Dataset Viewer
Duplicate
The dataset viewer is not available for this split.
Cannot load the dataset split (in streaming mode) to extract the first rows.
Error code:   StreamingRowsError
Exception:    ValueError
Message:      Expected object or value
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 290, in _generate_tables
                  pa_table = paj.read_json(
                      io.BytesIO(batch), read_options=paj.ReadOptions(block_size=block_size)
                  )
                File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 342, in pyarrow._json.read_json
                File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 155, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
                File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 92, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
                  raise convert_status(status)
              pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Column() changed from object to string in row 0
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 147, in get_rows_or_raise
                  return get_rows(
                      dataset=dataset,
                  ...<4 lines>...
                      column_names=column_names,
                  )
                File "/src/libs/libcommon/src/libcommon/utils.py", line 272, in decorator
                  return func(*args, **kwargs)
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 127, in get_rows
                  rows_plus_one = list(itertools.islice(safe_iter(ds, dataset=dataset), rows_max_number + 1))
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 483, in safe_iter
                  yield from ds.decode(False) if ds.features else ds
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2840, in __iter__
                  for key, example in ex_iterable:
                                      ^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2373, in __iter__
                  for key, pa_table in self._iter_arrow():
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2398, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in self.ex_iterable._iter_arrow():
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 536, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in iterator:
                                       ^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 419, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in self.generate_tables_fn(**gen_kwags):
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 304, in _generate_tables
                  batch = json_encode_fields_in_json_lines(original_batch, json_field_paths)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/utils/json.py", line 111, in json_encode_fields_in_json_lines
                  examples = [ujson_loads(line) for line in original_batch.splitlines()]
                              ~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/utils/json.py", line 20, in ujson_loads
                  return pd.io.json.ujson_loads(*args, **kwargs)
                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
              ValueError: Expected object or value

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Open-Source Scientific Documents

This dataset contains approximately 100,000 open scientific PDF documents packaged as a shared retrieval corpus. Train, validation, and test query sets are expected to reference document_id values from this single corpus rather than using separate document splits.

Sources

  • ACL: 20,845 PDFs
  • Biology: 22,000 PDFs
  • Engineering: 22,000 PDFs
  • Medicine: 22,000 PDFs
  • Physics: 21,667 PDFs

The source folders preserve the project corpus identities: ACL computational linguistics papers, arXiv Physics papers, arXiv Engineering papers, PMC OA Biology papers, and PMC OA Medical/Clinical Research papers. The selection and license filtering are performed by the existing project download pipeline before packaging.

Licensing

All documents are licensed with CC0 or CC-BY, These terms permit redistribution and scientific use of the documents, with CC BY additionally requiring appropriate attribution.

Format

PDFs are stored in uncompressed TAR shards under data/<SOURCE>/shard-xxxxx.tar using a WebDataset-compatible layout. Each example contains:

DOCUMENT_ID.pdf
DOCUMENT_ID.json

The JSON sidecar includes document_id, source, original filename/path, size, SHA-256 checksum, shard location, and available bibliographic metadata such as title, year, DOI, and document-level license. The global metadata.parquet has one row per packaged PDF with:

document_id, source, original_filename, original_relative_path, shard, member_path, size_bytes, sha256, license, title, year, doi

duplicates.parquet records exact duplicate content by SHA-256. Duplicate files are preserved in the shards; duplicate rows identify the canonical and duplicate document IDs. This build records 108,512 PDFs, 108,512 unique file contents, and 0 duplicate rows.

Streaming Shards

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset(
    "webdataset",
    data_files={
        "ACL": "hf://datasets/kasys/open-source-scientific-documents/data/ACL/*.tar",
    },
    split="ACL",
    streaming=True,
)

for example in dataset:
    pdf_bytes = example["pdf"]
    metadata = example["json"]
    break

Locate One PDF

import io
import tarfile

import pandas as pd
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download

repo_id = "kasys/open-source-scientific-documents"
document_id = "ACL_..."
metadata = pd.read_parquet("hf://datasets/" + repo_id + "/metadata.parquet")
row = metadata.loc[metadata.document_id == document_id].iloc[0]

shard_path = hf_hub_download(repo_id=repo_id, repo_type="dataset", filename=row.shard)
with tarfile.open(shard_path, "r") as tar:
    pdf_bytes = tar.extractfile(row.member_path).read()

Limitations

Some source records have incomplete bibliographic metadata. Missing license, title, year, DOI, or author fields are left null rather than inferred. TAR shards are uncompressed because PDF files are already compressed.

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