a whole. The text begins with the underlined question, “How lifelike are they?” The text then explains that many computer animators pose this question about the environments and lighting that they cre...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
d073983d	Known for her massive photorealistic paintings of African American ﬁgures ﬂoating or swimming in pools, Calida Garcia ______ was the logical choice to design the book cover for Ta-Nehisi Coates’s The Water Dancer, a novel about an African American man who can travel great distances through water.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	Rawles—	Rawles:	Rawles,	Rawles	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation between a subject and a verb. When, as in this case, a subject (“Calida Garcia Rawles”) is immediately followed by a verb (“was”), no punctuation is needed. Choice A is incorrect because no punctuation is needed between the subject and the verb. Ch...	Medium	Standard_English_Conventions
333b2b65	While one requires oxygen and one does ______ and anaerobic respiration are both forms of cellular respiration—that is, they are processes by which cells break down glucose to use as energy.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	not aerobic	not. Aerobic	not, aerobic	not; aerobic	C	Choice C is the best answer. A comma is the appropriate way to link the dependent clause “While...not” and the independent clause that follows. Choice A is incorrect. This choice creates a run-on sentence error. “While...not” is a dependent clause, which must be separated from the independent clause that follows with s...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
a3761c7e	Physicist Joseph Weber performed ______ work in gravitational wave research in the 1960s and 1970s, conducting key experiments that scientists later used as the basis for their own investigations that led to the ﬁrst veriﬁed detection of a gravitational wave in 2015.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	foundational	supplementary	repetitive	ineffective	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of physicist Joseph Webster’s research on gravitational waves. In this context “foundational” means the basis on which something else develops. The text indicates that Webster’s experiments in the 1960s and 1970s were earlier than, an...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
d8d1ecaa	Business researcher Melanie Brucks and colleagues found that remote video conference meetings may be less conducive to brainstorming than in-person meetings are. The researchers suspect that video meeting participants are focused on staring at the speaker on the screen and don’t allow their eyes or mind to wander as mu...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	recommend	criticize	impede	construct	C	Choice C is the best answer. The ﬁrst sentence tells us that video meetings are “less conducive to” (meaning less good for) brainstorming. This suggests that the video meeting participants’ focus is bad for their creativity. “Impede” means “delay” or “prevent,” which works perfectly in this context. Choice A is incorre...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
590f0ad2	Industrial activity is often assumed to be a threat to wildlife, but that isn’t always so. Consider the silver-studded blue butterﬂy (Plebejus argus): as forest growth has reduced grasslands in northern Germany, many of these butterﬂies have left meadow habitats and are now thriving in active limestone quarries. In a s...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?	It challenges a common assumption about the species under investigation in the research referred to in the text.	It introduces discussion of a speciﬁc example that supports the general claim made in the previous sentence.	It suggests that a certain species should be included in additional studies like the one mentioned later in the text.	It provides a deﬁnition for an unfamiliar term that is central to the main argument in the text.	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most accurately describes how the underlined portion functions in the text as a whole. The ﬁrst sentence presents the general claim that industrial activity is not always a threat to wildlife. The underlined portion of the sentence that follows suggests that the silver-studded blu...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
3daf126e	A model created by biologist Luis Valente predicts that the rate of speciation—the rate at which new species form—on an isolated island located approximately 5,000 kilometers from the nearest mainland ______ triple the rate of speciation on an island only 500 kilometers from the mainland.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	being	to be	to have been	will be	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is ﬁnite and nonﬁnite verb forms within a sentence. Relative clauses, such as the one beginning with “that,” require a ﬁnite verb, a verb that can function as the main verb of a clause. This choice correctly supplies the clause with the ﬁnite future tense verb “w...	Hard	Standard_English_Conventions
fce80a36	In 2008 a complete set of ancient pessoi (glass game pieces) was uncovered from beneath a paving stone in modern-day Israel. Due to their small size, pessoi were easily misplaced, making a whole set a rare ﬁnd. This has led some experts to suggest that the set may have been buried intentionally; however, without clear ...	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	speculate about	dismiss	expand on	catalog	A	Choice A is the best answer. "Speculate" means "to form a theory or guess without any clear evidence." This makes sense because, due to the lack of "clear evidence," the archaeologists can only guess how the pessoi set might have come to be there. Choice B is incorrect. "Dismiss" can mean "send away" or "treat as unwor...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
b92c13fa	According to statistician Nassim Nicholas Taleb, the best way to predict the amount of time a nonperishable entity (such as a building or a technology) will continue to exist is to examine how long it has survived so far. In this view, an item’s age is the strongest ______ how much longer it will last.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	uncertainty about	indicator of	motivation for	criticism of	B	Choice B is the best answer. “Indicator” means “something that shows or suggests,” which matches Taleb’s argument that an item’s age can suggest how much longer it will last. Choice A is incorrect. The passage tells us that examining an item’s age is the best way to predict how much longer it will last. Therefore, acco...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
12bd5b75	With its towering, six-spired exterior of granitelike quartz monzonite, the Salt Lake Temple is one of the most instantly recognizable structures in the state of Utah. However, many people do not know that ______ built over the course of forty years, with construction beginning in 1853 and ending in 1893.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	it was	one was	they were	both were	A	Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is pronoun-antecedent agreement. The singular pronoun "it" agrees in number with the singular antecedent "the Salt Lake Temple." Choice B is incorrect because the singular pronoun "one" is ambiguous in this context; the resulting sentence leaves unclear whether t...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
fcc328c6	Streams and rivers carry soil and rocks from one location to another. But there is another way for these geological materials to move. Scientists call this process “aeolian transport.” In aeolian transport, winds move small particles of soil or rock over potentially great distances. Geologist Melisa Diaz and her team s...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?	It presents Melisa Diaz’s remarks about diﬃculties that her team encountered.	It introduces a scientiﬁc term that is used in the discussion that follows.	It emphasizes the surprising nature of the ﬁndings that are presented.	It explains the difference between two kinds of geological material.	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most accurately describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole. The ﬁrst two sentences introduce the idea that soil and rocks can be moved from one location to another by something other than rivers and streams. The underlined sentence then states that the...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
db4e3819	Midway through her 1968 jazz album A Monastic Trio, Alice Coltrane switches instruments, swapping the piano for the harp. With the same ﬂuid style that Coltrane was famous for on piano, she ______ her ﬁngers across the harp strings and creates a radiant sound.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	sweep	are sweeping	were sweeping	sweeps	D	Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-verb agreement. The singular verb "sweeps" agrees in number with the singular subject "she," which refers to Alice Coltrane. Choice A is incorrect because the plural verb "sweep" doesn’t agree in number with the singular subject "she." Choice B is inco...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
a756aa95	The province of Xoconochco was situated on the Paciﬁc coast, hundreds of kilometers southeast of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. Because Xoconochco’s location within the empire was so ______, cacao and other trade goods produced there could reach the capital only after a long overland journey.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	unobtrusive	concealed	approximate	peripheral	D	Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the location of the province of Xoconochco within the Aztec Empire. As used in this context, “peripheral” means situated toward the outer bounds rather than the center. The text indicates that Xoconochco was located on a coast, hun...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
a1e0c981	In her book The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, author Maxine Hong Kingston examines themes ______ childhood, womanhood, and Chinese American identity by intertwining autobiography and mythology.	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	of:	of	of—	of,	B	Choice B is the best answer. “Themes of childhood” is one noun phrase, with “themes of” implicitly carrying over to the other items on the list (“themes of childhood, [themes of] womanhood, and [themes of] Chinese American identity”). Choice A is incorrect. This choice inappropriately breaks up the introduction of a ...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
aa7fc89b	The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell’s 1912 short story “‘Out There.’” An elderly shop owner is looking at a picture that he recently acquired and hopes to sell. It did seem that the picture failed to ﬁt in with the rest of the shop. A persuasive young fellow who claimed he was closing out his stock let th...	Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?	To reveal the shop owner’s conﬂicted feelings about the new picture	To convey the shop owner’s resentment of the person he got the new picture from	To describe the items that the shop owner most highly prizes	To explain differences between the new picture and other pictures in the shop	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text. The text begins by stating that the new picture “failed to ﬁt in” with the other items that the shop owner has. The text goes on to illustrate that point by describing the other pictures the shop owner has, indicating that th...	Medium	Craft_and_Structure
5336f2e4	The following text is adapted from Zora Neale Hurston’s 1921 short story “John Redding Goes to Sea.” John is a child who lives in a town in the woods. Perhaps ten-year-old John was puzzling to the folk there in the Florida woods for he was an imaginative child and fond of day-dreams. The St. John River ﬂowed a scarce t...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?	It provides an extended description of a location that John likes to visit.	It reveals that some residents of John’s town are confused by his behavior.	It illustrates the uniqueness of John’s imagination compared to the imaginations of other children.	It suggests that John longs to experience a larger life outside the Florida woods.	D	Choice D is the best answer because it accurately describes how the underlined sentence functions in the text as a whole. The text establishes that John has a strong imagination and then goes on to describe the St. John River near John’s home in the Florida woods. The underlined sentence depicts John sending twigs sail...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
571cf537	The author’s claim about the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens is ______, as it fails to account for several recent archaeological discoveries. To be convincing, his argument would need to address recent ﬁnds of additional hominid fossils, such as the latest Denisovan specimens and Homo longi.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	disorienting	tenuous	nuanced	unoriginal	B	Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the author’s claim about the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. As used in this context, “tenuous” means lacking substance. The end of the ﬁrst sentence states that the author’s claim didn’t consider certain key pi...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure
4bed4658	In order to prevent nonnative ﬁsh species from moving freely between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, marine biologist Bella Galil has proposed that a saline lock system be installed along the Suez Canal in Egypt’s Great Bitter Lakes. The lock would increase the salinity of the lakes and ______ a natural barrier of wate...	Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?	creates	create	creating	created	B	Choice B is the best answer. The convention being tested is the use of non-ﬁnite (untensed) verb forms in a sentence. The modal “would,” which indicates the future from a perspective in the past, should be accompanied by a non-ﬁnite plain form verb. In this choice, the non-ﬁnite plain form verb “create” is used correct...	Easy	Standard_English_Conventions
f7d58b53	Like other tribal nations, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation is self-governing; its National Council generates laws regulating aspects of community life such as land use and healthcare, while the principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials ______ those laws by devising policies and administering services in accordance with them.	Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?	implement	presume	improvise	mimic	A	Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of self-government among the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. In this context, “implement” means to carry out or put into effect. The text states that the National Council generates laws, while the principal chief and cabinet oﬃcials are resp...	Easy	Craft_and_Structure
aa5897b8	In Jane Austen’s novel Mansﬁeld Park, an almost imperceptible smile from potential suitor Henry Crawford causes the protagonist Fanny Price to blush; her embarrassment grows when she suspects that he is aware of it. This moment—in which Fanny not only infers Henry’s mental state through his gestures, but also infers th...	Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?	It states a claim about Austen’s skill at representing psychological complexity that is reinforced by an example presented in the following sentence.	It advances an interpretation of an Austen protagonist who is contrasted with protagonists from other Austen novels cited in the following sentence.	It describes a recurring theme in Austen’s novels that is the focus of a literary scholar’s analysis summarized in the following sentence.	It provides a synopsis of an interaction in an Austen novel that illustrates a literary concept discussed in the following	D	Choice D is the best answer. The underlined sentence provides a concrete example to ground readers’ understanding of the “deep intersubjectivity” described in the next sentence as central to Austen’s work. Choice A is incorrect. There is no evaluation made of Austen’s skill in this sentence, and no examples are given i...	Hard	Craft_and_Structure

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Dataset Card for SAT Reading and Writing Dataset

This dataset card aims to be a base template for the SAT Reading and Writing Dataset, optimized for use with Hugging Face's datasets library.

Dataset Details

Dataset Description

This dataset contains SAT Reading and Writing assessment questions sourced from the College Board's SAT Suite Question Bank, intended for use in training and evaluating Language Models like LLMs.

Curated by: College Board
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Dataset Sources

Repository: College Board SAT Suite Question Bank

Uses

Direct Use

The dataset can be used for SAT exam preparation and educational purposes. It is suitable for training and evaluating Language Models for SAT-style reading comprehension and writing tasks.

Dataset Structure

The dataset contains questions with passages, choices, correct answers, and rationales, making it ideal for training and evaluating Language Models on SAT-style reading comprehension and writing tasks.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

The dataset was created to provide a resource for students preparing for the SAT exam and for researchers and developers working on Natural Language Processing tasks related to standardized testing.

Source Data

Data Collection and Processing

The questions were extracted from the College Board SAT Suite Question Bank using automated scraping and filtering processes.

Who are the source data producers?

The College Board is the producer of the source data.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Users should be aware of the limitations of using this dataset for predicting SAT scores and should use it in conjunction with other resources for a comprehensive SAT preparation.

Recommendations

Users should use this dataset as a supplementary resource for SAT exam preparation and as a benchmark for evaluating the performance of Language Models on SAT-style reading comprehension and writing tasks.

Citation

APA: College Board. SAT Reading and Writing Dataset. Retrieved from College Board SAT Suite Question Bank

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betterMateusz/Llama-2-7b-SAT

Text Generation • Updated Mar 26, 2024 • 4 • 1