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id stringlengths 1 5	title stringclasses 1 value	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 1 270	answers sequence
0	None	Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance ...	What is heresy mainly at odds with?	{ "text": [ "established beliefs or customs" ], "answer_start": [ 77 ] }
1	None	Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance ...	What is a person called is practicing heresy?	{ "text": [ "A heretic" ], "answer_start": [ 109 ] }
2	None	The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.	What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?	{ "text": [ "Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism" ], "answer_start": [ 199 ] }
3	None	In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.	What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?	{ "text": [ "Christian, Islamic and Jewish" ], "answer_start": [ 22 ] }
4	None	The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis...	What language does the term heresy find its roots in?	{ "text": [ "Greek" ], "answer_start": [ 24 ] }
5	None	The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis...	What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?	{ "text": [ "slightly different" ], "answer_start": [ 355 ] }
6	None	The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis...	What is the head person of a heretical movement called?	{ "text": [ "heresiarch" ], "answer_start": [ 450 ] }
7	None	The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis...	What is the study of heresy?	{ "text": [ "Heresiology" ], "answer_start": [ 539 ] }
8	None	The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewis...	What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?	{ "text": [ "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\"" ], "answer_start": [ 55 ] }
9	None	According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith...	How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?	{ "text": [ "two times" ], "answer_start": [ 59 ] }
10	None	According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith...	What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?	{ "text": [ "divisive person" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
11	None	According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith...	What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?	{ "text": [ "sound" ], "answer_start": [ 272 ] }
12	None	The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ...	What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?	{ "text": [ "Jews and Judaism" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
13	None	The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ...	What religion were these Fathers of the Church?	{ "text": [ "Orthodox Christianity" ], "answer_start": [ 85 ] }
14	None	The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ...	Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?	{ "text": [ "Tertullian" ], "answer_start": [ 159 ] }
15	None	The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos ...	Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?	{ "text": [ "Irenaeus" ], "answer_start": [ 56 ] }
16	None	The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos ...	What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?	{ "text": [ "orthodox" ], "answer_start": [ 291 ] }
17	None	The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos ...	What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?	{ "text": [ "apostolic succession" ], "answer_start": [ 448 ] }
18	None	Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ...	Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?	{ "text": [ "Constantine the Great" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
19	None	Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ...	What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?	{ "text": [ "Edict of Milan" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
20	None	Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ...	What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?	{ "text": [ "Pontifex Maximus" ], "answer_start": [ 259 ] }
21	None	Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ...	What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?	{ "text": [ "the ecumenical councils" ], "answer_start": [ 510 ] }
22	None	The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as...	In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?	{ "text": [ "AD 380" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
23	None	The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as...	Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?	{ "text": [ "Thessalonica of Theodosius I" ], "answer_start": [ 83 ] }
24	None	The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as...	What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?	{ "text": [ "state-sponsored support" ], "answer_start": [ 230 ] }
25	None	The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as...	What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?	{ "text": [ "state powers of legal enforcement" ], "answer_start": [ 495 ] }
26	None	The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as...	What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?	{ "text": [ "death sentence" ], "answer_start": [ 658 ] }
27	None	Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric...	Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?	{ "text": [ "Priscillian" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
28	None	Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric...	What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?	{ "text": [ "excommunicated" ], "answer_start": [ 266 ] }
29	None	Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric...	What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?	{ "text": [ "Catholics" ], "answer_start": [ 580 ] }
30	None	Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric...	Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?	{ "text": [ "Cayetano Ripoll" ], "answer_start": [ 689 ] }
31	None	Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siric...	From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?	{ "text": [ "Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter" ], "answer_start": [ 911 ] }
32	None	In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa...	What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?	{ "text": [ "obstinate and willful manifest heresy" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
33	None	In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa...	What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?	{ "text": [ "The Codex Justinianus" ], "answer_start": [ 167 ] }
34	None	In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa...	What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?	{ "text": [ "Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism" ], "answer_start": [ 506 ] }
35	None	In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa...	What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?	{ "text": [ "Paulicians" ], "answer_start": [ 612 ] }
36	None	In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa...	What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?	{ "text": [ "Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars" ], "answer_start": [ 882 ] }
37	None	In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret...	In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?	{ "text": [ "France" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
38	None	In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret...	What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?	{ "text": [ "The Cathar Crusade" ], "answer_start": [ 109 ] }
39	None	In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret...	What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?	{ "text": [ "Heresy" ], "answer_start": [ 216 ] }
40	None	Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Ear...	Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?	{ "text": [ "Galileo Galilei" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
41	None	Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Ear...	What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?	{ "text": [ "the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe" ], "answer_start": [ 253 ] }
42	None	Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv...	Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?	{ "text": [ "Pope St. Gregory" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
43	None	Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv...	What were the Jews described as enemies of?	{ "text": [ "Christ" ], "answer_start": [ 116 ] }
44	None	Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv...	According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?	{ "text": [ "Jewish" ], "answer_start": [ 45 ] }
45	None	Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv...	In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?	{ "text": [ "Roman-Christian law" ], "answer_start": [ 437 ] }
46	None	In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme...	What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?	{ "text": [ "Eastern Christianity" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
47	None	In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme...	After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?	{ "text": [ "Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation" ], "answer_start": [ 155 ] }
48	None	In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme...	What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?	{ "text": [ "Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm" ], "answer_start": [ 403 ] }
49	None	In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s...	What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?	{ "text": [ "\"On the Jews and Their Lies\"" ], "answer_start": [ 12 ] }
50	None	In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s...	What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?	{ "text": [ "blasphemous" ], "answer_start": [ 305 ] }
51	None	In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s...	What is said to be a special spiritual problem?	{ "text": [ "Jewish circumcision" ], "answer_start": [ 553 ] }
52	None	In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas...	What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?	{ "text": [ "European Reformation" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
53	None	In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas...	During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?	{ "text": [ "Henry VIII" ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
54	None	In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas...	What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?	{ "text": [ "Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher" ], "answer_start": [ 332 ] }
55	None	In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas...	Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?	{ "text": [ "Edward VI" ], "answer_start": [ 452 ] }
56	None	In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas...	In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?	{ "text": [ "1612" ], "answer_start": [ 1234 ] }
57	None	Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ...	During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?	{ "text": [ "1659, 1660, and 1661" ], "answer_start": [ 112 ] }
58	None	Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ...	Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?	{ "text": [ "Anglican Puritans" ], "answer_start": [ 184 ] }
59	None	Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ...	What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?	{ "text": [ "purer absolute theocracy" ], "answer_start": [ 388 ] }
60	None	Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ...	What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?	{ "text": [ "Quaker sect" ], "answer_start": [ 518 ] }
61	None	Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ...	Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?	{ "text": [ "Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox" ], "answer_start": [ 729 ] }
62	None	The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.	What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?	{ "text": [ "1826" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
63	None	The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.	Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?	{ "text": [ "Cayetano Ripoll" ], "answer_start": [ 150 ] }
64	None	Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "...	Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?	{ "text": [ "Christian" ], "answer_start": [ 95 ] }
65	None	Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "...	Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?	{ "text": [ "Protestant" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
66	None	Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "...	What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?	{ "text": [ "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith" ], "answer_start": [ 252 ] }
67	None	Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo...	What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?	{ "text": [ "Spanish inquisition" ], "answer_start": [ 99 ] }
68	None	Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo...	Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?	{ "text": [ "Jorge Luis Borges" ], "answer_start": [ 274 ] }
69	None	Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo...	What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?	{ "text": [ "Christian heresy" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
70	None	Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."	What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?	{ "text": [ "Shia Qizilbash" ], "answer_start": [ 44 ] }
71	None	Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."	What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?	{ "text": [ "70" ], "answer_start": [ 169 ] }
72	None	In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were decl...	What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?	{ "text": [ "Sharia law" ], "answer_start": [ 48 ] }
73	None	In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were decl...	What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?	{ "text": [ "Salman Rushdie" ], "answer_start": [ 280 ] }
74	None	Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju...	What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?	{ "text": [ "heretical" ], "answer_start": [ 108 ] }
75	None	Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju...	What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?	{ "text": [ "right-wing groups" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
76	None	Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju...	Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?	{ "text": [ "The liberal wing" ], "answer_start": [ 449 ] }
77	None	The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi...	What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?	{ "text": [ "squirreling" ], "answer_start": [ 145 ] }
78	None	The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi...	What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?	{ "text": [ "The Religious Technology Center" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
79	None	In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra...	What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?	{ "text": [ "innovation" ], "answer_start": [ 130 ] }
80	None	In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra...	What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?	{ "text": [ "an abstraction" ], "answer_start": [ 311 ] }
81	None	In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra...	Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?	{ "text": [ "endoheretics" ], "answer_start": [ 491 ] }
82	None	In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra...	What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?	{ "text": [ "orthodoxy" ], "answer_start": [ 696 ] }
83	None	The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e...	What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?	{ "text": [ "The Dinosaur Heresies" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
84	None	The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e...	What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?	{ "text": [ "the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough" ], "answer_start": [ 267 ] }
85	None	The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e...	What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?	{ "text": [ "Jurassic Park" ], "answer_start": [ 513 ] }
86	None	The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e...	What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?	{ "text": [ "active poses" ], "answer_start": [ 583 ] }
87	None	The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e...	What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?	{ "text": [ "endoheretic" ], "answer_start": [ 692 ] }
88	None	Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept...	What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?	{ "text": [ "exoheretic" ], "answer_start": [ 57 ] }
89	None	Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept...	What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?	{ "text": [ "scientific journals" ], "answer_start": [ 142 ] }
90	None	Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept...	What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?	{ "text": [ "extinction event and punctuated equilibrium" ], "answer_start": [ 258 ] }
91	None	The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,...	By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?	{ "text": [ "an established orthodoxy" ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
92	None	The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,...	What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?	{ "text": [ "metaphors" ], "answer_start": [ 326 ] }
93	None	The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil...	In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?	{ "text": [ "1955" ], "answer_start": [ 573 ] }
94	None	The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil...	Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?	{ "text": [ "Soviet Union" ], "answer_start": [ 182 ] }
95	None	The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil...	Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?	{ "text": [ "the Cold War" ], "answer_start": [ 279 ] }
96	None	The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil...	How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?	{ "text": [ "seven" ], "answer_start": [ 199 ] }
97	None	The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil...	The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?	{ "text": [ "West Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 547 ] }
98	None	While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa...	Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?	{ "text": [ "NATO" ], "answer_start": [ 80 ] }
99	None	While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa...	Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment?	{ "text": [ "Czechoslovakia" ], "answer_start": [ 385 ] }

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Dataset Card for "lmqg/qa_squad"

Dataset Summary

This is the SQuAD v1 dataset with the train/validatio/test split used in qg_squad.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

question-answering

Languages

English (en)

Dataset Structure

Data Fields

The data fields are the same among all splits.

plain_text

id: a string feature of id
title: a string feature of title of the paragraph
context: a string feature of paragraph
question: a string feature of question
answers: a json feature of answers

Data Splits

train	validation	test
75,722	10,570	11,877

Citation Information

@article{2016arXiv160605250R,
       author = {{Rajpurkar}, Pranav and {Zhang}, Jian and {Lopyrev},
                 Konstantin and {Liang}, Percy},
        title = "{SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text}",
      journal = {arXiv e-prints},
         year = 2016,
          eid = {arXiv:1606.05250},
        pages = {arXiv:1606.05250},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
       eprint = {1606.05250},
}